分娩镇痛

产科多主张自然分娩,解除分娩疼痛乃是一项必须开展的麻醉工作。本文对分娩疼痛机理,硬膜外麻醉与椎管内镇痛各种方法进行了介绍、比较和分析,认为硬膜外小剂量布比卡因与芬太尼联合应用是较安全、可靠的方法。     

曲马多在产科镇痛方面的应用及其对胎儿安全性的研究

本文应用曲马多滴剂进行分娩镇痛30例,结果表明:用药后20～35分钟出现镇痛效果。可维持2小时左右,其有效率为93.3％,该药对总产程、胎儿生物物理评分及新生儿Apgar评分无影响,脐血曲马多浓度与母血曲马多浓度无显著差异;另30例中孕引产妇女排胎过程中肌注曲马多镇痛,结果发现用药后15～30分钟起效,有效率96.6％,排胎时间与对照组无显著差别,脐血曲马多浓度也与母血曲马多浓度无明显差别,胎肾、胎肝、胎脑组织中曲马多浓度均甚低,且上述組织结构改变与对照组相同,认为曲马多是一种安全、有效、使用简便的产科镇痛药。     

氧化亚氮吸入用于分娩镇痛34例观察

对３４例产妇用氧化亚氮吸入进行分娩镇痛观察，并与同期分娩的５０例产妇进行比较。结果表明，镇痛效果满意，无痛及轻度疼痛者占９１．１８％，且不影响产妇呼吸及循环功能，产妇在吸入过程中始终保持清醒状态，不影响子宫收缩，不增加产后出血量，对产程、新生儿Ａｐｇａｒ评分、产时并发症发生率等均无影响。提示：氧化亚氮是产科分娩镇痛较理想的药物之一，但使用过程中要注意严格控制吸入浓度。     

曲马多用于分娩镇痛

曲马多用于分娩镇痛吴海林，王运玲，李秀华，纪向虹，王兰，栾少红曲马多（ｔｒａｍａｄｏｌ）是一种合成的吗啡类镇痛药，作用于中枢神经系统与疼痛相关的特异性受体，其止痛效果可靠，耐受性和依赖性低，无呼吸抑制￣［１］。我们对１０８例用曲马多行分娩镇痛的产妇进...     

Pethidine versus tramadol for pain relief during labor.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate and compare the analgesic efficacy and adverse effects of tramadol and pethidine in labor. METHOD: Fifty-nine full term parturients were randomly assigned to one of two groups in active labor. Group 1 received 100 mg pethidine; group 2, 100 mg tramadol, intramuscularly. Analgesic efficacy, maternal side effects, changes in the blood pressure, heart rate, and duration of labor were assessed. RESULT: At 30 and 60 min after drug administration, pain relief was greater in the pethidine group than in tramadol group. The incidence of nausea and fatigue was higher in the tramadol group. Following drug administration the decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressure and the increase in heart rate were statistically significant in both groups. No significant difference was found between the groups when compared for duration of labor and Apgar scores. None of the neonates developed respiratory depression. CONCLUSION: Pethidine seems to be a better alternative than tramadol in obstetric analgesia because of its superiority in analgesic efficacy and low incidence of maternal side effects.     

笑气吸入性分娩镇痛的临床研究

目的 研究笑气吸入性分娩镇痛的疗效和母儿的影响。方法 将２５０例产妇随机分为观察组和对照组。对照组除不给笑气吸入外,其它产科处理措施与观察组相同。观察比较两组的产痛程度,产程时间,分娩方式,新生儿Ａｐｇａｒ评分,产时出血量和产后出血率等。结果 观察组的阵痛强度评分明显低于对照组,观察组的活跃期和总产程时间短于对照组,差异有显著意义。     

两种椎管内阻滞方法用于分娩镇痛的临床比较

目的探讨采用蛛网膜下腔与硬膜外腔分段阻滞联合用药及单纯硬膜外腔用药法的镇痛效果及其对母婴的影响。方法以蛛网膜下腔与硬膜外腔分段阻滞联合用药分娩镇痛者为研究组（１００例）,单纯硬膜外麻醉分娩镇痛者为对照组（４０例）,分别观察疼痛程度、副作用、产程时间、分娩方式、产后出血、胎儿窘迫及新生儿窒息情况。结果两组镇痛效果比较,差异有极显著性（Ｐ＜００１）,两组产程时间均值比较,差异无显著性（Ｐ＞００５）;两组产妇分娩方式、产后出血率、胎儿宫内窘迫及新生儿窒息发生率比较,差异无显著性（Ｐ＞００５）。结论蛛网膜下腔与硬膜外腔分段阻滞联合用药法,用于分娩镇痛安全有效。对产程及母婴均无影响,较单纯硬膜外麻醉镇痛效果更为肯定、满意,可在有一定条件的医疗单位应用。     

