Akt激酶抑制剂MK-2206诱导U2OS人骨肉瘤细胞凋亡与自噬

 目的：研究Akt抑制剂MK-2206对U2OS细胞凋亡和自噬的影响。方法：采用MTT法检测MK-2206对U2OS细胞活力的影响,DNA片段末端标记试剂盒检测细胞凋亡的变化,免疫印迹法检测细胞内蛋白的表达,用LC3-II的表达量用来确定细胞的自噬水平。结果：MK-2206剂量依赖性地降低了U2OS细胞的活力;MK-2206能够促进caspase-9、caspase-3和PARP的活化切割而诱导U2OS细胞发生凋亡;MK-2206给药后可促进细胞内LC3-II的表达,氯喹阻断自噬后明显增强了MK-2206对U2OS细胞活力的抑制作用。结论：Akt 抑制剂MK-2206能够诱导U2OS细胞发生凋亡和自噬;抑制自噬可促进MK-2206对U2OS细胞的毒性。     

AZD8055对胆管癌细胞自噬和凋亡的影响

目的:探讨哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)双重抑制剂AZD8055对人胆管癌HuCCT1细胞自噬和凋亡的影响。方法:采用MTT法检测不同浓度的AZD8055对HuCCT1细胞活力的抑制作用;吖啶橙染色检测AZD8055处理胆管癌细胞后,细胞自噬小体形成情况;Western blot法观察细胞凋亡相关蛋白Bcl-2、Bax和cleaved caspase-3以及自噬相关标志蛋白beclin 1、LC3和p62的表达;AnnexinⅤ-FITC/PI双染法检测细胞凋亡。结果:AZD8055显著抑制胆管癌细胞的活力(P0.05)。吖啶橙染色后,AZD8055用药组橙红色颗粒增多。Western blot实验显示,AZD8055处理后,与对照组相比自噬标志蛋白beclin 1表达上调,LC3-II/LC3-I比例上调,p62表达下调;cleaved caspase-3表达降低,促凋亡蛋白Bax表达降低,抑凋亡蛋白Bcl-2表达升高(P0.05)。流式细胞术显示,AZD8055可抑制细胞凋亡。结论:AZD8055可抑制胆管癌细胞的生长,其机制可能与诱导细胞自噬相关。     

miR-302b-3p靶向SQSTM1调控乳腺癌MCF7细胞的自噬

目的探讨miR-302b-3p靶向SQSTM1调控乳腺癌MCF7细胞的自噬。方法运用TargetScan在线分析miR-302b-3p与SQSTM1的相关性;将SQSTM1的3′UTR构建进PMIR-RB-REPORT质粒,利用luciferase assay检测miR-302b-3p是否靶向调控SQSTM1;用RNA转染试剂转染miR-302b-3p mimics或miR-302b-3p inhibitor进乳腺癌MCF7细胞,通过Western blot检测SQSTM1的表达量和乳腺癌MCF7细胞自噬标志蛋白表达情况。单丹磺酰尸胺染色检测细胞自噬发生水平。结果 miR-302b-3p靶向SQSTM1的3′UTR的584-590的位置;过表达miR-302b-3p时,SQSTM1的表达量明显下降(P<0.05),细胞自噬相关蛋白LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ和Beclin1的表达量明显上升(P<0.05),MCF7自噬发生水平降低(P<0.05);敲低miR-302b-3p时,SQSTM1的表达量明显上升(P<0.05),细胞自噬相关蛋白LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ和Beclin1的表达量明显下降(P<0.05),MCF7自噬发生水平升高(P<0.05)。结论 miR-302b-3p靶向SQSTM1的3′UTR后降低SQSTM1的蛋白水平,最终抑制乳腺癌细胞MCF7的自噬。     

