气相色谱法测定药用辅料油酸聚烃氧酯中脂肪酸的组成

目的：建立可同时测定药用辅料油酸聚烃氧酯中油酸、肉豆蔻酸、棕榈酸、棕榈油酸、硬脂酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸等7种脂肪酸含量的方法。方法：采用毛细管气相色谱法,石英毛细管柱（30 m×0.25 mm×0.25 μm）,柱温以2 ℃·min^-1的速率从170 ℃升温至230 ℃,维持10 min,检测器为FID,温度为250 ℃,进样口温度250 ℃,分流比60∶1,试样甲酯化处理后进行测定。结果：上述7种脂肪酸在各自测定范围内有良好线性关系,方法精密度良好,各组分的检测限在0.86～2.32 μg·mL^-1,定量限在2.54～8.21 μg·mL^-1。结论：该方法准确可靠,已被2015版《中国药典》采用。     

顶空进样气相色谱法；有机溶剂残留；蚕砂提取物

摘 要 目的：建立测定蚕砂提取物中有机溶剂残留量的气相色谱法。方法: 采用顶空进样气相色谱法,色谱柱：DB-5MS石英毛细管色谱柱（30 m×0.25 mm×0.25 μm）;载气：氮气;流速：0.6 ml·min^-1;进样口温度：200℃;检测器类型及温度：氢焰离子化检测器(FID),250℃;柱升温程序：40℃保持10 min,然后以5 ℃·min^-1的速度升至200℃,保持5 min;顶空条件：平衡温度： 95℃;平衡时间：30 min;传输管温度：110℃;进样环温度：125℃。结果: 丙酮,2,3-二甲基戊烷,3-甲基己烷,正庚烷,2,2-二甲基己烷,对二甲苯,间二甲苯,邻二甲苯,2,4,6-三甲基吡啶的线性范围分别为：101~3 034 μg·mL^-1,100~2 995 μg·mL^-1, 107~3 197 μg·mL^-1,101~3 019 μg·mL^-1,99~2 962 μg·mL^-1,45~1 358 μg·mL^-1,44~1 325 μg·mL^-1, 47~1 411 μg·mL^-1 和104~3 130 μg·mL^-1,r值均在0.992以上,回收率符合要求,空白溶剂对样品的测定没有影响,8批样品检验均符合限度要求。结论:顶空进样气相色谱法测定蚕砂提取物中有机溶剂,方法简单,结果准确。     

HPLC同时测定黄石感冒片中阿魏酸、芦丁、大黄酸、大黄素和大黄酚的含量

目的 建立HPLC同时测定黄石感冒片中阿魏酸、芦丁、大黄酸、大黄素和大黄酚的含量。方法 采用HPLC,色谱柱为Welch Topsil-C₁₈柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,4 μm);以甲醇-0.1%磷酸溶液(78∶22)为流动相;流速：1.0 mL·min^-1;柱温：30 ℃;检测波长：280 nm。结果 阿魏酸、芦丁、大黄酸、大黄素和大黄酚峰线性范围分别为0.020 82~0.416 3 μg·mL^-1(r=0.999 7),0.011 32~0.278 3 μg·mL^-1(r=0.999 3),0.017 22~0.344 3 μg·mL^-1(r=0.999 5),0.015 79~0.315 8 μg·mL^-1(r=0.999 6)和0.051 34~1.027 μg·mL^-1(r=0.999 9),平均加样回收率分别为97.4%(RSD=1.1%),95.0%(RSD=0.88%),97.5%(RSD=1.3%),97.4%(RSD=1.4%)和96.3%(RSD=0.87%)。结论 新建方法简便、准确,可用于黄石感冒片的定量分析方法。     

药用辅料蔗糖中亚硫酸盐检测方法的建立

目的：建立适宜的蔗糖中亚硫酸盐测定法,提高现行药典标准。方法：采用IonPac AS11-HC 阴离子分析柱并配加IonPac AG11-HC保护柱,柱温 25 ℃,以10.0 mmol·L^-1的KOH作为淋洗液,流速1.0 mL·min^-1,检测器为电导检测器,检测器温度30 ℃,抑制器为自动再生抑制模式,抑制电流40 mA,进样量 25 μL。结果：离子色谱法测定亚硫酸钠质量浓度在1~20 μg·mL^-1范围内线性良好, 回归方程为Y=0.0434X-0.0211,r=0.9993,精密度RSD为0.5%,稳定性RSD为1.5%,回收率范围为 93.5%~99.3%,检出限0.1 μg·mL^-1,定量限0.25 μg·mL^-1。8批样品中1号、2号、3号及5号样品结果分别为8.1、9.8、12. 0及10.4 μg·g^-1,其余各批样品均为未检出亚硫酸盐。结论：所建方法可行、准确,可用于测定蔗糖中亚硫酸盐的含量。     

气相色谱法测定异环磷酰胺原料药中3种有关物质

目的 建立气相色谱（GC）法测定异环磷酰胺原料药中3种有关物质（起始物料3-氨基丙醇、杂质D和杂质F）。方法 采用HP-55% Phenyl Methyl Siloxane色谱柱（30 m×320 μm，0.25 μm）；采用程序升温的方式，起始柱温50℃，保持2 min后以每分钟5℃的速率升温至180℃，再以每分钟20℃的速率升温至260℃；进样口温度为380℃；检测器温度为380℃；分流比5∶1。结果 起始物料峰、杂质D、杂质F与周围峰分离度分别为2.6、3.0、1.6；异环磷酰胺起始物料3-氨基丙醇在39.80～199.0 μg·mL^-1线性关系良好（r=0.999 1），杂质D在39.48～197.4 μg·mL^-1线性关系良好（r=0.999 1），杂质F在2.000～20.000 μg·mL^-1线性关系良好（r=0.999 9）； 3-氨基丙醇和杂质D的检测限分别为9.95、9.87 μg·mL^-1，杂质F因色谱柱柱效降低且进样量过大未能进行检测限测定；3-氨基丙醇、杂质D、杂质F的定量限分别为19.90、19.74、2.000 μg·mL^-1；起始物料、杂质D和杂质F回收率均在90.09%～115.90%，回收率RSD分别为4.8%、7.2%、2.3%。结论 该方法的专属性、精密度、线性关系良好，准确可靠，符合异环磷酰胺中3种有关物质的检测要求。     

