温州市某县居民应对台风灾害的知识与技能的干预效果评价

［目的］ 了解温州市某县城乡居民应对台风灾害的知识与技能干预效果,探索台风灾害健康教育工作思路和方法。 ［方法］ 采取多阶段随机抽样法,对温州市苍南县项目点2 个城镇及2 个农村社区的居民进行为期1 年的台风灾害健康教育干预,问卷调查并评价干预前、后的效果。 ［结果］ 在开展干预活动后,居民防御台风灾害总体意识从干预前的74.96%提高到干预后的85.09%,应对台风灾害知识与技能总知晓率由干预前的73.94%提高到干预后的83.88%,差异均有统计学意义（χ2=76.45、317.63,P 〈 0.01）;其中,城镇居民的知晓率增加了4.58%,农村居民知晓率提升了15.15%,农村居民知晓率提高幅度高于城镇居民,干预前后差异均有统计学意义（χ2=32.84、379.23,P 〈 0.01）。［结论］ 本次干预总体有效,农村社区的干预效果高于城镇社区,应继续深入开展有针对性的台风灾害健康教育与研究。     

北京市朝阳区居民应对突发公共卫生事件知识与技能干预效果评估

目的 评价居民应对突发公共卫生事件知识与技能健康教育的干预效果.方法 以北京市朝阳区年满18周岁居民为研究对象,基线调查2 000人,干预结束后对1 203人进行效果评估.结果 居民经过干预后比干预前应对突发公共卫生事件知识与技能知晓率明显提高(P＜0.01);干预组与对照组比较,除对化学中毒知晓率的差异无统计学意义外,其他方面的知晓率均明显提高.结论 健康教育对提高居民应对突发公共卫生事件的知识与技能效果良好.     

松阳县公众应对突发自然灾害知识与技能调查分析

目的为了解松阳县公众应对突发自然灾害救灾防病知识的掌握情况、灾害预防的意识、应对技能现状和需求,探索以社区为平台的公众应对突发自然灾害的干预方法模式。方法采用整群随机抽样方法,对松阳县600位城乡居民进行问卷调查。结果公众应对台风、地震、洪灾、火灾等自然灾害的知识、行为与技能知晓率分别为16.17%、13.00%、26.33%和20.17%,其中城区居民的知晓率高于农村居民(P<0.01);89.67%的人认为目前有必要开展针对自然灾害的健康教育工作。结论松阳县居民应对自然灾害的知识与技能水平较低,今后应加强针对自然灾害的健康教育工作,重点人群是农村人口。     

天津市居民蜱类防治技能及影响因素分析

目的 了解天津市居民蜱类防治技能及影响因素,为有效采取干预措施,更好地开展健康教育工作提供依据.方法 采用单纯随机抽样方法,在天津市18个区(县)抽样调查360名≥15岁居民进行问卷调查.结果 居民蜱类防治技能掌握率为61.7％(221/358);其中蜱类的防治方法掌握率最高为81.8％,蜱类的特点和习性掌握率最低为59.2％;个人防护措施和叮咬后处理方法掌握率分别为72.1％、76.3％;个人防护措施中穿浅色衣服(35.8％)、涂抹驱避剂(57.8％)掌握率较低;≤50岁和＞50岁居民蜱类防治技能掌握率分别为64.9％(183/282)和50.0％(38/76),二者差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).受教育程度大专及以上、高中、初中及以下居民蜱类防治技能掌握率分别为73.6％ (156/212)、50.0％ (36/72)和39.2％ (29/74),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);月收入＜2000、2000～4000、＞4000元的居民蜱类防治技能掌握率分别为38.5％(42/109)、71.4％(147/206)和74.4％ (32/43),差异亦有统计学意义(P＜O.01);logistic回归分析结果表明,职业和月均收入对居民蜱类防治技能水平的影响有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论天津市居民蜱类防治技能的主要影响因素是职业和月均收入,应对高危行业员工和低收入居民加强健康教育,不断提高其防治技能水平.     

