细菌移位与癌性恶液质的关系及对恶液质患者结局的影响

目的探讨局限型进展期胃癌患者肠道细菌移位与恶液质的关系及其对患者结局的影响。方法选取2008年1月至2009年7月预行手术治疗的胃癌恶液质患者60例，年龄及性别匹配的胃癌非恶液质患者50例，健康对照者55例。采用聚合酶链反应检测外周血细菌DNA片段，酶联免疫吸附实验检测外周血细胞因子浓度，流式细胞法检测外周血免疫学指标。所有入选对象随访两年，计算两年生存率。结果恶液质组细菌移位发生率（15／60，25．0％）显著高于非恶液质组（4／50，8．0％，P=0．019）和健康对照组（0／55，0．0％，P=0．000）。细菌移位阳性的恶液质患者白细胞介素-1α（IL-1α）、IL-6、肿瘤坏死因子-α和干扰素-γ水平均显著高于细菌移位阴性的恶液质患者（P=0．012、P=0．003、P=0．036、P=0．017）和细菌移位阳性的非恶液质患者（P=0．011、P=0．034、P=0．000、P=0．022），并且其两年生存率明显低于细菌移位阴性的恶液质患者（P=0．023）。胃癌患者CD3^＋ T、CD4^＋ T和自然杀伤细胞水平及CD4^＋ T／CD8^＋ T显著低于健康对照组（P=0．023、P=0．031、P=0．016、P=0．041），CD8^＋ T细胞水平显著高于健康对照组（P=0．038）。结论肠道细菌移位可能与局限型进展期胃癌患者恶液质的发生有关，并影响恶液质患者的长期生存。     

噻托溴铵对老午慢性阻塞性肺疾病稳定期患者肺功能及气道重塑的影响

目的探讨噻托溴铵对老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）稳定期患者肺功能及气道重塑的影响。方法将92例老年COPD稳定期患者按随机数字表法分为治疗组（50例）和对照组（42例）,两组患者均予以COPD常规治疗,包括止咳、平喘、抗感染等治疗。治疗组在常规治疗基础上给予噻托溴铵吸入,疗程为12个月。同时选择与COPD稳定期患者年龄匹配的健康体检者40例作为健康对照组。应用高分辨率CT（HRCT）测定治疗前后气道壁厚度、气道内外径、气道腔面积等参数以评估气道重塑的程度,同时测定患者肺功能、血清炎性细胞因子[白细胞介素（IL）-8、肿瘤坏死因子（TNF）-α]水平及T淋巴细胞亚群,并与健康对照组进行比较。结果治疗组治疗后各项肺功能指标明显改善,且改善程度优于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。治疗组治疗后气道壁厚度与治疗前比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,其余气道重塑指标均较治疗前明显改善,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。治疗组治疗后6min步行试验距离明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。两组COPD患者治疗前血清IL-8、TNF-α水平比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,治疗后两组血清IL-8、TNF-α水平均较治疗前下降（P〈0．05）,治疗组治疗后血清IL-8、TNF-α水平明显低于对照组（P〈0．05）。治疗组和对照组治疗前CD3^＋、CD4^＋、CD4^＋／CD8^＋较健康对照组明显降低,CD8^＋较健康对照组明显增高,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。治疗后两组CD3^＋、CD4^＋、CD4^＋／CD8^＋升高,CD8^＋降低,与治疗前比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,并且治疗组变化更为明显（P〈0．05）。结论噻托溴铵对老年COPD稳定期患者的肺功能及气道重塑具有显著的改善作用。     

生物治疗预防肾癌根治术后复发和转移的远期疗效观察

目的 了解干扰素α（IFN-α）和白细胞介素2（IL-2）联合应用预防肾癌根治术后复发和转移的远期效果。方法 136例肾癌根治术患者，根据术后治疗方法不同分为两组，治疗组（A组）79例应用IFN-α和IL-2，对照组（B组）57例仅行根治术。同时观察治疗前后T淋巴细胞亚群的变化，并和正常人群对照。结果 肾癌患者CD4^＋、CD4^＋/CD8^＋较正常对照值明显减低，CD8^＋较正常高（P〈0．001）；A组患者治疗后CD4^＋升高明显高于B组（P〈0.001），CD4^＋/CD8^＋明显高于B组，CD8^＋明显低于B组（P〈0．005），均接近正常水平（P〉0．05）。手术后B组CD4^＋、CD4^＋/CD8^＋较术前升高（P〈0．05），CD8^＋减低（P〈0．01），但均和正常组有明显差异（P〈0．005）。A组Ⅲ期3年生存率和Ⅱ期、Ⅲ期5年生存率均较B组高（P〈0．05）。结论 肾癌病人的免疫功能低下。IFN-α和IL-2联合应用可使肾癌根治术后患者免疫功能恢复，增强机体抗肿瘤的免疫功能，减少复发率，提高长期生存率。     

