自然周期冻融胚胎移植中不同孕酮转化内膜时间临床结局分析

目的:探讨自然周期冻融胚胎移植(FET)中不同孕酮转化内膜时间对临床结局的影响。方法:回顾分析2014年1月至2018年7月于河南省人民医院生殖中心行自然周期冻融胚胎移植共891个周期的临床结局。根据孕酮转化内膜时间不同将其分为2-3组(孕酮转化子宫内膜2天后移植D3胚胎,n=506)、3-3组(孕酮转化子宫内膜3天后移植D3胚胎,n=172)、4-5组(孕酮转化子宫内膜4天后移植囊胚,n=115)和5-5组(孕酮转化子宫内膜5天后移植囊胚,n=98),比较各组基础指标和临床结局相关指标。结果:2-3组和3-3组,4-5组和5-5组患者的一般情况比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。2-3组、3-3组、4-5组和5-5组的种植率分别为40.54%(390/962)、43.77%(144/329)、74.19%(115/155)和62.20%(79/127),临床妊娠率分别为57.71%(292/506)、58.72%(101/172)、80.87%(93/115)和70.41%(69/98),异位妊娠率分别为4.45%(13/292)、0(0/101)、0(0/93)和2.90%(2/69),早期流产率分别为9.25%(27/292)、5.94%(6/101)、12.90%(12/93)和4.35%(3/69),持续妊娠率分别为52.37%(265/506)、55.23%(95/172)、70.43%(81/115)和67.35%(66/98)。2-3组和3-3组、4-5组和5-5组的种植率、临床妊娠率、异位妊娠率、早期流产率、持续妊娠率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:自然周期FET中孕酮转化子宫内膜2～3天移植第3天卵裂期胚胎,孕酮转化子宫内膜4～5天移植囊胚均可获得满意的临床结局,临床工作中可以根据医院工作安排及患者的情况进行灵活调整。     

薄型子宫内膜新鲜胚胎和冻融胚胎移植妊娠结局比较

目的探讨在薄型子宫内膜患者中新鲜胚胎移植与冻融胚胎移植(FET)妊娠结局的差异。方法回顾性分析接受体外受精/卵胞质内单精子显微注射-胚胎移植(IVF/ICSI-ET)治疗采用长方案胚胎移植h CG注射日与冻融周期胚胎移植内膜转化日的内膜厚度≤7 mm的患者共592个周期的临床资料。将移植周期按胚胎是否冻融分为新鲜胚胎移植组(n=173)和FET组(n=419)。比较组间的胚胎种植率、临床妊娠率、流产率、多胎率和异位妊娠率有无差异。结果新鲜胚胎移植组患者平均移植胚胎(2.1±0.4)枚,与FET组患者平均移植胚胎(2.1±0.5)枚比较,组间有统计学差异(P0.05);按照移植胚胎数分为3个亚组,新鲜胚胎移植组1枚胚胎者,妊娠率为7.7%,2枚者为30.2%,3枚者为23.8%;FET组1枚胚胎者15.6%,2枚者为34.9%,3枚者为41.6%,新鲜胚胎移植组与FET组间差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。组间着床率、流产率、异位妊娠率等结果也均无统计学差异(P0.05)。移植3枚胚胎新鲜组多胎率(80.0%)高于FET组(29.7%)(P0.05)。新鲜胚胎移植组多胎率3个亚组间有统计学差异(P0.05),FET组妊娠率和流产率3个亚组间均有统计学差异(P0.05)。将移植胚胎数作为协变量,纳入Logistics回归模型对结果变量进行分析,说明周期类型与临床妊娠率间无显著相关性(OR=0.726,95%CI=0.504~1.104)。结论子宫内膜厚度≤7 mm的薄型内膜患者新鲜胚胎移植和FET妊娠结局相似,选择新鲜周期移植不影响妊娠结局并可缩短治疗周期,降低总费用。     

