孕前体质指数与4种不良妊娠结局关系

目的探讨孕前体质指数(BMI)与4种不良妊娠结局(小于胎龄儿、大于胎龄儿、低出生体重儿、巨大儿)的关系。方法以2008年10月—2010年10月在安徽省8个地市的妇幼保健机构孕早期建卡并随访到分娩记录的12 355名孕妇为对象,采用χ2检验和非条件Logistic回归分析模型,分析孕前BMI与4种不良妊娠结局的关系。结果孕妇孕前BMI均数为(20.19±2.348)kg/m2,过低2 834人(22.9%),正常8 745人(70.8%),超重及肥胖776人(6.3%);调整年龄、户籍地、孕次等混杂因素后,对孕前BMI与胎龄儿组和体重儿组分别进行关联性分析,结果显示,孕前BMI过低是发生小于胎龄儿的危险因素(OR=1.320,95%CI=1.068～1.631);孕前超重及肥胖是发生大于胎龄儿和巨大儿的危险因素(OR=1.758,95%CI=1.503～2.056;OR=1.870,95%CI=1.540～2.271)。结论孕前BMI过低或者过高均会影响妊娠结局。     

孕前体质指数及孕期增重对新生儿出生体重的影响

目的探讨孕妇孕前体质指数(BMI)和孕期增重对新生儿出生体重的影响。方法收集2001—2015年在舟山市妇幼保健院围产保健监测系统登记建册的40 931名孕产妇及其单胎活产儿的临床资料,采用无序多分类Logistic回归模型分析孕前BMI和孕期增重与新生儿出生体重的关系。结果孕期增重正常17 143人,占41.92%,孕期增重过多12 409人,占36.56%,孕期增重过少8 799人,占21.52%;适于胎龄儿(AGA)34 295人,占83.87%,小于胎龄儿(SGA)3 322人,占8.12%,大于胎龄儿(LGA)3 276人,占8.01%。孕妇年龄、身高、体重和孕期增重在SGA、AGA、LGA组依次增加(均P0.05),三组孕妇孕前BMI差异有统计学意义(P0.01),而吸烟、饮酒和民族情况差异无统计学意义(均P0.05)。体重过轻的孕妇增重过多不会增加分娩SGA的风险(OR=0.95,95%CI:0.78~1.41),且不管增重多少,其分娩LGA的风险均较低。超重或肥胖的孕妇增重过少和增重正常均不会增加分娩SGA的风险(OR=0.95、1.02,均P0.05),但不管增重多少均会增加分娩LGA的风险(OR=1.79、2.50、3.11,均P0.05)。结论孕妇年龄、孕前BMI和孕期增重是新生儿出生体重的重要影响因素,建议加强孕产妇健康教育。     

孕前体重指数及孕期增重与小于胎龄儿的关系

目的 探讨孕前BMI、孕期增重与小于胎龄儿(small for gestational age,SGA)的关系,为预防小于胎龄儿的发生提供理论依据.方法 以2012年3月至2014年7月在山西医科大学第一医院产科分娩的4 754例单胎孕妇为研究对象,收集其一般人口学特征及健康状况、分娩情况等资料,测量其孕前身高、体重和分娩前体重,计算孕前BMI及孕期增重并分组,收集新生儿出生结局,了解孕前BMI和孕期增重对SGA的影响.结果 SGA发生率为9.26%(440/4 754).孕前体重较低组、正常组及超重/肥胖组SGA发生率为9.85%、8.54%和9.45%,调整孕妇年龄、孕产史等因素后,孕前BMI过高和超重/肥胖者SGA发生率低于孕前BMI正常范围的孕妇(OR=0.714,95%CI:0.535～0.953);不同孕期增重组SGA发生率分别为孕期增重低于美国医学研究所(IOM)建议范围下限组12.20%、增重在建议范围组9.23%、增重超过建议范围上限组8.45%;调整孕妇年龄、孕产史等因素后,孕期增重低于IOM建议范围下限增加SGA的发生风险(OR=1.999,95%CI:1.487～2.685),无论是孕前BMI较低、适宜还是超重/肥胖,分别以增重适宜作为参照,孕期增重低于IOM建议范围下限均增加SGA的发生风险,OR值分别为2.558(95%CI:1.313～4.981)、1.804(95%CI:1.258～2.587)、3.108(95%CI:1.237～7.811).孕前高BMI和孕期增重不足间未发现相加和相乘交互作用.结论 孕前BMI超重/肥胖者SGA发生率低于孕前BMI正常范围的孕妇,孕期增重不足增加SGA的发生风险,无论孕前BMI较低、正常还是超重/肥胖的孕妇增重均应避免低于IOM推荐的增重范围下限,以减少SGA的发生.     