HPLC法测定化妆品原料2-羟乙基脲及杂质尿素的含量

目的 建立化妆品原料2-羟乙基脲的高效液相色谱（high performance liquid chromatography,HPLC）含量测定方法,并检测其杂质尿素的含量,以实现对2-羟乙基脲的质量控制。方法采用Capcell PAK ADME C_{18色谱柱（4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm）;以水为流动相;柱温30℃;流速为1.0 mL·min^-1;进样量10 μL;检测波长194 nm。结果 2-羟乙基脲和尿素分别在1.168～116.8 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 7）和1.032～206.5 μg·mL^-1（r=0.9992）范围内浓度与峰面积有良好的线性关系,平均回收率分别为98.0%和97.1%,检出限分别为0.12 μg·mL^-1和0.21 μg·mL^-1,定量限分别为0.36 μg·mL^-1和0.52 μg·mL^-1。结论 本方法准确度高,重复性好,检测灵敏度符合检测要求,可用于化妆品原料2-羟乙基脲及其杂质尿素的含量测定方法。}     

HPLC同时测定护肝片中5种成分的含量

摘 要 目的：建立HPLC法同时测定护肝片中腺苷、五味子醇甲、五味子酯甲、五味子甲素和五味子乙素的含量。方法: 采用Agilent Eclipse XDB色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,流动相为乙腈-0.7%磷酸溶液,梯度洗脱,流速为0.80 ml·min^-1,0～14 min检测波长为260 nm,14～58 min检测波长为250 nm,柱温为30℃,进样量为10 μl。结果: 腺苷、五味子醇甲、五味子酯甲、五味子甲素和五味子乙素的线性范围分别为2.35～47.00 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 8）、14.90～297.00 μg·mL^-1（r=1.000 0)、3.46～69.20 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 9）、4.00～80.10 μg·mL^-1（r=1.000 0）、3.42～68.30 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 9）。5种成分的平均回收率均不低于98％。结论:本方法简便、准确、重复性好,可用于护肝片中腺苷、五味子醇甲、五味子酯甲、五味子甲素和五味子乙素的含量测定。     

GC测定氧氟沙星和诺氟沙星中N-甲基哌嗪和哌嗪的残留量

目的 建立气相色谱法测定氧氟沙星和诺氟沙星中N-甲基哌嗪和哌嗪的残留量的方法。方法 采用Agilent HP CAM 毛细管色谱柱(30.0 m×0.25 mm,0.25 μm);进样口温度为230 ℃;FID检测器温度为280 ℃;柱温：程序升温,70 ℃保持3 min,然后以40 ℃·min^-1的速率升温至180 ℃,保持2 min;以氮气为载气,流速为2.0 mL·min^-1;直接进样,进样量为0.2 μL;以水为溶解介质,以吡啶为内标,测定了氧氟沙星和诺氟沙星中N-甲基哌嗪和哌嗪的残留量。结果 N-甲基哌嗪、哌嗪与内标均能良好分离,线性范围分别为10.09~201.88 μg·mL^-1(r=0.999 6),10.08~201.60 μg·mL^-1(r=0.999 5)。结论 该方法重复性良好,回收率符合规定,适用于氧氟沙星和诺氟沙星中N-甲基哌嗪和哌嗪残留量的测定。     

HPLC测定口服液体制剂中防腐剂和甜味剂的含量

目的 建立快速定性定量检测口服液体制剂中违法添加防腐剂和甜味剂的高效液相色谱法。方法 ZORBAX SB-C₁₈色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm),流动相：甲醇-0.02 mol·L^-1乙酸铵溶液,梯度洗脱,流速：1.0 mL·min^-1,检测波长：240 nm,柱温：25 ℃。结果 安赛蜜、苯甲酸、山梨酸、糖精钠、脱氢乙酸、羟苯甲酯、羟苯乙酯、羟苯丙酯、羟苯丁酯在5~100 μg·mL^-1内线性关系良好(r>0.999),检测限分别为0.02,0.04,0.01,0.10,0.06,0.01,0.01,0.01,0.01 μg·mL^-1,平均回收率在90.0%~110.0%内,精密度和重复性均<2.0%(n=6)。结论 该方法简单、可靠、准确,可用于口服液体制剂中防腐剂和甜味剂含量的测定。     

HPLC测定甲磺酸加雷沙星异构体

目的 建立甲磺酸加雷沙星异构体的HPLC检测方法。方法 Chiralpak AD-H色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm),柱温：35 ℃,检测波长：278 nm,流速：1.0 mL·min^-1,流动相：正己烷-异丙醇-甲醇-甲磺酸(70∶29∶1∶0.1)。结果 甲雷沙星及其异构体在0.005~0.151 μg·mL^-1内具有良好的线性(r>0.999),定量限浓度为5 ng·mL^-1(相当于0.03%),最低检测限为2.5 ng·mL^-1(相当于0.015%)。结论 该方法简便、准确,具有良好的重现性和专属性。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.