Comparison of Complete Distal Release of the Medial Collateral Ligament and Medial Epicondylar Osteotomy during Ligament Balancing in Varus Knee Total Knee Arthroplasty

Background

During ligament balancing for severe medial contracture in varus knee total knee arthroplasty (TKA), complete distal release of the medial collateral ligament (MCL) or a medial epicondylar osteotomy can be necessary if a large amount of correction is needed.

Methods

This study retrospectively reviewed 9 cases of complete distal release of the MCL and 11 cases of medial epicondylar osteotomy which were used to correct severe medial contracture. The mean follow-up periods were 46.5 months (range, 36 to 78 months) and 39.8 months (range, 32 to 65 months), respectively.

Results

There were no significant differences in the clinical results between the two groups. However, the valgus stress radiograph revealed significant differences in medial instability. In complete distal release of the MCL, some stability was obtained by repair and bracing but the medial instability could not be removed completely.

Conclusions

Medial epicondylar osteotomy for a varus deformity in TKA could provide constant medial stability and be a useful ligament balancing technique.     

膝骨关节炎膝内翻畸形的全膝关节置换术

目的：探讨人工全膝关节置换术治疗膝骨关节炎膝内翻畸菜的临床疗效。方法：对40例人工全膝关节置换术进行3个月～6年的随访,手术的假体均使用后稳定型人工膝关节,并应用HSS膝关节评分系统进行分析。结果：手术优良率为95％,忠者术后在疼痛、功能及关节活动度等方面都有明显改善,各种产发症的发生率低。结论：全膝关节置换术是治疗膝骨关节炎膝内翻畸形的有效方法,术中应注意膝周软组织平衡的重要性,术后应加强功能康复训练。     

Medial malleolar osteotomy for the correction of tibiotalar varus deformity during total ankle arthroplasty: Results in 95 ankles

BackgroundThe importance of deformity correction before or during total ankle replacement (TAR) has been recognized for a long time. Our results of TAR, combined with medial malleolar lengthening osteotomy, for the reconstruction of osteoarthritic ankles with varus deformity are hereby reported.MethodsAll ankles in which a medial malleolar osteotomy was performed during implantation of an ankle prosthesis during the period 1998–2018 were filtered out of our database. Preoperative coronal talar alignment was evaluated by measuring the angle between the tibial shaft and talar dome on the weightbearing mortise ankle radiograph. Patient-reported outcomes were measured with the Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS) and the Foot and Ankle Ability Measure (FAAM). A Kaplan-Meier survival curve was constructed and the number of revisions per 100 observed component years was calculated for interprosthetic comparison.ResultsA total of 95 TARs were included, consisting of the Alpha Ankle Arthroplasty (n = 22); Buechel-Pappas (n = 14) and the Ceramic Coated Implant Evolution (n = 59) prostheses. The preoperative average talar angle in these ankles was 12.4 degrees varus. In 33% (31/95) corrective procedures, in addition to the medial malleolar osteotomy, were performed. A reoperation rate of 44% (42/95) was found, including 28 revisions (revision rate 29% (4% septic; 25% aseptic) at an average follow-up of 5.9 years, resulting in a survival of 0.69 for the total cohort at 10 years of follow-up.At an average follow-up of 6.6 years the average FAOS scores were: FAOS_symptoms 66, FAOS_pain 73, FAOS_function 78, FAOS_sport 45 and FAOS_{quality of life} 56 respectively. The FAAM_adl score averaged 64.ConclusionThis is the largest cohort of TAR combined with medial malleolar osteotomy to date. A 29% revision rate at 5.9 years of average follow-up compares unfavorably with regular cohort studies and with most other results in varus-deformed ankles. Scores on the FAOS and FAAM are comparable to those obtained in regular cohorts with similar length of follow-up. TAR in varus-deformed ankles necessitating medial malleolar osteotomy has an even higher failure rate than regular TAR. Obtaining a stable prosthesis with a neutrally-aligned hindfoot at the end of the procedure is of paramount importance.Level of evidenceIV.     