自然周期冻融胚胎移植使用绒促性素诱发排卵后不同胚胎移植时间临床结局比较

目的:比较自然周期冻融胚胎移植(FET)使用绒促性素(HCG)诱发排卵后不同胚胎移植时间的临床结局,探讨自然周期FET时机。方法:回顾性分析2014年1月至2018年7月于河南省人民医院生殖中心行自然周期使用HCG诱导排卵的FET周期,根据移植胚胎的不同分为卵裂期胚胎(n=522)和囊胚期胚胎(n=251)共773个周期。根据移植日距HCG注射日天数进行分组,以HCG注射日为D0,HCG注射后第3天移植卵裂期胚胎为D3-3组;HCG注射后第4天移植卵裂期胚胎为D4-3组;HCG注射后第5天移植卵裂期胚胎为D5-3组。HCG注射后第5天移植囊胚为D5-5组;HCG注射后第6天移植囊胚为D6-5组;HCG注射后第7天移植囊胚为D7-5组。比较各组一般情况和妊娠结局相关指标,并对妊娠结局指标进行多元Logistic回归分析。结果:移植卵裂期胚胎的D4-3组移植日子宫内膜厚度高于D3-3组与D5-3组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);移植囊胚期胚胎的D7-5组优胚移植周期率显著低于D5-5组与D6-5组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);将患者体质量指数(BMI)、年龄、移植胚胎数、优胚移植周期率、移植日子宫内膜厚度作为可能对妊娠结局产生影响的混杂因素进行调整后,移植卵裂期胚胎的D3-3组、D4-3组、D5-3组相比较,移植囊胚期胚胎的D5-5组、D6-5组、D7-5组相比较,胚胎种植率、临床妊娠率、异位妊娠率、持续妊娠率、早期流产率差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:在HCG诱导排卵的自然周期FET中,HCG注射后3～5天移植卵裂期胚胎,5～7天移植囊胚期胚胎均可取得相似的临床结局。     

两种不同胚胎装载技术对体外受精-胚胎移植及冻融胚胎移植临床结局的影响

目的探讨两种不同胚胎装载技术对体外受精-胚胎移植(IVF-ET)和冻融胚胎移植(FET)临床妊娠率及胚胎种植率的影响。方法回顾性分析了543个新鲜胚胎移植周期及658个FET周期。根据移植时胚胎装载方法分为A组(含胚培养液体积周围空气体积)和B组(含胚培养液体积周围空气体积)。比较两种胚胎装载方法对妊娠结局的影响。结果新鲜周期中,B组的临床妊娠率(64.52%)显著高于A组(54.62%)(P0.05),种植率组间虽无统计学差异(P0.05),但B组明显高于A组。FET周期中卵裂胚移植B组的临床妊娠率(49.43%)明显高于A组(38.24%),但没有统计学差异(P0.05),B组(34.62%)的种植率显著高于A组(23.61%)(P0.05)。囊胚移植两组的妊娠率和种植率均没有统计学差异(P0.05),但B组比A组有增高的趋势。结论胚胎移植时含胚培养液体积周围空气体积会显著提高IVF-ET和FET的临床妊娠率和种植率。     

降调节联合激素替代冻融胚胎移植周期中不同内膜转化时间对反复种植失败患者临床结局的影响

目的:探讨反复种植失败(RIF)患者冻融胚胎移植(FET)周期移植时机的选择及对临床结局的影响。方法:选择采用Gn RH-a降调节激素替代方案准备子宫内膜进行FET的RIF患者106例,随机分为A组(常规法)53个周期,即孕酮作用内膜3 d后移植第3日胚胎;B组(改良法)53个周期,即延迟内膜扳机和黄体支持用药,比较组间血清性激素水平、临床妊娠率、早期流产率等相关指标。结果:患者的基本情况组间具有可比性(P0.05);移植日雌二醇(E_2)、孕酮(P)、E_2/P、临床妊娠率组间均有统计学差异(P0.05);移植前1日血清P水平组间差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:对于RIF患者,在降调节联合激素替代-FET周期中,延长雌、孕激素用药时间可刺激内膜达到理想状态,进而获得满意的妊娠结局。     

