对氧磷酯酶-1与老年人2型糖尿病视网膜病变的关系

目的探讨血清对氧磷酯酶1(PON1)活性与老年人2型糖尿病(T2DM)并发视网膜病变(DR)的关系。方法血清PON1活性用酚乙酸酯为底物测定。血浆氧化型低密度脂蛋白(oxLDL)用ELISA法测定。结果老年单纯T2DM组PON1活性为(9608±3143)kU/L,比健康对照组显著降低〔(13028±1948)kU/L,P<001〕,T2DM并发DR组PON1活性(7453±1679)kU/L,比老年单纯T2DM组显著降低(P<001)。oxLDL浓度在老年单纯T2DM为(6996±841)μg/L,比健康对照组显著升高〔(4264±763)μg/L,P<001〕,老年人T2DM并发DR组oxLDL浓度为(8123±849)μg/L比老年单纯T2DM组显著升高(P<001)。PON1活性与oxLDL的浓度呈高度负相关(r=-084,P<001),Logistic回归分析表明PON1活性是T2DM并发DR的高度危险因素(P<001)。结论PON1活性在T2DM显著下降,且在并发T2DM患者下降更显著。PON1活性与oxLDL呈负相关。PON1活性降低是T2DM并发DR的高度危险因素。     

2型糖尿病肾病患者血清细胞粘附分子变化与氧化应激的关系

目的　探讨 2型糖尿病肾病患者 (DN)血清细胞粘附分子变化及其与氧化应激的关系。　方法　检测DN患者血清可溶性细胞间粘附分子 1(sICAM 1)、可溶性血管细胞粘附分子 1(sVCAM 1)、血清丙二醛 (MDA)含量和超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)活性。　结果　早期DN及DN患者血清sVCAM 1水平〔分别为 (1 75± 0 48)、(1 91± 0 2 7)mg/L〕明显高于对照组〔(1 6 7± 0 72 )mg/L ,P <0 0 5和0 0 1〕 ,DN组明显高于单纯糖尿病 (DM)组〔(1 5 8± 0 39)mg/L ,P <0 0 5〕 ;DM组、早期DN组和DN组患者血清sICAM 1〔分别为 (75 6 0 0± 12 5 47)、(80 2 2 1± 12 4 81)、(897 6 0± 10 5 80 ) μg/L〕明显高于对照组〔(5 82 6 4± 10 2 73) μg/L ,P <0 0 0 1〕 ,其中DN组明显高于单纯DM组和早期DN组 (分别P <0 0 1和<0 0 5 ) ;单纯DM组、早期DN组和DN组患者血清SOD活性〔分别为 (86 5 9± 13 85 )、(85 6 9±11 32 )、(71 73± 16 35 )NU/L〕显著性低于对照组〔(92 73± 11 2 5 )NU/ml,P <0 0 1〕 ,MDA含量〔分别为(3 99± 1 36 )、(4 2 6± 1 95 )、(6 5 0± 2 98)nmol/ml〕显著性高于对照组〔(3 72± 0 5 7)nmol/ml,P <0 0 1〕。DM患者血清sVCAM 1与sICAM 1、收缩压、尿素氮 (BUN)和肌酐 (Cr)呈正相     

2型糖尿病患者血清残粒样微粒胆固醇水平及其临床意义

目的　探讨血清残粒样微粒胆固醇(RLP C)在糖尿病(DM)患者中的变化及其与糖尿病肾病(DN)的关系。方法　血清RLP C浓度用免疫分离法测定,同时测定血浆α 颗粒膜蛋白 (GMP140)和血清一氧化氮(NO)。尿 24h微量白蛋白用放免法测定,根据尿白蛋白排泄率 (UAER)将其分为 3组。结果96例 2型DM患者RLP C与 44例正常对照 (NC)比较显著升高〔(0. 281±0. 162)mmol/Lvs(0. 193±0. 125)mmol/L,P<0. 01〕,且 2型DM患者D1 组 (UAER<20μg/min)、D2 组 (UAER20 ~200μg/min)和D3 组(UAER>200μg/min)相比,RLP C浓度依次显著增加〔( 0. 225±0. 145 )mmol/L, ( 0. 292±0. 181 )mmol/L, (0. 363±0. 192)mmol/L〕。D2 和D3 组GMP140浓度显著高于D1 和NC组(均P<0. 01),NC组和D1 组NO均显著高于D2 和D3 组 (均P<0. 01)。RLP C与NO呈高度负相关 (r=-0. 75,P<0. 01 ),与UAER和GMP140呈高度正相关(r=0. 78和r=0. 81,均P<0. 01),NO与GMP140浓度呈高度负相关 (r=-0. 78,P<0. 01)。结论　RLP C浓度在 2型DM患者中显著增加,且在并发DN的 2型DM患者增加更显著,RLP C在DN的发生发展中具有致病作用,其机制可能是通过损伤血管内皮和活化血小板所致。     