Distal femoral cut perpendicular to the mechanical axis may induce varus instability in flexion in medial osteoarthritic knees with varus deformity in total knee arthroplasty: a pitfall of the navigation system

Two factors that influence the external rotation angle of the femoral rotational axis in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) were assessed in 40 medial osteoarthritic knees with varus deformity. First, the anatomic configuration of the femur was assessed using standardized radiographs of the patients lower extremities before TKA. Second, the degree of medial soft tissue release was assessed during TKA. The radiographs showed that the characteristics of the femur were lateral bowing of the shaft and external rotation of the condyle in the coronal plane. Therefore, when the distal femur is cut perpendicular to the mechanical axis, the cut surface may be in too much of a valgus position. Furthermore, some degree of medial soft tissue release was necessary in all knees. Medial soft tissue release rotates the femur externally in extension in the coronal plane, and it rotates the femur externally around the femoral axis in flexion relative to the tibia. A distal femoral cut in too much of a valgus position and medial soft tissue release induces varus instability in flexion in knees with lateral bowing of the femoral shaft. Anatomic variation such as femoral bowing should be considered when a navigation system is used for TKA because the navigation system shows only the mechanical axis.     

严重膝骨性关节炎人工全膝关节置换术后生存质量评价

目的评价全膝关节置换术治疗严重膝骨性关节炎的临床疗效;方法73例（95膝）严重膝骨性关节炎患者行人工全膝关节置换术,随访时间10个月～4年（平均28个月）,对其术前、术后生存质量评分和膝关节功能HSS评分进行分析和总结。结果根据生存质量评分标准,手术优良率达91.78%,HSS评分标准手术优良率达95.79%,术后在生存质量、疼痛、关节功能及活动度等方面均有明显改善。结论全膝关节置换术是治疗严重膝骨性关节炎的有效方法,生存质量评价对膝关节骨性关节炎患者治疗有临床指导意义。     

个性化截骨技术在严重膝内翻骨关节炎初次TKA中的应用价值分析

目的:探讨个性化截骨技术在严重膝内翻骨关节炎初次全膝关节置换术(total knee arthroplasty,TKA)中的应用价值和疗效分析。方法:自2018年6月至2020年1月收治36例(49膝)严重膝内翻骨关节炎患者,男15例(21膝),女21例(28膝);年龄59～82(67.6±6.5)岁;病程9.5～20.5 (15.0±4.5)年;骨关节炎Kellgren-Lawrence分级Ⅲ级11例(15膝),Ⅳ级25例(34膝);胫骨骨缺损分型AORI分型ⅠTa 8例(15膝),ⅡT2a型16例(18膝)。所有病例股-胫角(femor-tibial angle FTA)>15°,采用个性化截骨技术接受初次TKA,使用后稳定假体(posterior stability,PS)33例(45膝),PS假体胫骨侧联合使用金属垫块延长杆13例(15膝),踝限制性假体(legacy constrained condyarknee,LCCK)3例(4膝)。采用医院影像归档和通讯系统(picture archiving and communication systems,PACS)软件测量...     

胫骨高位截骨术后全膝关节置换的疗效分析

[目的]目前采用胫骨高位截骨术治疗膝关节内侧间室骨性关节炎已在临床广泛开展,对于其中预后不佳者可采用全膝关节置换,本文对其临床效果进行分析.[方法]对38例胫骨高位截骨术后接受全膝关节置换术患者进行回顾分析.术后随访时间平均8年,对其中期疗效进行评估.[结果]特种外科住院评分由术前平均39分提高到术后平均86.5分.优良率达87%.[结论]与未接受过胫骨高位截骨术患者相比,胫骨高位截骨术后接受全膝关节置换的中期疗效令人满意.     