影响冻融胚胎移植妊娠结局的相关因素分析

目的:探讨影响冻融胚胎移植(FET)妊娠结局的相关因素。方法:回顾性分析324个周期行FET患者的临床资料,分析患者年龄、体质量指数(BMI)、移植日子宫内膜厚度、内膜准备方案、移植胚胎数等相关因素对FET妊娠结局的影响。结果:324个周期共解冻胚胎727个,复苏成活720个(99.0%),临床妊娠144例(44.4%),胚胎植入196例(27.2%)。其中自然内膜准备周期组和激素替代内膜准备周期组患者年龄、不孕年限、基础卵泡刺激素(bFSH)、基础黄体生成素(bLH)、基础雌二醇(bE2)、复苏胚胎数、移植胚胎数、移植日子宫内膜厚度、胚胎种植率及临床妊娠率组间均无统计学差异(P0.05)。年龄≤35岁组的临床妊娠率高于年龄35岁组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);BMI≥24.0 kg/m2的肥胖组临床妊娠率与正常体质量(BMI=18.5~23.9 kg/m2)组无统计学差异(P0.05);移植日子宫内膜厚度≥7 mm组的临床妊娠率高于移植日子宫内膜厚度7 mm组,但差异无统计学意义(P0.05);各移植胚胎数组间临床妊娠率无统计学差异(P0.05)。结论:年龄是影响FET临床结局的重要因素,内膜准备方案、BMI、移植日内膜厚度、移植胚胎数对冻融胚胎移植临床结局无影响。     

玻璃化冻融人卵裂期胚胎移植结局的影响因素分析

目的:探讨玻璃化冻融人第3天卵裂期胚胎移植结局的影响因素。方法:回顾分析977例1301个冻融胚胎移植周期,根据患者年龄、新鲜周期结局、移植胚胎质量等因素分组,比较各分组的胚胎植入率、临床妊娠率。结果:复苏3598个胚胎,存活3462个。周期临床妊娠率24.1%,出生婴儿291个。新鲜周期结局、移植胚胎质量组间胚胎着床率、临床妊娠率的差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。子宫内膜准备方案、胚胎的复苏程度组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。不同年龄组相同不孕年限亚组间的胚胎着床率、临床妊娠率的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。移植日子宫内膜厚度>12.0mm组与其他两组相比,胚胎着床率、临床妊娠率较高(P<0.05);不同FET次数组间,1次组的胚胎着床率、临床妊娠率明显高于其他两组(P<0.01)。非条件逐步logistic回归分析表明年龄(P<0.01,OR=0.43)、FET次数(2次组P<0.01,OR=0.30;3次组P<0.01,OR=0.19)、新鲜周期结局(P<0.01,OR=9.01)、移植胚胎质量(P<0.01,OR=3.52)与移植结局相关。结论:年龄、新鲜周期结局、移植胚胎质量等是影响冻融胚胎移植结局的重要因素。     

多囊卵巢综合征患者冻融胚胎移植3种内膜准备方案的临床结局比较

目的:比较多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)患者冻融胚胎移植(FET)周期3种不同内膜准备方案的临床妊娠结局,探讨适合PCOS患者的子宫内膜准备方案.方法:回顾性分析127例PCOS患者冻融胚胎移植周期的临床资料,比较激素替代组(HRT组)、HMG诱导排卵组(HMG组)和来曲唑诱导排卵组(LE组)的子宫内膜厚度、临床妊娠率、种植率、早期流产率、活产率.结果:HRT组47例,43个移植周期,HMG组35例,32个移植周期,LE组45例,42个移植周期,3组年龄、不孕年限、体重指数、血清睾酮水平差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),周期取消率、子宫内膜厚度、复苏后胚胎存活率、平均移植胚胎个数,移植优质胚胎率、周期临床妊娠率、周期种植率、早期流产率、活产率亦差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论:PCOS患者FET周期3种子宫内膜准备方案均能获得良好的妊娠结局,来曲唑诱导排卵可作为PCOS患者FET周期内膜准备方案之一,应个体化选择临床用药方案.     

胚胎冻融后体外培养时间对妊娠结局的影响

目的:探讨人卵裂期胚胎玻璃化冷冻-复苏后体外培养时间对妊娠结局的影响。方法:回顾性分析623例冻融胚胎移植(FET)周期的资料,根据解冻后不同移植时间分为当日移植组(A组,n=307)和次日移植组(B组,n=316);再根据卵裂球的生长与否将B组分为全部生长(B1组,n=184),部分生长(B2组,n=101)和均无生长(B3组,n=31)3组。比较各组间的临床妊娠率和胚胎种植率。结果:A组临床妊娠率和种植率分别为36.2%和19.6%,B组为38.3%和20.1%,组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);次日移植的B1组临床妊娠率和种植率(41.8%和23.4%)最高,但与B2组(39.6%和22.8%)比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);B3组最低(12.9%和5.4%),与B1、B2组比较有统计学差异(P<0.01)。结论:延长冻融胚胎体外培养时间不能显著提高冻融胚胎移植周期的妊娠率和种植率,延长培养时间后,无生长的胚胎发育潜能低。因此可以通过观察复苏后胚胎的生长情况评估其发育潜能,选择优质的胚胎进行移植。     