蛛网膜下腔阻滞加硬膜外阻滞与单纯硬膜外阻滞对产程进展影响的分析

目的探讨蛛网膜下腔阻滞(腰麻)加硬膜外阻滞与单纯硬膜外阻滞对产妇产程进展的影响。方法回顾性分析722例阴道分娩健康初产妇的临床资料,根据是否行分娩镇痛及分娩镇痛方法的不同分为3组:(1)腰麻加硬膜外阻滞(联合麻醉组),共259例;(2)单纯硬膜外阻滞(硬膜外组),共215例;(3)未采用任何镇痛方法的对照组,共248例。比较3组产妇产程时间及Friedman产程图进展变化特点。结果(1)第一产程活跃期、第二产程及第三产程时间比较:联合麻醉组分别为(272±127)min、(57±36)min及(9±6)min;硬膜外组分别为(305±133)min、(59±39)min及(8±6)min;对照组分别为(188±110)min、(45±32)min及(9±6)min。联合麻醉组及硬膜外组的第一产程活跃期及第二产程时间均长于对照组(P<0.01);3组间第三产程时间相互比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。(2)产程图特点比较:联合麻醉组及硬膜外组产妇第一产程活跃期宫缩曲线位于产程图Friedman曲线右侧,对照组则位于其左侧;联合麻醉组和硬膜外组产程图宫口曲线较Friedman曲线倾斜角度小,即第一产程活跃期进展缓慢;对照组第一产程活跃期进展较快。联合麻醉组产妇平均每小时宫口开大1.5cm,硬膜外组产妇为1.4cm,对照组产妇为1.8cm。联合麻醉组及硬膜外组产妇平均每小时宫口开大程度较对照组缩小,两者比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论腰麻加硬膜外阻滞联合麻醉及单纯硬膜外阻滞镇痛后,产妇第一产程活跃期进展减慢,总产程时间延长;镇痛后的产程处理不应单纯按照Friedman产程图进行。     

罗哌卡因用于分娩镇痛对产程和分娩方式的影响

目的探讨罗哌卡因用于分娩镇痛对产妇产程和分娩方式的影响。方法采用回顾性分析的方法,选择行0.1%罗哌卡因+芬太尼(1μg/ml)硬膜外阻滞的190例健康、单胎、足月临产初产妇为镇痛组。另选择同期222例条件相似、未行任何镇痛措施的自然临产产妇为对照组。记录两组产妇产程时间、分娩方式、新生儿1分钟和5分钟Apgar评分。结果(1)产程时间比较:镇痛组第一产程、第二产程和总产程时间分别为(426±161)min、(54±27)min、(489±166)min;对照组分别为(364±167)min、(37±22)min、(409±170)min,两组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。(2)分娩方式比较:镇痛组阴道器械助产率为20.0%(38/190),明显高于对照组的6.3%(14/222),两组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01);镇痛组剖宫产率及阴道顺产率分别为20.0%(38/190)、60.5%(115/190),对照组分别为28.4%(63/222)、65.8%(146/222),两组比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。(3)Apgar评分比较:镇痛组新生儿1分钟及5分钟Apgar评分<7分者分别为7.9%(15/190)、2.6%(5/190),对照组分别为4.5%(10/222)、0.5%(1/222),两组比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论罗哌卡因用于分娩镇痛对产妇产程有延长作用及增加阴道器械助产率,但对新生儿出生结局无明显影响。     

Analgesic efficacy of intramuscular opioids versus epidural analgesia in labor.