全膝关节置换治疗严重膝内翻伴屈曲畸形的疗效分析

目的：分析全膝关节置换（TKA）治疗严重膝内翻伴屈曲畸形的疗效。方法对2005年1月至2010年10月在本院行 TKA 治疗的25例（36膝）严重膝内翻伴屈曲挛缩畸形患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,其中男7例,女18例,平均70．5岁（55～80岁）。原发疾病为骨性关节炎22例,类风湿性关节炎3例。术前术后均采用 HSS 膝关节评分系统评分,评价 TKA 的临床疗效。结果25例36膝均获得随访,平均术后随访6年（4～9年）。屈曲挛缩度由术前的（21±63）°减小到（1．1±2．3）°;内翻畸形由术前（35±4．8）°减小到（3±2．1）°;膝关节的活动度由术前（70．5±20．5）°增加到（115．1±5．3）°;膝评分平均为由（33．2±10．5）分提高到（90．7±8．5）分,功能评分平均为（35．5±14．2）分提高到（85．6±10．5）分,其中优21例（28膝）,良2例（3膝）,一般2例（3膝）;优良率为86％。多数病例术后膝关节力线正常,2例残留5°～10°的内翻畸形。结论全膝关节置换治疗严重膝内翻伴屈曲畸形能获得较好的临床效果。     

人工全膝关节置换术中联合股骨外髁滑移截骨术矫正股骨外弓畸形的疗效分析

目的探讨人工全膝关节置换术(total knee arthroplasty,TKA)中采用股骨外髁滑移截骨术(lateral condyle sliding osteotomy,LCSO)矫正股骨外弓畸形的疗效。方法回顾分析2018年7月—2020年7月TKA中采用LCSO治疗的17例伴股骨外弓畸形的骨关节炎患者临床资料。男3例,女14例;年龄58~68岁,平均63.2岁。股骨外弓畸形病因:股骨发育畸形12例,股骨骨折畸形愈合5例。膝关节骨关节炎KellgrenLawrence分级:Ⅲ级4例,Ⅳ级13例。术前生理外翻角为9.5°~12.5°,平均10.94°。病程3~25年,平均15.1年。术前及末次随访时测量股骨远端机械外侧角(mechanical lateral distal femur angle,mLDFA)、髋-膝-踝角(hip-knee-ankle angle,HKA)、机械轴偏向(mechanical axis deviation,MAD),评估关节外畸形在关节内矫正及下肢机械力线恢复情况;采用膝关节学会评分系统(KSS)膝评分和功能评分、疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)、膝关节活动度(range of motion,ROM)评估疗效;行膝内、外翻应力试验,X线片复查截骨片愈合情况,评估关节稳定性及LCSO的安全性。结果术后患者切口均Ⅰ期愈合,无切口感染、下肢深静脉血栓形成等术后早期并发症发生。17例患者均获随访,随访时间12~36个月,平均23.9个月。截骨片均达骨性愈合,愈合时间2~5个月,平均3.1个月。术后膝内、外翻应力试验均为阴性,未发生外侧副韧带松弛、断裂,膝关节不稳,假体松动、翻修、感染等情况。末次随访时mLDFA、HKA、MAD及膝关节ROM、VAS评分、KSS膝评分和功能评分均较术前显著改善,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论在伴有股骨外弓畸形TKA中应用LCSO疗效确切且安全,关节外畸形在关节内矫正,一次手术可同时恢复下肢机械力线和关节平衡。     

Less valgus alignment in total knee arthroplasty for the varus knee

Constitutional varus of the leg is well recognizable anatomically. Moreland[1] studied long standing radiographs of normal males with a range of varus from 2.6-3° in the proximal tibia. Victor et al. [2] reported constitution varus of 3 degree in 32% men, 17% women. The authors routine technique during total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is to cut the distal femur at 5° valgus and the tibia at neutral for the valgus leg and cut the distal femur at 5° valgus and the tibia 2° varus for varus aligned limbs. 127 consecutive long standing knee radiographs were not retrospectively studied pre and post operatively with 2 year minimum follow up. Average age was 68 years (range 51-90). Average weight was 215 lbs (range 110 – 333). Average tourniquet time was 32 minutes for all patients prior to closure.For the varus group (72 knees), average pre-op tibial femoral alignment was 3.3° varus (range 0-13°). Post-op tibial femoral alignment was 1.2° valgus (range 1° varus - 5° valgus) with the mechanical axis falling into the medial compartment in all patients. Average pre-op knee score was 88 and post-op was 180 at minimum of 2 years.For the valgus group (55 knees), average pre-op tibial femoral alignment was 7.5° (range 2°-24°) valgus. Average post-op tibial femoral alignment was 3.8° (range 1°-10°) valgus. Average pre-op knee score was 107 and post-op was 182 at minimum of 2 years. The authors agree with aiming for valgus alignment for the classic valgus leg (mechanical axis centered on hip, knee, ankle) and less valgus alignment for the varus knee (mechanical axis into the medial compartment). Following the patients anatomy eliminates the need for major soft tissue releases while still avoiding “malalignment”. No special soft tissue releases were required in any patient with pre-op varus or valgus alignment. The clinical outcome is not effected by leaving pre-op varus aligned extremities in less valgus with their TKA’s.     