冻融胚胎移植周期无创性内膜刺激胚胎移植策略的临床疗效探究

目的探讨无创性内膜刺激胚胎移植(stimulation of endometrium embryo transfer,SEET)技术在冻融胚胎移植(frozen-thawed embryo transfer,FET)周期中对妊娠结局的影响。方法回顾性分析2016年3月—2017年2月在本中心进行体外受精-胚胎移植(IVF-ET)并首次行单囊胚FET的不孕症患者的临床资料,按移植方式分组:A组(实验组)57个周期,FET时采用SEET技术;B组(对照组)56个周期,FET时采用传统囊胚移植技术。结果 A组采用SEET技术后的胚胎种植率(64.9%)和临床妊娠率(64.9%)显著高于B组(44.6%,44.6%)。结论 SEET技术可以显著提高临床妊娠率,为改善IVF结局提供了一种新的移植策略。     

Developmentally delayed cleavage-stage embryos maintain comparable implantation rates in frozen embryo transfers

Purpose

In fresh IVF cycles, embryos reaching the eight-cell stage on day 3 of development are thought to have a higher chance of implantation than those reaching this stage on day 4. To determine whether this difference persists after cryopreservation, we compared pregnancy and implantation rates between frozen embryo transfer (FET) cycles using delayed cleavage-stage embryos (cryopreserved day 4) and normal cleavage-stage embryos (cryopreserved day 3).

Methods

Participants underwent FET between 2008 and 2012 using embryos cryopreserved on either day 3 (n = 76) or day 4 (n = 48), depending on the length of time needed to achieve the eight-cell stage. All embryos, regardless of day of cryopreservation, were thawed and transferred on the 4th day of vaginal progesterone following endometrial preparation with oral estradiol. Chi-square and Mann-Whitney U tests were used to compare patient demographics and cycle outcomes.

Results

More women in the day 4 group had diminished ovarian reserve (44 vs 16 %, p = 0.003). Pregnancy outcomes in preceding fresh cycles were not different between the two groups. Pregnancy, implantation, and live birth rates following FET did not differ between the day 3 and day 4 groups.

Conclusions

This is the first study to address outcomes using day 3 versus day 4 cryopreserved embryos. Despite a higher prevalence of diminished ovarian reserve (DOR) in the day 4 group, delayed cleavage-stage embryos utilized in FET cycles performed as well as embryos growing at the normal rate, suggesting delayed embryo development does not affect embryo implantation as long as endometrial synchrony is maintained.     

过夜培养对冻融胚胎移植周期妊娠结局的影响

目的:探讨冻融胚胎移植周期中胚胎复苏时间对妊娠结局的影响。方法:回顾分析行冻胚移植(FET)的206对夫妇共248个周期,根据解冻时间的不同分为A组(对照组):排卵后2～3d或注射黄体酮3～4d后解冻,培养2h移植;B组(实验组):提前1d解冻,培养20h移植。比较各组间患者一般资料、复苏胚胎存活率、完整率、临床妊娠率、胚胎着床率和流产率。结果:A、B组间患者年龄、不孕年限、不孕原因、继发不孕所占比例、第3日冷冻胚胎比例、冷冻胚胎数、移植时内膜厚度、优胚数、胚胎复苏存活率、完整率、平均移植胚胎数均未见差异,而B组临床妊娠率和胚胎着床率显著高于A组(46.36%、25.29%vs30.88%、13.54%,P<0.05),组间流产率未见差异。过夜培养后有胚胎生长组临床妊娠率高于无生长组(49.47%vs26.67%,P>0.05)。结论:冻胚移植周期中提前解冻可以改善妊娠结局。     