DJ-1拮抗ROS介导Beclin-1上调在缺氧复氧HL-1心肌细胞中的作用

 目的 探讨DJ-1拮抗氧化应激诱导过度自噬在缺血再灌注心肌损伤中的保护机制。方法 以慢病毒为shRNA DJ-1载体感染心肌HL-1细胞系构建缺氧复氧损伤模型。Western blot检测shRNA DJ-1沉默效率和LC3、Beclin-1和DJ-1蛋白表达,流式细胞术AnnexinⅤ和PI染色分别检测凋亡和坏死,MDC和DCFH-DA染色分别检测细胞内自噬体和氧自由基（ROS）水平,激光共聚焦显微镜观察细胞内自噬体数量变化。结果 1）慢病毒为shRNA DJ-1载体感染心肌HL-1细胞后DJ-1表达水平下调;2）缺氧复氧显著上调ROS,而shDJ-1加剧缺氧复氧ROS水平上调,NAC可以有效下调细胞内ROS水平;3）Western blot检测LC3、Beclin-1自噬标志蛋白和MDC染色细胞内自噬体结果均认为缺氧复氧促进自噬,而shDJ-1加剧缺氧复氧导致的自噬上调,NAC抑制自噬上调;4）流式细胞术检测显示shDJ-1增加缺氧复氧凋亡,NAC可以减少心肌细胞凋亡。 结论 DJ-1拮抗ROS介导beclin-1上调参与保护缺血再灌注心肌。     

AZD5363诱导肝癌细胞凋亡与自噬的实验研究

目的:研究新型Akt抑制剂AZD5363对人肝癌HepG2和Huh7细胞活力、凋亡和自噬的影响,并探讨其抗肿瘤活性的分子机制。方法:采用不同浓度AZD5363作用于体外培养的HepG2和Huh7细胞,MTT法检测细胞活力;TUNEL标记法检测肝癌细胞凋亡的变化;Western blot实验分析细胞凋亡相关蛋白多腺苷二磷酸核糖聚合酶[poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase,PARP]及自噬标志蛋白LC3-II的表达水平;细胞转染GFP-LC3绿色荧光蛋白融合表达质粒检测细胞自噬。结果:AZD5363能够剂量依赖性地抑制HepG2和Huh7细胞活力,并通过促进PARP的切割而诱导肝癌细胞发生凋亡;肝癌细胞给予AZD5363后,细胞内GFP-LC3融合蛋白斑点增多,同时LC3-II的表达水平增加(P 0.05);当用氯喹阻断自噬后,AZD5363对肝癌细胞凋亡的诱导作用明显增强。结论:AZD5363可促进HepG2和Huh7细胞发生凋亡和保护性自噬。抑制自噬促进了AZD5363诱导的肝癌细胞凋亡。     

自噬参与香烟烟雾提取物诱导的肺动脉内皮细胞凋亡

目的:探讨自噬在香烟烟雾提取物(cigarette smoke extract,CSE)诱导人肺动脉内皮细胞(human pulmonary artery endothelial cells,HPAECs)凋亡中的作用。方法:常规培养HPAECs,分为对照组、CSE组、3-甲基腺嘌呤(3-methyladenine,3-MA)组和3-MA+CSE组,应用Hoechst 33342染色和Annexin V/PI流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡,单丹磺酰尸胺(monodansylcadaverine,MDC)染色观察细胞自噬泡形成,Western bolt测定自噬相关蛋白beclin-1、LC3与cleaved caspase-3的水平。结果:MDC染色示CSE处理可以诱导细胞产生自噬泡,Western blot结果示自噬相关蛋白LC3及beclin-1表达升高,3-MA预处理后抑制上述蛋白的表达。Hoechst 33342染色和Annexin V/PI流式结果显示CSE组细胞凋亡率较对照组明显增加,在3-MA+CSE组,细胞凋亡率较CSE组进一步升高;同时,CSE组细胞cleaved caspase-3蛋白水平较对照组明显升高(P0.05),3-MA+CSE组的caspase-3表达较CSE组进一步升高。结论:CSE能诱导HPAECs发生自噬和凋亡,抑制自噬能够进一步促进CSE对HPAECs的凋亡作用,这种作用可通过激活caspase-3实现。     

