诺和锐30在初发2型糖尿病患者中的应用

目的探讨诺和锐30对初发2型糖尿病血糖控制的临床疗效和安全性。方法将88例初发2型糖尿患者随机分为观察组46例和对照组42例。观察组给予诺和锐30治疗,对照组给予诺和灵30R治疗。结果两组治疗后FPG、餐后2hPG和HbAlc较治疗前均明显下降（P〈0．05）,两组间餐后2hPG的下降有显著性差异（P〈0．05）,但FPG的变化差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。观察组达到血糖控制达标所需时间较对照组短（P〈0．05）,且胰岛素平均每日总用量少（P〈0．05）。两组低血糖发生率比较,观察组明显少于对照组,差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。结论诺和锐30治疗初发2型糖尿病能降低FPG、2hPG、HbAlc,明显改善胰岛功能,疗效显著。     

初发 2 型糖尿病胰岛素泵早期强化对胰高血糖素样肽 -1 变化的价值探讨简

目的探讨采用胰岛素泵早期强化治疗初发2型糖尿病后患者血胰高血糖素样肽-1（GLP-1）水平的变化。方法按照随机数字表法将83例初发2型糖尿病患者分为两组,治疗组（42例）采用胰岛素泵（CSII）强化治疗,对照组（41例）常规皮下注射胰岛素。观察两组治疗后血糖、GLP-1水平、胰岛素用量、血糖达标时间及低血糖发生次数。结果治疗后的两组空腹血糖（FPG）、餐后2小时血糖（2hPG）、GLP-1优于治疗前,差异有显著性（P〈0．05）;治疗组治疗后的FPG、2hPG、GLP-1水平与治疗前的差值和对照组比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,治疗组优于对照组;治疗组的胰岛素用量、血糖达标时间、低血糖次数均少于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论胰岛素泵早期强化治疗初发2型糖尿病患者,可使GLP-1水平升高,改善胰岛功能,从而有效控制血糖。     

瑞格列奈治疗早期2型糖尿病47例分析

目的：观察瑞格列奈对早期2型糖尿病的疗效。方法：对47例早期2型糖尿病患者应用瑞格列奈治疗8周，检测治疗前后空腹血糖（FPG）、餐后2h血糖（2hPG）、糖化血红蛋白（HbAIC）、空腹胰岛素（FINS）、餐后2h胰岛素（2hINS）、胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA—IR）。结果：治疗后与治疗前比较FPG、2hPG、HOMA—IR水平极显著下降（P〈0．01），HbAIC水平显著下降（P〈0．05），2hINS显著上升（P〈0．05）。结论：瑞格列奈可有效控制早期2型糖尿病患者血糖，改善胰岛素抵抗。     

胰岛素治疗初诊2型糖尿病的临床观察

目的：探讨胰岛素治疗对初诊2型糖尿病患者血糖控制及胰岛β细胞功能的影响。方法：42例初诊2型糖尿病患者接受胰岛素治疗1个月，观察治疗前后血糖、糖化血红蛋白及血C肽水平的情况，并随访胰岛素治疗后对长期血糖控制的影响。结果：胰岛素治疗1个月后，患者空腹血糖（FPG）、餐后2小时血糖（2hPG）、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）均明显下降（P〈0．05），空腹及餐后2小时血C肽水平明显升高（P〈0．05），有35例患者停用胰岛素，改口服降糖药物治疗，随访6个月，血糖控制理想。结论：胰岛素治疗初诊2型糖尿病不仅能较好控制血糖及明显降低HbA1C，而且在一定程度上能恢复胰岛β细胞的功能。     

短期胰岛素强化治疗初诊2型糖尿病疗效分析

目的：观察短期胰岛素强化治疗初诊2型糖尿病的疗效。方法：将新诊断的2型糖尿病患者90例随机分为两组,观察组50例予胰岛素强化治疗,对照组40例给予口服降糖药物治疗,比较两组治疗前后空腹血糖（FPG）、餐后2h血糖（2hPG）、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）、空腹胰岛素（FINS）、C2肽（C2P）。结果：治疗后2组的各项指标均较治疗前有所改善（P〈0．05）,且观察组FPG、2hPG、HbA1c下降指数较对照组明显,FINS、C2P升高指数较对照组明显,两组差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论：初诊2型糖尿病患者予短期胰岛素强化治疗有利于改善血糖和胰岛功能。     