胃癌患者外周血淋巴细胞免疫功能的变化及临床意义

目的 检测胃癌患者外周血淋巴细胞免疫功能的变化,探讨其与胃癌新临床病理分期（TNM）及组织病理学分级的关系。方法流式细胞仪测定胃癌患者及正常对照组外周血淋巴细胞亚群及NK细胞数量。结果胃癌患者外周血CD3^＋、CD4^＋、NK、CD19^＋细胞数量及CD4^＋／CD8^＋比值较正常对照组明显下降（P〈0．01）,而CD8^＋细胞水平显著升高（P〈0．01）。Ⅲ～Ⅳ期患者的CD3^＋细胞数、CD4^＋／CD8^＋比值、NK细胞数降低（P〈0．05）。胃癌组织的分化程度与细胞免疫功能无明显相关性。结论胃癌患者外周血淋巴细胞免疫功能低下,且临床病理分期越晚,其免疫功能越低。检测淋巴细胞亚群、NK细胞可用于胃癌患者的免疫状态监测。     

食管鳞癌患者外周血T淋巴细胞亚群的变化

目的研究食管鳞癌患者外周血T淋巴细胞亚群的变化特点。方法采用流式细胞技术，对108例食管鳞癌患者（食管鳞癌组）术前检测其外周血T淋巴细胞亚群水平，并与50例健康献血者（对照组）对比，分析食管鳞癌患者T淋巴细胞亚群的变化特点。结果（1）与对照组比较，食管鳞癌组患者外周血CD3^＋ 、NK细胞水平差异无统计学意义（P=0．890；P=0．320）；CD4^＋和CD8^＋水平显著增高（P=0．001；P〈0．001），由于CD8^＋增高的程度大于CDZ增高的程度，使得CDgCDs~较对照组降低（P〈0．001）。（2）早期食管鳞癌患者外周血CD4^＋/CD8^＋低于对照组，但差异无统计学意义（P=0．112）；中晚期食管鳞癌患者CDgCDs~进一步降低，与对照组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．001），但与早期食管鳞癌患者相比，差异无统计学意义（P=0．218）。（3）有淋巴结转移食管鳞癌患者CD4^＋和CD4^＋/CD8^＋均低于无淋巴结转移患者（P均〈0．001），CD8^＋和NK细胞均高于无淋巴结转移患者，差异均有统计学意义（P=0．002；P=0．005）。结论食管鳞癌患者存在免疫功能低下，随着肿瘤的进展免疫功能进一步受到削弱；监测CD4^＋/CD8^＋的变化可作为食管鳞癌病情进展的标志之一。     

哮喘患儿血清T细胞亚群、细胞因子和免疫球蛋白的动态变化及意义

目的探讨哮喘患儿血清T细胞亚群、细胞因子和免疫球蛋白的动态变化及临床意义，为哮喘的发病机制及抗变态反应治疗提供理论依据。方法对40例哮喘患儿（哮喘发作组和哮喘缓解组）及25例健康体检儿童（对照组）应用流式细胞仪测定CD3＋、CD4＋、CD8＋T细胞，应用ELISA法测定TNF—α、白细胞介素（IL）-6、IL-8和IgE，应用免疫比浊法测定IgG、IgA和IgM。结果哮喘发作组CD3＋、CD4＋T细胞及CD4＋／CD8＋显著高于对照组（P〈0．01），CD4＋T细胞及CD4＋／CD8＋明显高于哮喘缓解组（P〈0．05）；哮喘缓解组CD4＋T细胞及CD4＋／CD8＋明显高于对照组（P〈0．05）。哮喘发作组IL-6、IL-8及TNF—α均明显高于哮喘缓解组和对照组（P〈0．05或〈0．01），哮喘缓解组TNF—α与对照组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。哮喘发作组IgE及IgG水平显著高于哮喘缓解组和对照组（P〈0．01或〈0．05），IgA水平显著低于对照组（P〈0．01）；哮喘缓解组IgE水平仍显著高于对照组（P〈0.01）。结论哮喘患儿发作期和缓解期均存在免疫失衡，提示哮喘患儿应长期抗变态反应治疗。     