突触融合蛋白17通过调节自噬减少阿尔茨海默病细胞模型中淀粉样物质沉积

目的：探究突触融合蛋白17(STX17)对小鼠海马神经元HT22细胞中自噬和淀粉样物质沉积的影响及可能机制。方法：用慢病毒介导HT22细胞内淀粉样前体蛋白（APP）和STX17过表达，RT-qPCR检测慢病毒感染后各组细胞中APP和微管相关蛋白1轻链3-II(LC3-II)及STX17的mRNA表达情况。刚果红染色观察HT22细胞中淀粉样物质沉积情况。Western blot检测自噬相关蛋白LC3-II和P62的表达。免疫荧光观察细胞中STX17定位，以及LC3-II定位和斑点数量。结果：HT22细胞成功过表达APP后，淀粉样物质沉积增多，STX17表达下降，STX17主要定位在细胞质内，LC3-II和P62表达明显增多。过表达STX17后，LC3-II和P62表达下降，淀粉样物质沉积减少。结论：STX17通过调节自噬减少阿尔茨海默病淀粉样物质沉积。     

自噬在熊果酸诱导的人脐静脉内皮细胞损伤中的作用

目的: 研究自噬在熊果酸诱导的人脐静脉内皮细胞(human umbilical vein endothelial cells,HUVECs)损伤中的作用。方法: 体外培养HUVECs,运用不同浓度的熊果酸处理36 h,采用MTT法检测HUVECs增殖率的变化;透射电镜观察细胞超微结构的改变;单丹磺酰尸胺(MDC)荧光染色观察熊果酸对HUVECs自噬表达水平的影响;Western blotting检测微管相关蛋白轻链3(microtubule-associated protein light chain 3, LC3)及自噬相关蛋白Beclin-1的变化;RT-PCR检测LC3及Beclin-1 mRNA的变化;流式细胞术检测自噬抑制剂3-甲基腺嘌呤(3-methyladenine, 3-MA)抑制自噬前后经熊果酸处理的HUVECs凋亡率的变化。结果: 熊果酸抑制HUVECs增殖并呈剂量依赖性;熊果酸可诱导HUVECs产生自噬:透射电镜和MDC染色均显示HUVECs经熊果酸处理后自噬囊泡明显增加且自噬在基因及蛋白水平的表达均增加;3-MA与熊果酸联合作用于HUVECs时抑制了熊果酸诱导的HUVECs自噬空泡的积聚并且可明显促进HUVECs凋亡。结论: 熊果酸抑制HUVECs增殖,并诱导其发生自噬,自噬在此过程中对HUVECs起保护作用。自噬抑制剂3-MA能够增强熊果酸诱导的HUVECs的增殖抑制作用并且促进HUVECs发生凋亡。     

AMPK/mTOR信号通路介导的自噬在血根碱抑制鼻咽癌细胞增殖中的作用研究北大核心CSCD

目的:研究血根碱(SAN)对人鼻咽癌5-8F细胞自噬和增殖的影响,并探讨5-8F细胞自噬与增殖的关系及作用机制。方法:MTT和实时无标记细胞分析技术(RTCA)检测细胞增殖;单丹磺酰戊二胺(MDC)染色和透射电镜观察自噬情况;Western blot检测蛋白表达。结果:与Control组相比,SAN可显著抑制鼻咽癌细胞增殖,降低PCNA表达,诱导自噬小体形成,降低P62表达,提高Beclin-1表达、LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ;而抑制自噬后(3-MA预处理),SAN诱导自噬和抑制细胞增殖作用显著减弱,同时,SAN对Beclin-1、LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ、p62、PCNA的影响改变;SAN可激活AMPK/mTOR信号通路关键蛋白AMPK、p-AMPK并抑制mTOR表达;而抑制AMPK/mTOR信号通路后(抑制剂Compound C预处理),SAN诱导自噬和抑制细胞增殖作用显著减弱。结论:SAN能够抑制人鼻咽癌5-8F细胞增殖并诱导自噬,可能通过诱导细胞自噬抑制细胞增殖,其机制可能与激活AMPK/mTOR信号通路有关。     