氧化低密度脂蛋白对内皮细胞L-精氨酸-NO系统的影响及其机制

目的　探讨氧化低密度脂蛋白 (ox LDL)对内皮L 精氨酸 NO系统的影响及其机制。方法　生化分析方法测定孵育液中亚硝酸盐含量及一氧化氮合酶活性 ,用Western印迹方法测定内皮一氧化氮合酶 (eNOS)的蛋白表达。结果　不同浓度的ox LDL呈剂量依赖性地降低eNOS的蛋白表达 ,抑制NOS活性及内皮产生的NO量 (11.4 4± 1.4 3vs 8.18± 1.0 ,6 .4 5± 0 .99,5 .83± 0 .95 ,P <0 .0 5 ) ,(1.94± 0 .12vs 1.73± 0 .14 ,1.5 7± 0 .11,1.4 6± 0 .12 ,P <0 .0 5 ) ,预先加入血凝素样氧化低密度脂蛋白受体 (LOX1)抑制剂阻断了ox LDL的上述作用。结论　ox LDL损伤内皮细胞 ,导致内皮L 精氨酸 NO系统的改变 ,LOX1介导了ox LDL的这一作用     

血浆氧化低密度脂蛋白测定的临床价值

目的 :观察脂代谢紊乱相关疾病患者血浆氧化低密度脂蛋白 (ox LDL)水平的变化规律 ,探讨血ox LDL测定的临床意义。方法 :素食 1d后禁食 12h采静脉血 ,用双抗体夹心ELISA法测定血浆ox LDL的水平。观察对象 30 2例 ,其中原发性高血压 (EH) 6 2例 ,EH并发冠心病 (CHD) 5 5例 ,糖尿病 (DM) 38例 ,DM并发CHD 4 9例 ,CHD 4 4例 ,肾病综合征 5 4例。正常对照者 111例。结果 :EH、DM、CHD、肾病综合征患者血ox LDL测定值均高于正常对照者 (P <0 .0 5 )。EH心室肥厚者ox LDL值明显高于非心室肥厚者 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;而并发CHD者明显高于未并发CHD者 (P <0 .0 5 )。DM并发CHD者明显高于未并发CHD者 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;但未并发CHD者血ox LDL仍高于正常对照者 ,差异有显著性意义 (P <0 .0 5 )。CHD中不稳定型心绞痛者明显高于稳定型心绞痛者 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;稳定型心绞痛者血ox LDL测定值与正常对照者差异无显著性意义 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;但冠状动脉 (冠脉 )显著狭窄者明显高于冠脉无显著狭窄者 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;冠脉无显著狭窄者血ox LDL测定值与正常对照者差异无显著性意义 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论 :EH及DM患者血ox LDL水平高于正常人 ,并发CHD后血ox LDL水平更高 ;CHD中不稳定型心绞痛患者血ox LDL水平高于正常人 ,ox LDL水平与冠     