壮族地区孕前体质指数、孕期增重及孕期贫血对小于胎龄儿影响研究

目的 分析壮族地区小于胎龄儿（small for gestational age infants,SGA）发生情况,探讨孕妇孕前体质指数（body mass index,BMI）、孕期增重及孕期贫血等因素对发生SGA的影响,为更好地开展孕期保健指导提供依据。方法 选取2016年1~12月在广西平果县及隆安县的三家医院产科门诊首次产检、孕6~13周的2 199例单胎妊娠孕妇,收集孕妇的基本信息,并随访其产检记录、妊娠结局等信息。使用t检验、χ2检验和Logistic回归模型对调查数据进行分析。结果 SGA共327例,发生率为14.87%。调整混杂因素后,孕前BMI<18.5 kg/m2的孕妇比孕前BMI正常孕妇SGA发生风险增加1.09倍（OR=2.09,95%CI:1.59~2.75,P<0.001）,孕期体重增加不足孕妇比增加正常孕妇SGA发生风险增加1.19倍（OR=2.19,95%CI:1.67~2.86,P<0.001）,孕期轻、中重度贫血对SGA发生风险的影响差异均无统计学意义（均有P>0.05）。结论 孕前体质指数<18.5 kg/m2和孕期增重不足为该地区孕妇分娩SGA的危险因素。     

VEGFA基因多态性与小于胎龄儿的易感性

目的 探讨血管内皮细胞生长因子A(VEGFA)基因多态性与小于胎龄儿(SGA)易感性。方法 采用巢氏病例对照研究设计,选取2013年5月到2014年9月马鞍山优生优育队列中分娩SGA的母亲183例和分娩适于胎龄儿(AGA)的母亲298例。对母血VEGFA基因上7个功能性位点(rs2010963、rs833061、rs10434、rs1570360、rs3025020、rs3025040、rs3025053)进行基因分型。应用多因素Logistic回归法分析不同遗传模型下各位点与SGA发病风险之间的相关性。结果 多因素Logistic回归分析显示,调整母亲年龄、文化程度、吸烟、饮酒及家庭月收入后,与VEGFA rs2010963 CC基因型携带者相比,GC基因型(OR=1.94,95%CI=1.12～3.35)和G等位基因携带者(OR=1.69,95%CI=1.01～2.83)分娩SGA的风险显著增加。进一步控制母亲孕前BMI和父亲BMI后,以上结果仍有显著性。但经错误发现率(FDR)校正后,显著性消失。结论 携带VEGFA rs2010963 G等位基因的孕妇分娩SGA的风险是否增高需...     