Extended tibial tubercle osteotomy in total knee arthroplasty

Thirty tibial tubercle osteotomies were performed to obtain exposure and facilitate patellar tracking in 29 patients who underwent total knee arthroplasty. The thickness and width of the bone fragment were gradually tapered from proximal to distal. Fixation was obtained with three or four titanium screws. Average follow-up period was 18 months. Twenty-nine of the osteotomies healed primarily. In one patient, postoperative displacement of the tibial tubercle developed requiring additional screw and suture fixation. Extended tibial tubercle osteotomy is a useful technique during difficult total knee arthroplasty. Poor tibial bone stock is a relative contraindication. The authors recommend that a long tapered bone fragment that is 1.5 to 2 cm thick at the level of the tibial tubercle be elevated and fixation achieved with screws.     

Tibial tubercle osteotomy in total knee arthroplasty surgery

Tibial tubercle osteotomy (TTO) is a recognized technique for improving exposure when performing total knee arthroplasty surgery. Forty-two patients were reviewed at a mean of 8 years after TTO. Preoperatively, mean extension was 8 degrees +/- 14 degrees , mean flexion 74 degrees +/- 30 degrees , and Knee Society score 73 +/- 37. At latest follow-up, mean extension was 4 degrees +/- 15 degrees , mean flexion 91 degrees +/- 22 degrees , and Knee Society score 124 +/- 42.6 (P < or = .0001). Seventy-three percent of patients had an excellent/good score at latest follow-up. Twenty-five percent of patients experienced no extensor lag, and 66% of extensor lags had resolved within 6 months. Mean time for osteotomy union was 14 weeks. In this series, TTO performed to enhance surgical exposure did not adversely affect the outcome after total knee arthroplasty but resulted in serious complications in 5% of patients.     

全膝关节表面置换治疗严重膝关节畸形

目的探讨人工全膝关节表面置换术(TKA)治疗严重膝关节畸形临床疗效。方法应用全膝关节表面置换治疗严重膝关节畸形36例(48膝)。使用HSS评分标准评估分析术前、术后膝关节功能及术后疼痛、膝关节活动度的改善情况。43膝采用后稳定型人工全膝关节假体,5膝采用CCK型人工全膝关节假体。结果术后早期均无感染等并发症发生。术后X线片示假体位置良好,下肢力线良好。患者均获得随访,时间6～18个月。HSS评分术前为(41±5.3)分,术后6个月为(87.7±6.5)分。手术优良率为83.3%。患者疼痛、功能方面及活动度均有明显改善。结论全膝关节置换术对严重膝关节畸形的治疗效果满意。但应严格掌握手术适应证。     

全膝关节置换术中不同截骨顺序的比较

目的 比较不同截骨顺序在全膝关节置换术中应用的临床效果.方法 对40例患者40膝行全膝关节置换术,根据不同截骨顺序分成2组:观察组20膝,先行股骨截骨;对照组20膝,先行胫骨截骨.比较两组手术时间、术后引流量、术前术后膝关节功能情况及HSS评分,并进行统计学分析.结果 40例患者均获得随访,时间3～14个月.手术时间和术后引流量:观察组分别为(52.1±14.3)min和(324±46)ml;对照组分别为(75.5±16.7)min和(416±50)ml,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).术后6周和12周的膝关节活动度:观察组分别为87.5°±13.1°和100.5°±8.2°;对照组分别为86.6°±14.7°和101.3°±6.2°,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).术后6周和12周的HSS评分:观察组分别为(89.43±9.6)分和(91.72±7.6)分;对照组分别为(89.95±8.9)分和(90.87±8.5)分,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 全膝关节置换术先行股骨截骨可以为胫骨的操作获得更大的操作空间,手术操作简便,可以缩短手术时间,减少失血量.     

