超声引导经皮穿刺置管引流治疗细菌性肝脓肿的体会

目的总结超声引导经皮穿刺置管引流治疗细菌性肝脓肿的体会。方法对27例细菌性肝脓肿患实施者超声引导经皮穿刺置管引流治疗,观察治疗效果。结果本组27例患者均一次成功完成穿刺及置管引流。未出现脓腔内出血、腹膜炎、败血症等并发症。临床症状消失或明显缓解,体温及血象正常,超声复查示脓腔消失。拔管时间6~14 d,住院时间10~21 d。患者均获随访6个月,未出现复发病例。结论 B超引导下经皮穿刺置管引流治疗细菌性肝脓肿,操作简便、患者痛苦小、治疗效果好,并发症发生率低,恢复快及复发率低,效果肯定。     

超声引导下经皮肝穿刺置管引流治疗肝脓肿并发症分析与防治

目的评价超声引导下经皮肝穿刺置管引流治疗肝脓肿的效果,探讨超声引导下置管引流肝脓肿的安全性及并发症的防治。方法回顾性研究超声引导下经皮穿刺置管引流治疗肝脓肿49例,其中经皮穿刺抽脓18例,套管针法及Seldinger法经皮穿刺置管引流31例,术后2小时、4小时床边超声检查。结果49例肝脓肿患者中1例于术后2小时出血,1例在4小时后出血,1例置管后脓腔破溃而中转手术,引流不畅再次穿刺2例,并发症发生率10.20%（5/49）,除破溃1例外,其余全部治愈,治愈率97.95%（48/49）。结论超声引导下穿刺置管治疗肝脓肿安全可靠、并发症低、治愈率高。床边超声的应用有助于及时发现并发症,尽早采取有效治疗手段。     

超声引导穿刺置管引流与抽吸冲洗治疗肝脓肿的临床应用

目的探讨超声引导经皮穿刺置管引流冲洗与直接冲洗治疗肝脓肿的临床应用价值。方法对52例肝脓肿患者,63个病灶行超声引导经皮穿刺。小于5 cm的脓肿直接穿刺抽吸治疗,大于5 cm的肝脓肿置管引流。结果52例患者的63个病灶完全治愈,穿刺术后24 h无不良反应,4周治愈率达到78%、8周治愈率达到83%、6个月治愈率达100%。结论超声引导经皮穿刺置管引流与抽吸冲洗治疗肝脓肿,方法简单,安全有效、创伤小,可取代外科手术治疗肝脓肿。     

超声引导经皮穿刺置管引流治疗肝脓肿41例临床分析

目的 探讨介入性超声引导经皮穿刺置管持续引流治疗肝脓肿的方法和疗效.方法 本组41 例肝脓肿患者均经临床、影像学(B 超或CT)和细菌培养确诊,行介入性超声引导经皮穿刺置管持续引流治疗.脓肿位于肝左叶9 例,肝右叶24 例,肝2 叶8 例.31 例为单个脓肿,10 例为多发脓肿.结果 41 例均放置引流管并冲洗治愈,平均引流置管时间为(18.5±5.3)d,除5 例患者经二次置管外,余患者均一次置管治疗成功.所有患者随访半年未见复发.2 例患者出现穿刺脓液外漏,经超声引导右膈下置管引流治愈,其余患者未出现明显并发症.结论 介入性超声引导经皮穿刺置管持续引流治疗肝脓肿是有效、安全的方法.     

超声引导经皮穿刺置管引流术治疗细菌性肝脓肿的临床体会

目的观察超声引导经皮穿刺置管引流术治疗细菌性肝脓肿的临床效果。方法对32例细菌性肝脓肿实施引导经皮穿刺置管引流术。结果 32例患者均一次穿刺置管引流成功,经置管引流后症状消失,体温、白细胞计数均恢复正常。置管时间(9.6±1.3)d,住院时间(10.6±3.8)d。未发生腹膜炎、邻近组织损伤、大出血等并发症。经超声检查证实脓腔闭合后出院。随访6个月,复查超声无复发病例。结论超声引导经皮穿刺置管引流术治疗细菌性肝脓肿,创伤小、患者术后恢复快,复发率低,效果满意。     