宫腔镜子宫内膜微刺激术后再次冻融胚胎移植的临床结局

目的探讨宫腔镜子宫内膜微刺激术对再次移植冻融胚胎患者临床结局的影响。方法选取2015年1月—2016年8月在本院行体外受精(IVF)助孕首次移植治疗失败的患者共281例,随机分为研究组(A组)和对照组(B组)。A组129例,月经干净后第3~7日进行宫腔镜子宫内膜微刺激术;B组152例,第2次移植前未行手术。统计分析冻融胚胎移植(FET)的妊娠结局。结果 (1)A、B两组间患者年龄、不孕年限、基础性激素、体质量指数、黄体酮转化日内膜厚度、移植胚胎数、优质胚胎率、异位妊娠率、多胎率、早期流产率相比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。(2)A组的临床妊娠率和着床率分别是58.1%、34.0%,显著高于B组(47.4%、27.6%)(P0.05)。进一步运用多因素Logistic回归分析显示,宫腔镜子宫内膜微刺激术能够显著增加临床妊娠的几率(OR=1.50,95%CI=1.12~2.43),而对异位妊娠、多胎妊娠及早期流产的发生无明显影响。结论宫腔镜子宫内膜微刺激术属微创手术、并发症少,手术方便快捷,能更直观评价患者的宫腔内情况,并且通过对子宫内膜局部轻微刺激,改善内膜容受性,提高着床率、妊娠率,故宫腔镜子宫内膜微刺激术值得推广。     

Long-term pituitary downregulation before frozen embryo transfer could improve pregnancy outcomes in women with adenomyosis

Abstract

Some studies have shown that long-term gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist administration before in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm in infertile women with endometriosis or adenomyosis significantly increases the chances of pregnancy. We were interested in whether long-term GnRH agonist pretreatment could improve pregnancy outcomes in adenomyosis patients undergoing frozen embryo transfer (FET) after preparation of the endometrium with hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Totally, 339 patients with adenomyosis were included in this retrospective study, 194 received long-term GnRH agonist plus HRT (down-regulation?+?HRT) and 145 received HRT. There were no differences between the groups in characteristic such as age, body mass index, duration or cause of infertility, serum CA-125 level and basal hormone levels. On the day of progesterone administration, mean endometrial thickness and serum progesterone level were significantly greater in HRT patients. Mean score and number of embryos transferred showed no differences. In down regulation?+?HRT group, clinical pregnancy, implantation and ongoing pregnancy rates were 51.35%, 32.56% and 48.91%, respectively, significantly higher than that of HRT group (24.83%, 16.07% and 21.38%, respectively). So, we concluded that in FET, long-term GnRH agonist pretreatment significantly improved pregnancy outcomes in patients with adenomyosis.     

Non-invasive metabolomic profiling of embryo culture media and morphology grading to predict implantation outcome in frozen-thawed embryo transfer cycles

Purpose

Assessment of embryo viability is a crucial component of in vitro fertilization and currently relies largely on embryo morphology and cleavage rate. Because morphological assessment remains highly subjective, it can be unreliable in predicting embryo viability. This study investigated the metabolomic profiling of embryo culture media using near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy for predicting the implantation potential of human embryos in frozen-thawed embryo transfer (FET) cycles.

Methods

Spent embryo culture media was collected on day 4 after thawed embryo transfer (n = 621) and analysed using NIR spectroscopy. Viability scores were calculated using a predictive multivariate algorithm of fresh embryos with known pregnancy outcomes.

Results

The mean viability indices of embryos resulting in clinical pregnancy following FET were significantly higher than those of non-implanted embryos and differed between the 0, 50, and 100 % implantation groups. Notably, the 0 % group index was significantly lower than the 100 % implantation group index (–0.787 ± 0.382 vs. 1.064 ± 0.331, P < 0.01). To predict implantation outcomes, we examined the area under the ROC curve (AUC_ROC), which was significantly higher for the viability than for the morphology score (0.94 vs. 0.55; P < 0.01); however, the AUC_ROCs for the composite and viability scores did not differ significantly (0.92 vs. 0.94; P > 0.05).

Conclusions

NIR metabolomic profiling of thawed embryo culture media is independent of morphology and correlates with embryo implantation potential in FET cycles. The viability score alone or in conjunction with morphologic grading is a more objective marker for implantation outcome in FET cycles than morphology alone.     