单胎活产儿小于胎龄儿发生率及影响因素分析

目的 了解广州花都区小于胎龄儿发生率并分析其影响因素,为预防小于胎龄儿的发生提供科学依据。方法 于2017年10月-2018年9月在广州市花都区妇幼保健院招募住院分娩孕妇进入研究。根据纳入排除标准,共有3 509名单胎活产儿纳入到本次研究。收集新生儿胎龄、出生体重、产妇的一般情况、孕期营养素摄入、环境接触、生活行为方式等信息,计算小于胎龄儿的发生率,并对影响因素进行分析。结果 小于胎龄儿的发生率为8.78%(308/3 509)。羊水过少(OR=3.275,95%CI:2.043~5.250)、孕妇年龄≥35岁(OR=1.712,95%CI: 1.216~2.411),非广州市户籍(OR=1.620,95%CI:1.158~2.266;OR=1.660,95%CI:1.126~2.448 )、孕前低体重(OR=2.300,95%CI:1.515~3.827)、孕期增重不足(OR=2.286,95%CI:1.572~3.326)、孕期经常接触烟雾(OR=5.690,95%CI:1.401~23.104)是SGA发生的危险因素(P＜0.05)。妊娠糖尿病(OR=0.674,95%CI:0.456~0.996)、孕次多(OR=0.802,95%CI:0.716~0.897)的产妇小于胎龄儿的发生率较低。结论 小于胎龄儿的发生与多种因素有关,是社会因素、环境因素、妊娠并发症共同作用的结果。要防止SGA的发生,需要制定一个综合的干预措施。     

成都市孕妇孕期增重对新生儿出生体重的影响

目的探讨孕期总增重及各孕期增重速率对新生儿出生体重的影响。方法采用前瞻性队列研究,于2013年选取成都市妇幼医疗机构产前门诊549名孕(12±1)周的单胎健康孕妇为研究对象,通过问卷调查收集孕妇年龄、孕前体重等基线资料,测量身高、体重。分别于孕(28±1)周及分娩前测量体重,计算孕期总增重和各孕期增重速率,并参照美国医学研究所(Institute of Medicine,IOM)(2009)孕期增重推荐标准进行评价。分娩后收集分娩孕周、新生儿出生体重等信息。采用多因素非条件Logistic回归分析分别探讨孕期总增重及各孕期增重速率对新生儿出生体重的影响。结果孕期总增重为(16. 2±4. 6) kg,孕期总增重异常比例为59. 1%,其中增重过多比例为44. 3%;孕早期增速过缓比例为44. 3%,孕中期、孕晚期及孕中晚期增速过快的比例分别为63. 6%、55. 7%和65. 8%。控制孕妇年龄、孕前体质指数(BMI)及分娩孕周等混杂因素后,多因素非条件Logistic回归分析显示:与孕期总增重适宜组比较,总增重不足组小于胎龄儿发生风险增加(OR=2. 51,95%CI 1. 08～5. 82),总增重过多组大于胎龄儿发生风险增加(OR=2. 54,95%CI 1. 20～5. 36)。与孕中期增速适宜组比较,孕中期增速过快组小于胎龄儿发生风险降低(OR=0. 27,95%CI 0. 13～0. 60)。与孕中晚期增速适宜组比较,孕中晚期增速过快组小于胎龄儿发生风险降低(OR=0. 28,95%CI 0. 13～0. 59)。结论成都地区孕妇孕期增重异常问题严峻,孕期增重过多和不足同时存在。孕期总增重过多是大于胎龄儿发生的独立危险因素。孕中期、中晚期增速与小于胎龄儿的发生有关。     

孕早期呕吐与不良妊娠结局关系出生队列研究

目的 探讨孕早期呕吐与3种不良妊娠结局(早产、低出生体重、小于胎龄儿)的关系.方法 样本人群来自于安徽者马鞍山市出生队列,以2008年10月-2010年10月在马鞍山市妇幼保健机构孕早期建卡并随访到分娩记录的5 084名孕妇为研究对象,采用x2检验和logistic回归模型分析孕早期不同呕吐程度与3种不良妊娠结局的关系.结果 队列中4 653名单胎活产儿母亲在孕早期发生剧吐的有175人,占3.8％;轻微呕吐有2 937人,占63.1％,无呕吐有1 541人,占33.1％;多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,孕早期发生轻微呕吐是发生小于胎龄儿的保护因素(RR=0.66,95％CI=0.45～0.96);孕早期剧呕是发生小于胎龄儿的危险因素(RR =2.76,95％CI=1.51 ～5.05).结论 孕早期轻微呕吐和剧吐对小于胎龄儿的发生有不同影响.     