浙江省突发自然灾害健康教育与健康促进效果评价

目的了解公众应对台风、地震、洪灾、火灾等主要突发自然灾害事件的人群脆弱性(知识和技能掌握情况)现状,评价公众应对突发自然灾害健康教育的效果。方法采用多阶段整群随机抽样的方法,对4个地区的15~69岁的城乡常住人口在干预前后分别进行重复横断面调查。结果干预前,大众对自然灾害预防相关基本知识与技能的总知晓率为68.3%,其中对台风相关知识的知晓率最高为80.0%,之后依次为火灾知识的知晓率69.7%、地震知识的知晓率67.0%、洪灾知识的知晓率62.6%;干预后大众对自然灾害预防相关基本知识与技能的总知晓率为72.5%,其中对火灾相关知识的知晓率最高为85.6%,之后依次为台风知识的知晓率77.8%、地震知识的知晓率73.3%、洪灾知识的知晓率69.1%。干预前后有显著的统计学差异(P<0.05)。结论本次健康教育效果较为显著,但开展健康教育方式应多样化。     

经短信强化的慢病健康教育对社区居民知信行的影响

目的 评估经手机短信强化的健康教育与单纯常规的健康教育对社区居民在慢病相关的知识-态度-行为(KAP)水平上的影响.方法 将2011年7月至2012年7月的395位社区居民随机分成常规教育组(197例)和强化教育组(198例),常规教育组采用传统的健康教育方式,强化教育组加用经短信强化的健康教育方式.应用自制问卷对两组居民教育前后进行调查,比较两组在健康教育前后的慢病KAP水平变化.结果 无论常规教育组还是强化教育组居民,接受健康教育后慢病KAP水平均较教育前有程度不等的提高.对于问卷中“糖尿病的降糖目标”、“自己的标准体重”、“推广中医适宜技术的好处”以及“血脂的正常值”4项知识内容,强化教育组改善率(分别为51.4％、31.3％、39.5％、32.1％)明显高于常规教育组(分别为28.0％、15.1％、23.0％、18.0％),差异均有统计学意义(x2值分别为11.44、7.28、6.31、5.29,P＜0.01,P＜0.05);对于“愿意接受慢病的知识宣教”这项内容,强化教育组改善率达到100％,明显高于常规教育组(66.7％),差异有统计学意义(x2=40.00,P＜0.01);“每人每天＜6 g食盐”、“吸烟者成功戒烟”、“慢病患者规范治疗”3项行为的改善率(分别为45.0％、36.5％、36.6％)也明显高于常规教育组(分别为21.8％、16.1％、17.2％),差异均有统计学意义(x2值分别为12.10、10.74、9.57,P＜0.01).结论 健康教育是改善社区居民慢病KAP水平的有效方法,经短信强化的健康教育方式在慢病健康教育中具有更加明显的效果.     

温州市某县居民应对台风灾害的防护知识、行为调查分析

[目的]了解温州市某县城乡居民对台风灾害的预防、避险、自救互救、减灾等防护知识与技能的掌握情况,为政府制定台风防御应急决策和开展台风灾害健康教育提供依据。[方法]2010年12月,选取温州市历年来受台风影响次数最多、程度最为严重的苍南县为调查点,采用多阶段调查方法,共调查585人。[结果]苍南县城乡居民的台风灾害相关知识与技能总知晓率为74.3%,城镇居民的知晓率为76.5%,高于农村居民的72.2%,两者差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）;城镇居民的防灾防台意识、对台风灾害信息的需求均高于农村居民（P〈0.05）。手机短信、电视、报纸等大众媒体是群众最易接受的健康教育传播方式。[结论]温州市苍南县城乡居民的防灾防台意识和台风灾害相关知识与技能有待进一步提高,城、乡的教育内容应各有侧重与不同,要采取有针对性的健康教育传播理论与方法开展城乡台风灾害健康教育,农村居民是教育的重点人群,应以大众传媒为主要的健康教育传播工具。     