非注射黄体酮在冻融胚胎移植激素替代周期中的应用

目的:比较口服地屈孕酮联合阴道用微粒化黄体酮黄体支持与肌肉注射黄体酮应用于冻融胚胎移植(FET)激素替代黄体支持的临床效果。方法:月经第3日起口服17β雌二醇片8 mg;第14日超声监测,同时测定血清E2,内膜≥8 mm、E2≥150 pg/ml时,加用口服地屈孕酮40 mg联合阴道用微粒化黄体酮软胶囊400 mg(A组)转化内膜,或肌注油剂黄体酮60 mg(B组),3～5 d后解冻第3～5日胚胎。结果:共完成1 805个FET激素替代周期,A、B组临床妊娠率分别为41.4%(389/940)、38.4%(332/865),种植率分别为26.2%(485/1 851)、23.8%(438/1 837),继续妊娠率分别为34.1%(321/940)、33.4%(289/865),组间均无统计学差异;A组流产率为19.8%(77/389),高于B组的13%(43/332)(P<0.05)。结论:FET激素替代周期中口服地屈孕酮与阴道塞安琪坦联合用药,简单方便,临床结果理想,可逐步替代肌肉注射油剂黄体酮。     

融合期胚胎和囊胚移植的探讨

目的：探讨融合期胚胎和囊胚单胚胎移植的可行性.方法：选取苏北人民医院生殖医学中心冷冻胚胎解冻移植231个周期的患者为研究对象,比较卵裂期胚胎移植组、融合期胚胎移植组和囊胚移植组的胚胎种植率、临床妊娠率以及多胎的发生率.结果：融合期胚胎移植组平均移植胚胎数低于卵裂期胚胎移植组,差异有统计学意义[（1.35±0.50） 个vs.（1.73±0.59） 个,t=-4.902,P＜0.001],但其胚胎种植率和临床妊娠率高于卵裂期胚胎移植组,差异均有统计学意义（49.58% vs.23.00%,χ2=24.567,P＜0.001;53.41% vs.34.15%,χ2=7.805,P=0.005）;囊胚移植组胚胎种植率高于卵裂期胚胎移植组,差异有统计学意义（46.88% vs.23.00%,χ2=8.214,P=0.004）;3组间多胎发生率差异无统计学意义（χ2=2.231,P=0.328）.结论：进行融合期胚胎或囊胚移植可获得较高的胚胎种植率和周期移植妊娠率,降低多胎率,尤其应用于单胚胎移植有重要意义.     

Replacing single frozen-thawed euploid embryos in a natural cycle in ovulatory women may increase live birth rates compared to medicated cycles in anovulatory women

Purpose

The goal of this study was to compare pregnancy outcomes between natural frozen embryo transfer (FET) cycles in ovulatory women and programmed FET cycles in anovulatory women after undergoing in vitro fertilization with preimplantation genetic screening (IVF-PGS).

Methods

This was a retrospective cohort study performed at an academic medical center. Patients undergoing single FET IVF-PGS cycles between October 2011 and December 2014 were included. Patients were stratified by type of endometrial replacement: programmed cycles with estrogen/progesterone replacement and natural cycles. IVF-PGS with 24-chromosome screening was performed on all included patients. Those patients with euploid embryos had single embryo transfer in a subsequent FET. The primary study outcome was live birth/ongoing pregnancy rate. Secondary outcomes included implantation, biochemical pregnancy, and miscarriage rates.

Results

One hundred thirteen cycles met inclusion criteria: 65 natural cycles and 48 programmed cycles. The programmed FET group was younger (35.9 ± 4.5 vs. 37.5 ± 3.7, P = 0.03) and had a higher AMH (3.95 ± 4.2 vs. 2.37 ± 2.4, P = 0.045). The groups were similar for BMI, gravidity, parity, history of uterine surgery, and incidence of Asherman’s syndrome. There was also no difference in embryo grade at biopsy or transfer, and proportion of day 5 and day 6 transfers. Implantation rates were higher in the natural FET group (0.66 ± 0.48 vs. 0.44 ± 0.50, P = 0.02). There was no difference in the rates of biochemical pregnancy or miscarriage. After controlling for age, live birth/ongoing pregnancy rate was higher in natural FETs with an adjusted odds ratio of 2.68 (95% CI 1.22–5.87).

Conclusions

Natural FET in ovulatory women after IVF-PGS is associated with increased implantation and live birth rates compared to programmed FET in anovulatory women. Further investigation is needed to determine whether these findings hold true in other patient cohorts.