育龄期女性孕前体重及孕期体重增加与新生儿出生体重关系的回顾性队列研究

目的探讨育龄期女性孕前体重及孕期体重增加与新生儿出生体重的关系。方法选取2016年1月至2019年1月于北部战区总医院和平分院单胎分娩的产妇14 543例为研究对象,依据孕前体质量指数(body mass index,BMI)、孕期增重指南推荐体重增重值和新生儿出生体重情况进行分组。采用Logistic回归模型分析孕前BMI及孕期体重增加对新生儿出生体重的影响。结果①孕前不同BMI和孕期体重增加异常对新生儿出生体重结局有相关性,孕期体重增加不足和过多是早产儿[OR 1.30(95%CI:1.09-1.56)、2.45(95%CI:1.99-3.01)]和小于胎龄儿[OR 1.76(95%CI:1.13-2.48)、OR 2.14(95%CI:1.32-3.47)]出生风险高危人群。②孕期体重增加不足低体重孕妇,早产儿出生风险是正常体重孕妇2.77倍。而孕期体重增加过多的超重孕妇,早产儿出生风险是正常体重孕妇4.03倍。孕期体重增加适宜的超重孕妇,小于胎龄儿出生风险是正常体重孕妇2.62倍。③孕前低体重孕妇更容易发生孕期体重增加不足(OR 2.94,95%CI:2.30-3.75),孕前肥胖更容易导致孕期体重增加过多(OR 1.05,95%CI:0.94-1.61)。结论为合理控制孕前体重及孕期体重增长,减少新生儿不良结局发生,应将控制孕前体重及孕期体重增加作为孕前保健及围产期保健的重要内容,并根据孕前BMI制定个性化的营养计划。     

母亲身高与不良出生结局关联性分析

目的探讨母亲身高与早产、低出生体重儿、巨大儿、小于胎龄儿的关系。方法收集2014年9月—2018年3月于广东省妇幼保健院分娩的11 437名孕妇及其婴儿资料,根据母亲身高三分位数将研究对象分为3组(≤157.0、157.1～161.0以及 161.0 cm),采用多因素非条件logistic回归模型计算母亲身高与早产、低出生体重儿、巨大儿和小于胎龄儿的OR值及95%CI。结果研究对象中早产、低出生体重儿、巨大儿、小于胎龄儿的发生率分别为6.6%、6.3%、3.6%和16.5%。在控制可能的混杂因素后,结果显示母亲身高与早产、低出生体重儿、小于胎龄儿和巨大儿有统计学关联。母亲身高每增加1 cm,分娩低出生体重儿和小于胎龄儿的风险分别减少4.7%(OR=0.953,95%CI=0.939～0.968)和6.8%(OR=0.932,95%CI=0.922～0.942),分娩巨大儿的风险增加11.6%(OR=1.116,95%CI=1.094～1.139)。相对于身高≤157.0 cm组,身高 161.0 cm组分娩早产儿、低出生体重儿和小于胎龄儿的风险分别减少18.5%(OR=0.815,95%CI=0.677～0.980)、40.2%(OR=0.598,95%CI=0.492～0.726)和51.6%(OR=0.484,95%CI=0.426～0.551),而分娩巨大儿的风险增加207.0%(OR=3.070,95%CI=2.348～4.013)。结论身高较矮的孕妇分娩早产儿、低出生体重儿和小于胎龄儿的风险增加,身高较高的孕妇分娩巨大儿的风险增加。妇幼保健人员宜加强孕期监测,以减少早产儿、低出生体重儿、小于胎龄儿和巨大儿的发生风险。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.