支气管哮喘患者外周血CD4^＋CD25^＋调节性T细胞水平及Foxp3 mRNA表达的分析

目的 观察支气管哮喘（哮喘）患者外周血单个核细胞（PBMCs）中CD4^＋CD25^＋调节性T细胞（Treg）水平及叉状头／翅膀状螺旋转录因子（Foxp3）mRNA表达的变化，探讨CD4^＋CD25^＋ Treg在哮喘发病巾的作用。方法 采用流式细胞仪检测78例哮喘患者（急性发作期组30例，慢性持续期组25例，缓解期组23例）和29例健康志愿者（正常对照组）PBMCs中CD4^＋、CD25^＋Treg的比例；反转录-聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）检测PBMCs中Foxp3 mRNA的表达。结果 急性发作期组和慢性持续期组PBMCs中CD4^＋CD25^＋ Treg的比例及Foxp3 mRNA的表达明显低于缓解期组和正常对照组（P〈0．05）；缓解期组CD4^＋CD25^＋ Treg的比例及Foxp3 mRNA的表达虽亦低于正常对照组，但差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；急性发作期组CD4^＋CD25^＋ Treg的比例及Foxp3 mRNA的表达低于慢性持续期组（P〈0．05）。结论 哮喘患者外周血中具有免疫抑制活性的CD4^＋CD25^＋ Treg数量减少，功能下降，可能参与哮喘的发生和发展。     

化疗及胸腺肽α1对恶性肿瘤患者细胞免疫功能的影响及意义的临床研究

目的探讨化疗及胸腺肽α1对恶性肿瘤患者细胞免疫功能的影响及意义。方法130例恶性肿瘤患者在化疗前一周及化疗2周期后分别检测外周血T细胞亚群（CD3^＋、CD4^＋、CD8^＋）B细胞（CD19^＋）NK细胞（CD3^-／CD16CD56）,并比较化疗前后的变化,随后随机分为A、B两组,在其他治疗相同的前提下,A组给予胸腺肽α11．6mg OodIH,2～6个月,B组不用胸腺肽α1治疗,2月后两组均行细胞免疫功能（CD3^＋、CD4^＋、CD8^＋、CD19^＋、CD3^-／CD16-CD56^＋）测定。结果恶性肿瘤患者化疗后细胞免疫功能比较CD3^＋、CD4^＋细胞升高,CD8^＋细胞下降（P〉O．05）,CD4^＋／CD8^＋显著升高（P〈0．05）;A组与B组相比A组的CD3^＋、CD4^＋、CD8^＋、CD4^＋／CD8^＋、NK细胞活性较治疗前显著提高（P〈0．05）,B组各项指标治疗前后无显著差异（P〉0．05）。结论化疗不会完全破坏机体的免疫功能,而会使部分免疫功能提高及调整;胸腺肽Q1可以提高肿瘤患者的细胞免疫功能,从而增强抑瘤作用。     

较低剂量谷氨酰胺双肽对食管癌患者血浆前白蛋白、细胞免疫及结局的影响

目的观察谷氨酰胺对食管癌患者术后机体蛋白代谢、细胞免疫以及结局的影响。方法将36例行食管癌根治术的患者随机分为研究组和对照组，分别给予等氮等热量营养支持7天，研究组静脉提供N2-L丙氨酰-L谷氨酰胺双肽1．6ml／（kg．d），观察治疗前后患者血浆白蛋白、前白蛋白，以及淋巴细胞和亚群包括CD3＋、CD4＋、CDS＋的变化情况。比较两组围手术期感染相关并发症、住院时间及费用。结果（1）术前两组的血浆前白蛋白水平低于正常，研究组术后第7天前白蛋白水平恢复正常，且与对照组相比差异有显著性（P=0．042）。（2）所有患者术前淋巴细胞计数均已下降，以CD4＋下降最显著；手术应激造成外周血淋巴细胞及亚型计数进一步下降。以NK细胞和CD8＋下降最显著；研究组术后第7天淋巴细胞计数的增加明显高于对照组（P=0．048），但仍未达到正常。（3）两组均未发生感染相关并发症，两组住院时间（P=0．785）及费用（P=0．410）差异均无显著性。结论谷氨酰胺双肽能改善食管癌患者术后血前蛋向水平及细胞免疫。     

淋巴瘤患者外周血T细胞CD8^＋CD28^-、CD4^＋CD25^＋的表达及意义

目的探讨恶性淋巴瘤患者外周血T细胞CD8^＋CD28^-、CD4^＋CD25^＋的表达及意义。方法采用流式细胞术检测35例恶性淋巴瘤患者外周血T细胞CD8^＋CD28^＋、CD8^＋CD28^-及CD4^＋CD25^＋。结果恶性淋巴瘤患者外周血T细胞CD8^＋CD28^-、CD4^＋CD25^＋与正常对照差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）；治疗有效后三者趋于正常（P〉0．05）；而无效组与正常对照组相比差异仍有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论恶性淋巴瘤患者外周血T细胞CD8^＋CD28^-、CD4^＋CD25^＋一及CD4^＋CD25^＋表达异常，不同治疗效果表达不同，恶性淋巴瘤患者有免疫功能异常，治疗有效后免疫功能恢复正常。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.