Total knee arthroplasty after failed high tibial osteotomy

The objective of this review was to propose surgical techniques for different technical problems in total knee arthroplasty after high tibial osteotomy and to discuss the literature on the subject. Whereas early results of high tibial osteotomy in the treatment of unicompartmental osteoarthritis of the knee were promising, long-term follow-up indicates recurrence of symptoms and finally the need for total knee replacement in most cases. One of the major problems caused by high tibial osteotomy is an extraarticular deformity difficult to correct with ligament balancing. Based on the parameters “valgus angle”, “ROM” and “patella position”, the knees were evaluated and classified, then surgical techniques for the different grades of this classification were described. Most studies show that arthroplasty in a knee after osteotomy is more prone to complications such as persisting pain, malalignement and infections. After reviewing the literature, the overall results of total knee arthroplasties after failed high tibial osteotomy were found to be inferior to that after primary total knee arthroplasty. We concluded that total knee arthroplasty after failed high tibial osteotomy is technically more demanding than primary arthroplasty and that the use of the appropriate technique, determined by meticulous preoperative planning, is crucial for the outcome of the procedure.     

Results of total knee arthroplasty with medial epicondylar osteotomy to correct varus deformity.

The clinical results of using medial epicondylar osteotomies to correct varus deformities in total knee arthroplasties were investigated. Unlike the traditional method of subperiosteal stripping of tibial ligaments, this alternative does not damage ligaments. Between 1991 and 1996, the senior author performed medial epicondylar osteotomies in 80 patients (93 knees) with primary total knee arthroplasty; of these, 60 patients (70 knees) were available for 2- to 4-year followup. At followup, no patients reported knee instability. Mean varus and valgus stability measured 14.2 points (Knee Society scale, 0-15 points). The Knee Society clinical score was 93 points, compared with a preoperative score of 42 points. The mean range of motion at followup was 111 degrees, compared with a preoperative mean of 101 degrees. The postoperative tibiofemoral angle on full limb radiographs taken with the patient weightbearing averaged 7 degrees valgus, compared with an average 6 degrees varus preoperative angle. Ninety-five percent of the patients were satisfied and reported less pain and improved knee function. Bone union occurred in 54% of the knees and fibrous union occurred in 46%. Focal tenderness, restricted motion, or other symptoms were not associated with fibrous union. The results show that epicondylar osteotomy for varus knee deformity provides excellent patient satisfaction, knee stability, motion, and deformity correction.     

Outcomes of total knee arthroplasty following high tibial osteotomy

Background:

Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) following high tibial osteotomy (HTO) is a technically demanding procedure with varying results. The purpose of our study was to analyze the clinicoradiological results of TKA following HTO and to identify the factors that may influence the final outcome.

Materials and Methods:

55 patients (58 knees) who had undergone a previous HTO were treated with a TKA from 1991 to 2009. There were 34 female and 21 male patients. The average age was 61.9 years (range 52-82 years) and the average weight was 79.5 kg (range 54-106 kg), with an average body mass index of 29.6 (range 21.8-34.6) at the time of TKA. The knee society scores (KSSs) and knee society functional scores were evaluated for every patient pre and postoperatively and the results evaluated.

Results:

The mean period of followup was 11.2 years (range 3-18 years) and the patients were followed up every year. The average KSS score at final followup improved from 38.5 (range 0-80 points) preoperatively to 88.5 postoperatively (range 35-95 points) (P < 0.05). The mean femorotibial angle corrected from 6.8 degrees (range 5-12°) varus preoperatively to a valgus of 4.4 (2-8°) degrees postoperatively. The average joint line height improved to an average of 9.6 mm (range 4.4-22 mm) (P < 0.01) at the last followup. The average Insall Salvatti Ratio also improved (average 1.11 preoperative - 1.21 average postoperative) (P < 0.05). The average range of motion improved to 108° (range 85°-125°) from 76° preoperative (range 55°-100°) (P < 0.01).