雷帕霉素减缓大鼠被动Heymann肾炎的进展

 目的：观察雷帕霉素对大鼠被动Heymann肾炎（PHN）的影响,并探讨自噬在其中的作用。方法：雄性SD大鼠随机分为3组,即对照组、PHN模型组和雷帕霉素治疗组。以造模后第21天为观察结点,采用全自动生化分析仪测定24 h尿蛋白总量、血尿素氮和血清肌酐,过碘酸-六次甲基四胺银染色观察肾脏病变,Weibel-Gomez点计数方法计数足细胞数量,免疫荧光染色检测肾小球内C5b-9的沉积,免疫组化染色观察caspase-3的表达,Western blotting检测肾小球LC3的表达。结果：雷帕霉素明显减轻PHN模型大鼠的蛋白尿排出（P<0.05）,同时各组大鼠的肾功能均正常,其间无显著差异;雷帕霉素使PHN大鼠肾小球基底膜增厚的程度和范围有所减轻;雷帕霉素明显改善PHN大鼠足细胞缺失情况,减少足细胞凋亡;雷帕霉素可增强肾小球内固有细胞的自噬水平。结论：在PHN的病变过程中,适度增强自噬减少足细胞凋亡,减轻肾脏病变和缓解蛋白尿,可能是雷帕霉素减缓大鼠PHN进展的重要机制之一。     

Sublytic complement C5b-9 complexes induce thrombospondin-1 production in rat glomerular mesangial cells via PI3-k/Akt: association with activation of latent transforming growth factor-beta1

Mesangial cell proliferation is a common cellular response to a variety of different types of glomerular injury. Complement C5b-9 is a prime candidate to mediate mesangial cell proliferation, especially sublytic C5b-9, which can induce the production of multiple inflammatory factors and cytokines. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 plays a major role in the accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM), while thrombospondin (TSP)-1 has been identified as an activator of latent TGF-beta1 in an in vitro system. Using rat glomerular mesangial cells (GMCs) as a model system, we assessed the effect of sublytic C5b-9 on the expression of TSP-1 and TGF-beta1 and explored the relevant pathway of signal transduction. First, we ensured the concentrations of anti-Thy1 antibody and complement, which were regarded as a sublytic C5b-9 dose, and examined whether the sublytic C5b-9 induced expression of TSP-1 in rat GMCs which, in turn, activated latent TGF-beta1 by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. Then, we investigated the role of the PI3-k/Akt pathway in sublytic C5b-9-induced TSP-1 production in rat GMCs by Western blot analysis. The addition of sublytic C5b-9 (5% anti-Thy1 antibody and 4% normal serum) to rat GMCs induced activation of latent TGF-beta1 via TSP-1. The addition of sublytic C5b-9 apparently increased the protein of Akt phosphorylation, whereas PI3-k inhibitor LY294002 could clearly reduce the increase of TSP-1 induced by sublytic C5b-9. These results indicate that TSP-1 is an activator of latent TGF-beta1 in sublytic C5b-9-induced rat GMCs; furthermore, the PI3-k/Akt signal transduction pathway may play a key role in sublytic C5b-9-induced TSP-1 production.     