OBJECTIVES: To compare analgesic efficacy of intramuscular opioids: meperidine and tramadol with epidural analgesia. METHODS: One hundred and twenty-eight term nulliparous women with singleton pregnancy and vertex presentation were randomized to receive either epidural (n=43), meperidine (n=39) or tramadol (n=44). A visual analog scale (VAS) was used to assess the severity of pain. The parameters analyzed were analgesic efficacy, effect on labor, other maternal side effects, perinatal outcome and maternal satisfaction. RESULTS: Median VAS scores following first dose were 0 (0-5), 5 (3-8) and 5 (3-8) in epidural, meperidine and tramadol groups, respectively. Ninety percent of women rated analgesia as good to excellent in the epidural group as compared with 72% of women in the meperidine group and 65% in tramadol group. However, epidural caused a significant prolongation of first (P<0.05) and second (P<0.01) stage of labor with an increased number of operative deliveries (27% in the epidural, 7.6% in the meperidine, and 11.4% in the tramadol groups, P<0.05). In the epidural group 40% women had urinary retention and 16% had motor weakness, whereas sedation was the only side effect seen in the meperidine (41%) and tramadol groups (9%). Respiratory depression was noted among three neonates in the meperidine group, two in the tramadol group and none in the epidural group. CONCLUSIONS: The analgesic efficacy and maternal satisfaction is better with epidural analgesia than with opioids. Analgesia provided by meperidine and tramadol is comparable and approximately 50% of women rated the analgesia as good. Meperidine is better in the second stage than tramadol. Hence in developing nations where availability of facilities is the main limiting factor, intramuscular opioids can be considered suitable alternatives.     

笑气吸入用于分娩镇痛的有效性与安全性研究

目的　探讨笑气吸入分娩镇痛的有效性与安全性。方法　将 130 0例单胎头位、足月初产妇分为两组。其中 ,研究组 6 5 8例 ,在产程中吸入 5 0 %笑气与 5 0 %氧气的混合气体实行分娩镇痛 ;对照组 6 4 2例 ,产程中间断吸入氧气。观察两组产妇疼痛的缓解程度、产程时间、分娩方式、羊水情况、分娩失血量、新生儿出生时的Apgar评分、产妇桡动脉与新生儿脐动脉血气分析的结果、笑气吸入的副反应。结果　研究组产妇分娩镇痛的有效率为 80 9% ,总产程时间为 4 6 8min ,活跃期时间为 15 3min ,剖宫产率为 11 6 % ,羊水污染率 2 2 0 % ,新生儿窒息率 1 2 % ,产时出血平均 2 37ml,39 4 %的产妇出现头晕表现的副反应 ;而对照组产妇分娩镇痛的有效率为 0 9% ,活跃期时间为 187min ,剖宫产率为 19 3% ,与研究组比较 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 0 5 ) ;而产程时间 4 80min ,羊水污染率 2 4 3% ,新生儿窒息率 1 7% ,产时出血平均 2 5 3ml,与研究组比较 ,差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 ) ;对照组产妇无明显的头晕等副反应。两组产妇桡动脉及脐动脉血气分析结果比较 ,差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 )。结论　 5 0 %笑气与 5 0 %氧气的混合气体用于分娩镇痛安全方便 ,易被产妇接受 ,可有效地缓解分娩疼痛 ,增加阴道分娩率 ,对产程及母儿     

Denial of pain relief during labor to parturients in southeast Nigeria

Objective

To evaluate the experiences of parturients with regard to pain relief during labor in Enugu, Nigeria.

Methods

Women attending the prenatal clinics of 3 maternity care centers were interviewed via pre-tested interviewer-administered questionnaires between August 2010 and January 2011. Both open and closed questions were asked to evaluate the opinions and experiences of the respondents with regard to labor analgesia in previous pregnancies.

Results

Overall, 34.1% of respondents were aware of their right to labor pain relief. Only 33.5% of maternal requests for labor pain relief were granted. Women who did not request labor analgesia indicated ignorance and fear of labor caregivers as their major reasons.

Conclusion

Most women in southeast Nigeria are unaware of their right to pain relief in labor. Ignorance and fear of unfavorable reactions from labor caregivers are hindering women from requesting labor analgesia. There is a need to address the issue of refusal of maternal requests for labor pain relief because it constitutes a violation of the fundamental right of the parturient and an unnecessary breach of medical ethics.     