氧化型低密度脂蛋白自身抗体与老年高血压患者的相关性探讨

目的　探讨氧化型低密度脂蛋白 (ox L DL )自身抗体与老年高血压病患者之间的关系。方法　应用酶联免疫法检测 1 1 9例年龄≥ 60岁 (老年组 )和 81例年龄 <60岁 (非老年组 )高血压患者循环血中 ox LDL自身抗体 ,并同步测定 ox LDL、血脂水平。结果　老年组高血压患者血清自身抗体 Ig G(2 3.1 5± 2 .91 ) U/ L显著高于非老年组 (1 0 .2 1± 1 .1 1 ) U/ L,P<0 .0 5;血浆 ox LDL (44.96± 4.39) mg/ L与非老年组 (39.32± 4.49) mg/ L无显著性差别 (P>0 .0 5) ;且自身抗体 Ig M在两组间 (4.56± 0 .67) U/ L、(7.71± 4.43) U/ L无显著性差别 ,P>0 .0 5;Ig G型自身抗体与 ox L DL 及血甘油三酯、总胆固醇均无相关性。结论　 ox LDL自身抗体 Ig G在老年高血压病患者中明显升高 ,可能与动脉粥样硬化有关 ,但与 ox LDL及血甘油三酯、总胆固醇无明显相关。     

对氧磷酯酶-1与老年人2型糖尿病关系的研究

目的 探讨血清对氧磷酯酶-1(PON-1)活性、基因Glu-Arg192位多态性与老年人2型糖尿病(DM)及并发症的关系。方法 用酚乙酸酯为底物测定血清PON-1活性;用多聚酶链限制片段多态件反应技术对老年2型DM各组及健康老年人的PON-1基因192位进行基因分型。结果 老年单纯2型DM组PON-1活性为(98.32±21.68)kU/L,比健康对照组显著降低〔(13.29±19.74)kU/L,P<0.01〕,老年2型DM合并大、微血管病变组PON-1活性分别为(73.18±13.00)和(74.02±15.13)kU/L,比老年单纯2型DM组显著降低对(P<0.01)。重庆市老年居民PON-1基因192位A、B等位基因频率在健康对照组为0.44、0.56,老年人单纯2型DM组及大、微血管病变组为0.43、0.57,0.33、0.67和0.38、0.62,老年人2型DM各组与健康对照组比较PON-1、AA、AB、BB基因到分布差异无显著性。结论 PON-1活性在老年2型DM及共发血管病变患者中均显著降低,提示PON-1活性的降低参与了DM血管并发症的发生。重庆市老年居民PON-1基因192位B等位基因与老年人2型DM及2型DM并发血管病变无明显关系。     

糖尿病大鼠一氧化氮与骨代谢变化的研究

目的　研究糖尿病 (DM )大鼠血清一氧化氮 (NO)与早期骨代谢改变的关系。方法2 0只SD大鼠分为 2组 ,一组以链脲佐菌素诱导建立糖尿病 (STZ DM )大鼠模型 ,另一为正常对照组 ,测定 2组大鼠的空腹血糖 (FBG)、HbA1c、血清胰岛素、全身、股骨和腰椎骨密度 (BMD)、骨代谢相关指标〔血清钙、骨钙素、降钙素、甲状旁腺素 (PTH)、维生素D3 及尿吡啶酚 /肌酐比〕和血清NO水平。结果　STZ DM大鼠与正常对照组相比 ,血清NO水平显著升高〔(5 1.3± 11.9vs 38.1± 12 .0 )μmol/L ,P <0 .0 1〕 ;全身、股骨和腰椎的BMD显著降低〔(0 .15± 0 .0 7vs 0 .2 1± 0 .0 2 ) g/cm2 ,P<0 .0 1;(0 .16± 0 .0 2vs 0 .19± 0 .0 3) g/cm2 ,P <0 .0 5 ;(0 .12± 0 .0 4vs 0 .18± 0 .0 6 ) g/cm2 ,P <0 .0 5〕 ;血清钙浓度显著升高〔(135 .9± 11.3vs 117.2± 6 .5 )mg/L ,P <0 .0 0 1〕 ,骨钙素水平显著升高〔(0 .0 7± 0 .0 4vs 0 .0 5± 0 .0 1) μg/L ,P <0 .0 5〕 ,维生素D3 水平显著降低〔(7.6± 1.9vs 11.6± 4 .1)μg/L ,P <0 .0 5〕 ,尿吡啶酚 /肌酐显著降低〔(4.8± 0 .8vs 75 .8± 6 0 .7)nmol/mmolCr,P <0 .0 1〕 ;而降钙素和PTH水平改变无统计学意义。相关性分析显示 ,血清NO与尿吡啶酚排泄呈负相关 (r= - 0 .74 ,     