Role of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 in complement-mediated glomerular epithelial cell injury

In the rat passive Heymann nephritis (PHN) model of membranous nephropathy, complement C5b-9 activates protein kinases in glomerular epithelial cells (GEC), and induces sublethal GEC injury and proteinuria. Complement induces production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) via the NAPDH oxidase, and stimulates phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 kinase in a ROS-dependent manner. In the present study, we demonstrate that apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) was activated in glomeruli of rats with PHN, and that incubation of GEC in culture with antibody and sublytic C5b-9 stimulated ASK1 activity. The latter was, in part, mediated via the NADPH oxidase and ROS. Sublytic complement induced JNK and p38 phosphorylation, which was amplified in GEC that stably overexpress ASK1, as compared with Neo (control) GEC. Complement-induced lysis was enhanced in GEC that overexpress ASK1, as compared with Neo, and was attenuated in GEC that overexpress a dominant negative ASK1 mutant. Inhibition of p38, but not JNK, attenuated complement lysis in GEC that overexpress ASK1, but not in Neo GEC. In Neo GEC, generation of ROS restricted complement-mediated GEC injury but the protective effect of ROS was lost when ASK1 was overexpressed. We propose that the level of ASK1 expression determines the functional effect of p38 activation, i.e. when ASK1 is overexpressed, p38 activation is amplified, and C5b-9 assembly leads to GEC injury via ASK1 and p38. The present study thus defines a novel role for ASK1 as a mediator of C5b-9-dependent cell injury.     

雷帕霉素激活自噬改善嘌呤霉素氨基核苷诱导的足细胞损伤

目的:通过观察雷帕霉素对PAN 诱导的足细胞损伤及自噬相关蛋白表达的影响,探讨自噬在雷帕霉素保护PAN 诱导的足细胞损伤中的作用及可能机制。方法:构建PAN 诱导的足细胞损伤模型,将足细胞分成对照组(Control 组),PAN 组(加入50 μg/ ml PAN),雷帕霉素组(RAP 组:分别加入100、200、300 ng/ ml 雷帕霉素),PAN+雷帕霉素组(PAN+RAP组:细胞在用含PAN 的培养液培养前1 h,分别用100、200、300 ng/ ml 雷帕霉素进行预处理1 h)。采用Annexin V/ PI 双染法检测细胞凋亡,透射电镜观察自噬小体,Western blot 检测LC3、p62、4EBP1、P70S6K、mTOR 蛋白表达。结果:与对照组比较,PAN组足细胞凋亡增加,自噬体减少,LC3域蛋白表达下调,p62 上调,mTOR、4EBP1、P70S6K 磷酸化水平上调;与PAN 组比较,PAN+RAP 组足细胞凋亡率下降,自噬体增加,LC3域蛋白表达上调,p62 下调,mTOR、4EBP1、P70S6K 磷酸化水平下调。结论:PAN 可以抑制足细胞自噬,促进足细胞凋亡;雷帕霉素可通过激活自噬改善PAN 诱导的足细胞损伤,这种作用可能与雷帕霉素抑制mTOR/4EBP1、P70S6K 信号通路有关。     

Complement activation and atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease mediated through the action of monocyte/macrophages, complement and T-lymphocytes. C5a and monocyte chemotactic factor released during complement activation in the arterial wall may participate in the initial monocyte recruitment. Assembly of C5b-9 on cells of the arterial wall may also induce cell lysis. On the other hand, sublytic assembly of C5b-9 on smooth muscle cells (SMC) and endothelial cells (EC) induces cell activation and proliferation. Analysis of mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPK) pathways induced by C5b-9 in aortic SMC revealed that extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) 1, c-jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) 1, and p38 MAPK are all activated by C5b-9. ERK1 activity was inhibited by wortmannin suggesting that ERK1 pathway is activated through phosphatidyl inositol -3 (PI 3-) kinase. Sublytic C5b-9 assembly on the plasma membrane was also able to activate Janus kinase (JAK) 1, signal transducer and activator (STAT) 3 and STAT4 in EC. JAK1 but not STAT3 activation induced by C5b-9 is dependent on Gi protein activation. New evidence accumulated during the last decade support the role of complement activation in both initiation and progression of the atherosclerotic lesions. Complement system activation is a major component of the chronic inflammatory process associated with atherosclerosis.     