超声引导经皮肝穿刺引流在细菌性肝脓肿诊断和治疗中的应用

目的 探讨超声引导经皮穿刺抽液和／或置管引流在细菌性肝脓肿诊断和治疗中的应用价值。方法 2000年1月～2003年1月在超声引导下经皮肝穿刺抽液和／或置管引流治疗18例细菌性肝脓肿。单纯穿刺抽脓15例，置管引流3例。结果 18例均痊愈出院，无1例需开腹手术引流，穿刺组平均穿刺1～3次，置管组留置引流管时间3～5天，无并发症。结论 经皮肝穿刺抽液和／或置管引流以其安全可靠、疗效显著、操作简便、病人痛苦小、治疗费用低而成为肝脓肿的首选治疗方法。     

超声引导下经皮肝穿刺诊治小儿肝脓肿(附15例报告)

目的 探讨超声引导下经皮肝穿刺抽脓或置管引流在小儿细菌性肝脓肿的临床应用价值。方法对15例小儿肝脓肿通过超声引导确定后进行穿刺抽脓或置管引流，其中9例行穿刺抽脓1～4次，6例行置管引流。结果15例穿刺、置管全部获成功，治愈14例，住院15～42d，平均26．3d，无出血及胆漏并发症。11例随访4个月～1年，平均6．8月，均无复发。1例无效自动出院。结论超声引导经皮肝穿刺或置管引流治疗小儿肝脓肿是切实可行的办法。     

肝脓肿超声引导经皮穿刺置管引流术围术期的护理

目的探讨肝脓肿超声引导经皮穿刺置管引流术围术期的护理方法。方法对38例肝脓肿患者给予超声引导经皮穿刺置管引流术。围术期精心实施心理、疼痛、管道等系统护理措施,观察治疗效果、并发症发生率及患者对护理工作的满意度。结果本组均一次置管成功,置管后疼痛症状缓解,体温及白细胞计数均恢复到正常范围。置管引流时间(11.6±3.7)d,未发生出血、邻近组织损伤等并发症。随访复查超声证实脓腔消失,患者均痊愈出院。出院时发放护理满意度调查表显示,患者及家属均对护理工作满意。结论对肝脓肿患者实施超声引导经皮穿刺置管引流术治疗期间,精心做好心理、疼痛等系统护理干预,可提高治疗效果,减少术后并发症发生率,提升患者对护理工作的满意度。     

超声引导经皮肝穿刺置管引流治疗细菌性肝脓肿40例临床分析

目的观察超声引导经皮肝穿刺置管引流治疗细菌性肝脓肿的临床效果。方法选取2016-10—2018-10间在周口市传染病医院和周口市人民医院接受收超声引导经皮肝穿刺置管引流术治疗的40例细菌性肝脓肿患者作为研究对象,对其临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 40例患者均一次穿刺置管成功。39例患者置管后引流通畅,临床症状显著得到改善。1例右肝后叶多发肝脓肿患者仍持续发热,部分脓腔引流不畅,改行腹腔镜下肝脓肿切开引流术后治愈。未发生出血、胆漏及弥漫性腹腔感染等其他并发症。术后体温恢复正常时间为(2.34±0.61)d,住院时间为(18.24±2.71)d。患者均痊愈出院。出院时超声检查证实脓腔已萎陷闭合。出院后随访12个月,其间未见复发病例。结论超声引导下经皮肝穿刺引流治疗细菌性肝脓肿具有微创、疗效确切等优点,且患者经济负担轻。     

5例医源性高位胆管损伤合并胆漏的处理

目的 探讨经皮经肝胆管穿刺引流(PTCD)、经皮腹腔穿刺引流及Roux-en-Y胆管空肠吻合术序贯治疗高位胆管损伤合并胆漏的疗效.方法 对我中心2004年5月至2009年5月期间收治的5例高位胆管损伤合并胆漏的患者,应用PTCD、经皮腹腔穿刺引流、Roux-en-Y胆管空肠吻合术序贯治疗过程及疗效进行回顾性分析.结果 5例患者均获痊愈,随访3～24个月,未发生胆管再次狭窄、胆管炎等并发症.结论 PTCD、经皮腹腔穿刺引流后,再进行Roux-en-Y胆管空肠吻合术是治疗高位胆管损伤合并胆漏的首选方法.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.