Conclusion:

Although TKA postHTO is a demanding surgery however, with newer component designs, results are comparable to primary TKA. Technical difficulties in exposure can sometimes lead to component malpositioning, which can affect the final outcome. Inadequate soft tissue balancing and limb malalignment should always be kept in mind. Regular followup to look for evidences of loosening is advised in such patients].     

合并膝内翻骨性关节炎全膝关节置换的处理

目的探讨膝骨性关节炎合并膝内翻畸形者行膝关节置换时膝内翻的矫正方法。方法172例（190膝）合并内翻畸形骨性关节炎患者进行全膝关节表面置换术。术前测量膝内翻角、关节面夹角、胫骨角、胫骨内翻角及胫骨平台后倾角,其内翻角为8°～21°,参考关节面夹角、胫骨角及胫骨内翻角确定膝内翻的类型,术中根据膝内翻的类型及构成因素进行相应的胫骨截骨及适度的软组织松解。结果出现切口感染2例（2膝）,1例为急性感染,1例为迟发性感染,2例均经清创、假体取出并膝关节融合术后痊愈。术后内翻矫正157膝,仍有膝内翻33膝,内翻角3°～9°（4.8°±0.9°）。165例（182膝）获得随访,时间8～90（40±3.5）个月。末次随访时除2例感染外,余膝关节活动度为：伸直0°168膝,伸直受限＆lt;10°11膝,伸直受限11°～15°3膝;屈曲90°～130°。临床及X线检查未见明显松动迹象。HSS膝关节评分由术前12～57（30±5.5）分提高到76～89（79.2±4.3）分。结论术前明确膝内翻的类型及构成因素,术中采取针对性操作进行适度的软组织松解及正确的截骨,是全膝关节置换膝内翻获得矫正的有效方法。     

外侧闭合楔形截骨术矫正儿童创伤性肘内翻畸形

目的探讨采用外侧闭合楔形截骨术矫正儿童创伤性肘内翻畸形的疗效。方法 1996年7月-2010年6月,收治儿童肱骨髁上骨折后肘内翻畸形20例。男13例,女7例。年龄7～14岁,平均10.6岁。左侧12例,右侧8例。13例曾于外院行闭合复位经皮克氏针内固定、石膏外固定,7例误诊为关节脱位和软组织损伤行石膏外固定。伤后2～12年出现肘关节外观异常和活动受限。术前肘关节活动范围为屈100～150°,平均133.0°;伸0～24°,平均11.7°。肘内翻角度为20～50°,平均32.1°。均采用外侧闭合楔形截骨术治疗。结果术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合,无相关并发症发生。17例患儿获随访,随访时间1～14年,平均5年。X线片示截骨区均达骨性愈合,愈合时间为5～8周,平均6周。肘关节内翻畸形均获矫正,末次随访时肘关节活动范围为屈110～150°,平均135.9°;伸0～27°,平均12.9°。根据Jupiter等肘关节评分系统评价肘关节功能,优14例,良2例,可1例,优良率94.1%。1例术后1个月拔除克氏针后畸形复发,1年后再次行外侧闭合楔形截骨术矫正。结论外侧闭合楔形截骨术具有操作简便、手术并发症少等优点,是治疗儿童创伤性肘内翻畸形有效方法之一。     

膝高度屈曲畸形人工关节置换术后伸肌乏力的临床观察

目的探索和总结高度屈曲畸形关节全膝关节置换术后伸肌恢复迟缓的原因及治疗策略。方法对20例30膝高度屈曲畸形关节行人工关节置换术,术后根据伸肌肌力进行分级个体化康复,并进行半年以上随访,随访内容包括HSS评分、伸肌肌力、残余屈曲畸形、主观满意度、关节主动活动范围。结果随访结果半年后HSS评分75.9分,伸肌肌力平均4.1级,8膝残余平均7.4°的屈曲畸形,主观满意度为100%,关节主动活动范围87.7°,较术前均有根本性的改善。结论伸肌废用性萎缩及人工关节置换术后伸膝装置相对过长是伸肌恢复迟缓的主要原因,术后准确的肌力评估及个体化的锻炼方案是成功康复的关键。