Complement C5b-9-mediated arachidonic acid metabolism in glomerular epithelial cells : role of cyclooxygenase-1 and -2

In the passive Heymann nephritis (PHN) model of membranous nephropathy, complement C5b-9 induces glomerular epithelial cell (GEC) injury and proteinuria, which is partially mediated by eicosanoids. This study addresses the role of cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and -2 in C5b-9-mediated eicosanoid production in GEC. Unstimulated rat GEC in culture primarily express COX-1. When stimulated with sublytic C5b-9, COX-2 was significantly up-regulated, whereas COX-1 was not affected. Compared with control, complement-treated GEC produced 32% more prostaglandin (PG) E(2) in the presence of exogenous substrate, and the increase was abolished with the COX-2-selective inhibitor, NS-398. Release of arachidonic acid from GEC phospholipids via C5b-9-induced activation of cytosolic phospholipase A(2) was associated with a marked stimulation of PGE(2) production, which was inhibited by 60% with NS-398. The results in cultured GEC were extended to GEC injury in vivo by examining COX-1 and -2 expression in PHN. Glomeruli from rats with PHN expressed significantly more COX-1 and COX-2, as compared with normal rats. PGE(2) production in glomeruli of rats with PHN was about twofold greater than in control glomeruli, and the increase was partially inhibited with NS-398. Thus, in GEC in culture and in vivo, C5b-9-induced eicosanoid production is regulated by both isoforms of COX. The inducible COX-2 may be an important novel mediator of C5b-9-induced glomerular injury.     

Characterization of early and terminal complement proteins associated with polymorphonuclear leukocytes <Emphasis Type="Italic">in vitro</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">in vivo</Emphasis> after spinal cord injury

Background  

The complement system has been suggested to affect injury or disease of the central nervous system (CNS) by regulating numerous physiological events and pathways. The activation of complement following traumatic CNS injury can also result in the formation and deposition of C5b-9 membrane attack complex (C5b-9/MAC), causing cell lysis or sublytic effects on vital CNS cells. Although complement proteins derived from serum/blood-brain barrier breakdown can contribute to injury or disease, infiltrating immune cells may represent an important local source of complement after injury. As the first immune cells to infiltrate the CNS within hours post-injury, polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) may affect injury through mechanisms associated with complement-mediated events. However, the expression/association of both early and terminal complement proteins by PMNs has not been fully characterized in vitro, and has not observed previously in vivo after traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI).     

下调PHLPP1表达通过激活PI3K/AKT/mTOR通路改善高糖诱导的人足细胞自噬抑制和凋亡促进作用

目的 研究富含亮氨酸重复序列的普列克底物蛋白同源结构域蛋白磷酸酶1(PHLPP1)在糖尿病肾病(DN)肾组织的表达及其对足细胞自噬、凋亡的影响并初步探究其相关作用机制.方法 采用免疫组织化学检测DN肾组织及非糖尿病肾组织PHLPP1表达,免疫荧光组织化学染色检测肾病蛋白(nephrin)、PHLPP1的共表达以确定PH...     

The complement system in central nervous system diseases

The activation of complement system is an important factor participating in inflammatory, neurodegenerative, and cerebrovascular diseases. Astrocytes and neurons are able to synthesize complement components. Myelin and oligodendrocyte (OLG) activate the classical pathway of complement in vitro in the absence of antibodies. Sublytic C5b-9 in the absence of cell death induces proto-oncogenes, activates cell cycle, and enhances cell survival in OLG. In addition, C5b-9 reverses the differentiation phenotype in OLG and enhances cell survival. beta amyloid protein is an activator of the complement system and neurons are susceptible to bystander complement mediated damage. These findings indicate that complement activation and membrane assembly of C5b-9 play an important role in pathogenesis of central nervous system (CNS) disorders.