肿瘤坏死因子α基因多态性与2型糖尿病胰岛素抵抗的相关性

目的　探讨肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF α)水平及其基因第 3 0 8位G→A变异与 2型糖尿病 (DM )胰岛素抵抗 (IR)的相关情况。方法　 ( 1)放射免疫法检测 70例 2型DM患者和 60例健康对照者空腹血清胰岛素 (FINS)、TNF α水平。 ( 2 )以PCR RFLP检测TNF α基因型。 ( 3 )用自我平衡模型分析法(HOMA)评价IR。结果　 ( 1) 2型DM组及对照组血清TNF α水平分别为 ( 1.2 6± 0 .2 8) μg/L和 ( 1.15±0 .2 4) μg/L(P <0 .0 5 ) ;FINS分别为 ( 11.3 1± 4.3 1)mIU/L和 ( 14 .67± 4.96)mIU /L(P <0 .0 1) ;HOMA IR分别为 5 .5 4± 2 .2 5和 3 .3 9± 1.48(P <0 .0 1)。 ( 2 ) 2型DM组和对照组GA +AA基因型频率分别为0 .3 0和 0 .13 ,A等位基因频率分别为 0 .16和 0 .0 7(P <0 .0 5 )。 ( 3 ) 2型DMGA +AA基因型组及GG基因型组TNF α分别为 ( 1.3 5± 0 .2 5 ) μg/L和 ( 1.2 2± 0 .16) μg/L(P <0 .0 5 ) ;FINS分别为 ( 13 .42± 4.73 )mIU /L和 ( 10 .40± 3 .63 )mIU/L(P <0 .0 1) ;HOMA IR分别为 7.42± 1.93和 4.11± 1.3 1(P <0 .0 1)。( 4 )多元逐步回归分析显示 :HOMA IR与TNF α及TNF α基因型呈显著正相关。结论　TNF α第 3 0 8位G→A变异与中国闽南人 2型DM的发生有关 ,A等位基因可能通过增加TNF α的释放     

中国人2型糖尿病家系中糖尿病患者及其一级亲属血脂和载脂蛋白的研究

目的　探讨 2型糖尿病家系中 2型糖尿病患者及其正常糖耐量的一级亲属 (NFDR)的血脂和载脂蛋白 (Apo)水平变化的临床意义。方法　测定 2 9个中国人 2型糖尿病家系中的 62例 2型糖尿病患者和 67名NFDR ,以及 45名无糖尿病家族史的正常糖耐量对照者 (NC)的甘油三酯 (TG) ,总胆固醇(TC) ,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇 (HDL C) ,ApoAⅠ ,ApoB10 0 ,ApoCⅢ和ApoE水平。 结果　 (1) 2型糖尿病患者的TG显著高于NFDR和NC ,NFDR的TG水平也显著高于NC〔3组分别为 (1.85± 1.3 1)、(1.3 9± 0 .91)、(0 .92± 0 .45 )mmol/L ,均P <0 .0 5〕。 (2 ) 2型糖尿病患者和NFDR的HDL C水平都显著低于NC组〔3组分别为 (1.17± 0 .2 9)、(1.2 3± 0 .2 8)、(1.43± 0 .2 7)mmol/L ,均P <0 .0 5〕。 (3 ) 2型糖尿病患者ApoCⅢ水平显著高于NFDR与NC〔3组分别为 (0 .14± 0 .0 9)、(0 .11± 0 .0 4)、(0 .10± 0 .0 3 ) g/L ,均P <0 .0 5〕。(4 )糖尿病组TC、LDL C、ApoB10 0 虽高于NFDR和NC ,ApoAⅠ水平低于NC ,但均无统计学意义 ,ApoE在 3组间差异无显著性。 (5 ) 2型糖尿病患者与其子女配对后 ,其TC、LDL C和ApoB10 0 显著高于其子女 (均P <0 .0 5 ) ,而TG、ApoCⅢ有升高趋势 ,HDL C有降低趋势。 结论　 2型糖尿病患者的NFDR有着和 2型     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.