蛛网膜下腔阻滞加硬膜外阻滞对母儿预后及分娩方式的影响

目的探讨蛛网膜下腔阻滞(腰麻)加硬膜外阻滞及连续硬膜外阻滞在分娩镇痛过程中对产妇分娩方式及母儿合并症的影响。方法采用回顾性方法,将2001年8月至2004年10月施行分娩镇痛的2593例产妇,分为腰麻加硬膜外阻滞(联合麻醉组)1482例,硬膜外阻滞组1111例;未施行分娩镇痛的4078例产妇为对照组。比较3组产妇在分娩方式、母儿合并症方面的差异。结果(1)分娩方式比较:①剖宫产:联合麻醉组为423例(28.5%),硬膜外阻滞组为351例(31.6%),对照组为1847例(45.3%),3组间相互比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);②产钳助产:联合麻醉组为231例(15.6%),硬膜外阻滞组为207例(18.9%),对照组为357例(8.8%),联合麻醉组及硬膜外阻滞组与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);③阴道顺产:联合麻醉组为828例(55.9%),硬膜外阻滞组为553例(49.8%),对照组为1874例(46.0%),3组间相互比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。(2)母儿合并症比较:①胎儿窘迫、活跃期停滞、活跃期延长、第二产程延长发生率比较:联合麻醉组分别为33.7%(499/1482)、17.3%(256/1482)、1.8%(27/1482)、6.1%(91/1482),硬膜外阻滞组分别为29.8%(331/1111)、18.1%(201/1111)、1.7%(19/1111)、5.4%(60/1111),对照组分别为28.5%(1163/4078)、8.3%(337/4078)、0.8%(34/4078)、3.0%(124/4078),联合麻醉组及硬膜外阻滞组的母儿合并症发生率均高于对照组,两者比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。②产后出血及新生儿窒息的发生率比较:联合麻醉组分别为4.3%(63/1482)、1.0%(15/1482),硬膜外阻滞组分别为4.1%(45/1111)、0.8%(9/1111),对照组分别为3.9%(159/4078)、1.4%(56/4078),联合麻醉组及硬膜外阻滞组产后出血及新生儿窒息的发生率与对照组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论产程中对产妇实施腰麻加硬膜外阻滞镇痛,可降低剖宫产率,但增加产钳助产率。分娩镇痛与发生活跃期停滞、活跃期延长、第二产程延长有关,但不增加产后出血及新生儿窒息的发生率。     

不同浓度的罗哌卡因在自控硬膜外镇痛分娩中的应用及安全性研究

目的比较不同浓度罗哌卡因在自控硬膜外镇痛(patient-controlledepiduralanalgesia,PCEA)分娩中的应用效果及安全性。方法280例单胎头位足月临产的初产妇,采用前瞻性研究方法,随机分为三组行分娩镇痛:0·1%罗哌卡因组92例(镇痛Ⅰ组),0.2%罗哌卡因组96例(镇痛Ⅱ组),0·1%布比卡因组92例(镇痛Ⅲ组)。三组均辅以小剂量的芬太尼2μg/ml,于产程进入活跃期时使用,首次负荷量10ml,维持量5ml/h,宫口开全后夹闭,会阴伤口缝合期间开放,缝合完毕时拔管。同时期未采用任何镇痛方法者为未镇痛对照组96例。采用视觉模拟镇痛评分(visualanaloguescales,VAS),并记录待产过程和分娩结局。结果剖宫产率、器械助产率为:镇痛Ⅰ组为16.30%(15/92)、12.99%(10/77),镇痛Ⅱ组13.54%(13/96)、13.25%(11/83),镇痛Ⅲ组17.39%(16/92)、27.63%(21/76),对照组33.33%(32/96)、12.50%(8/64),PCEA镇痛的三组与对照组剖宫产率比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0·05)。镇痛Ⅲ组器械助产率与其余三组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。四组活跃期时间及催产素使用率:镇痛Ⅰ组(171.72±50.30)min、90.90%(70/77),镇痛Ⅱ组(183.53±33.51)min、85.54%(71/83),镇痛Ⅲ组(170.99±37.47)min、93.42%(71/76),对照组为(257.30±67.46)min、68.75%(44/64),PCEA镇痛的三组与对照组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论PCEA分娩镇痛能缩短活跃期时间,降低剖宫产率,但催产素使用率和尿潴留率增加;低浓度罗哌卡因感觉和运动阻滞明显分离,阴道器械助产率较布比卡因组低。PCEA分娩镇痛安全有效,有利于阴道分娩,对母亲及胎儿安全。