北京市房山区居民预防常见突发灾害相关知识水平调查分析

目的了解北京市房山区居民突发灾害相关知识水平以及健康教育的需求,提出开展健康教育工作的策略建议。方法采用多阶段分层抽样的方法对北京市房山区7个乡镇（社区）14岁以上居民进行抽样,通过问卷调查的方式进行现场调查,调查内容包括灾害相关行为和灾害相关知识两大部分。结果此次调查共抽取700人,回收有效调查问卷695份。北京市房山区居民应对常见突发灾害相关知识知晓率为总知晓率,为52．5％,应对火灾相关知识知晓率最高（65．6％）,其次为应对地震灾害相关知识知晓率（61．9％）、灾后防疫相关知识知晓率（45．8％）、应对洪涝灾害相关知识知晓率（27．0％）,农村人口（48．O％）和18岁以下人口（43．2％）应对常见灾害相关知晓率相对较低。参与调查的房山区居民希望了解应对常见灾害知识主要是地震（81．2％）、洪涝灾害（67．2％）和火灾（61．7％）,获取各类灾害知识的主要渠道是电视广播（90．6％）、网络（52．5％）和报纸（38．O％）。结论北京市房山区居民应对常见灾害相关知识知晓程度较低,今后房山区灾害相关健康教育工作的重点应放在加强居民特别是农村居民应对常见灾害相关知识的宣传教育上。     

2017年新疆哈密市伊州区居民营养知识知晓率调查

目的 了解新疆哈密市伊州区居民营养知识知晓率及影响因素,为制定进一步营养教育干预措施提供科学依据。 方法 采用分层随机整群抽样方法,对哈密市伊州区1 820名居民进行营养知识及影响因素的问卷调查。 结果 居民营养知识平均得分为(4.90±2.23)分;有38.09％的居民听说过《中国居民膳食指南》,知道每日摄入食盐、摄入烹调油用量分别占39.21％、24.10％,知道能量物质主要来源的居民占总调查数的46.15％,有45.35％的居民知道晚上看不见东西缺乏的维生素;logistic回归分析显示,学历(OR=1.177)和城乡差异(OR=1.592)是营养知识得分的影响因素;城市居民的营养知识知晓率明显高于农村居民(P＜0.05),学历越高营养知识知晓率越高(P＜0.05);居民最期望的营养宣传形式为医务人员(68.79％),其次为电视或广播(62.14％)。 结论 新疆哈密市伊州区居民对营养知识了解不全面;农村和低学历居民为营养健康教育干预的重点人群;应加强对医务人员的培训,倡导医务人员与公众媒体积极参与营养健康教育活动。     

四川省居民获取新冠肺炎防控知识的健康教育途径分析

目的通过问卷调查四川省居民接受新冠肺炎防控知识的健康教育途径,为制定更有效可行的健康信息传播方式提供科学依据。方法自行编制调查问卷于2020-05/06通过微信二维码邀请省内居民进行问卷填写,率的比较采用χ²检验,检验水准α=0.05,双侧检验。结果随着文化程度的提高,居民从网站、微博、官方微信公众号、专家访谈会、新闻发布会获取健康知识的比例增加(P<0.05);随着年龄增加,居民从听人说、电视或广播、报纸、手册或者折页、宣传栏、社区/村委宣传获取健康教育知识的比例增加(P<0.05);电视或广播、官方微信公众号、新闻发布会是居民获取新冠肺炎健康教育信息途径中总体选择率最高并且认为最权威的途径,并且不同年龄组居民从电视或广播获取健康教育知识的人数占比均超过72%,位居第1位;居民最希望获得新冠肺炎防控健康教育信息的途径依次为电视或广播(62.0%)、新闻发布会(39.4%)、官方微信公众号(35.1%)、微信群/朋友圈(22.5%)、新闻类手机软件(19.5%);居民对科普产品的选择以为短视频为主(70.3%),并且随着年龄的减少,越希望通过短视频了解疫情防护健康教育知识。结论应在加大信息宣传的基础上,进一步加强电视和广播等大众媒体的宣传作用,同时积极应用新媒体,线下线上全方位、多途径、有针对性地开展健康教育,提高健康教育质量和干预效果。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.