综合护理干预对离退休干部2型糖尿病患者降糖效果的影响

目的探讨综合护理干预对离退休干部人群中2型糖尿病患者的降糖效果的影响。方法选取来我院疗养且患有2型糖尿病的离退休干部80例,采用综合护理干预模式进行健康管理,比较干预前、干预后（出院前1d、出院后1个月、出院后3个月）空腹血糖（FPG）、餐后2h血糖（2hPG）、糖化血红蛋白（HbAlc）及治疗依从性情况。结果干预后FPG、2hPG、HbAlc水平均较干预前有明显降低（P〈0．01）,治疗依从性指标均有明显提高（P〈0．01）,其中遵医用药、饮食控制差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论综合护理干预有利于提高离退休干部人群中2型糖尿病患者治疗的依从性,降糖效果明显。     

短期胰岛素强化治疗新诊断2型糖尿病25例临床观察

目的观察短期胰岛素强化治疗对新诊断2型糖尿病患者胰岛p细胞功能和血糖控制情况。方法对初诊25例2型糖尿病患者给予每天多次胰岛素强化治疗3个月。比较治疗前后空腹血糖（FPG）、餐后血糖（2hPG）、空腹C肽、糖化血红蛋白（HbAlc）。结果胰岛素强化治疗后FPG、2hPG、空腹C肽、HBAIc均明显下降（P〈0．00。结论对新诊断2型糖尿病患者进行短期胰岛素强化治疗可显著改善胰岛素细胞功能，迅速控制高血糖，治疗时间短，是治疗糖尿病最有效的方法之一。     

2型糖尿病患者血清白细胞介素-6和脂联素水平变化及其相关性

目的了解血清白细胞介素-6（IL-6）和脂联素（APN）在2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者水平及胰岛素联合吡格列酮治疗后血清IL-6和APN水平的改变。方法采用酶联免疫吸附试验法检测了58例无任何并发症且血糖控制不佳的T2DM患者（治疗前、后）和40例健康对照组血清IL-6和APN水平，同时检测空腹血糖（FPG）、餐后2h血糖（2hPG）。结果（1）T2DM患者治疗前、后外周血IL-6、APN及FPG、2hPG水平与健康对照组比较，差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）；治疗后与治疗前相比较，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。（2）T2DM患者外周血IL-6水平与FPG、2hPG水平呈显著正相关（r=0．317，P〈0．05；r=0．353，P〈0．05）；外周血APN水平与FPG、2hPG水平呈显著负相关（r=-0．285，P〈0．05；r=-0．271，P〈0．05）；外周血IL-6水平与APN水平呈显著负相关（r=-0．496，P〈0．05）。结论T2DM患者体内存在IL-6和APN的异常表达，吡格列酮能增加T2DM患者血清APN水平，降低血清IL-6水平，具有抗炎性反应及改善胰岛素抵抗功能。检测血清IL-6和APN水平，可作为T2DM病情判定以及治疗效果观察的指标。     

瑞格列奈联合阿卡波糖治疗2型糖尿病的临床观察

目的 对瑞格列奈联合阿卡波糖治疗2型糖尿病的疗效评价。方法 68例2型糖尿病患者均由专科医生指导，控制饮食，适当运动，治疗前停用降糖药及调脂药2周。随机分为阿卡波糖组（A组）和瑞格列奈＋阿卡波糖组（B组），进行对照试验．疗程12周，治疗前后分别检测体重指数（BMI）、空腹血糖（FPG）、餐后2h血糖（2hPG）、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）、甘油三酯（TG）、总胆固醇（TC）、高密度脂蛋白-胆固醇（HDL—C）、低密度脂蛋白-胆固醇（LDL—C）。结果 治疗前后比较，两组治疗后的FPG、2hPG、HbA—TG、TC、LDL—C均显著下降（P〈0．01）。BMI亦明显下降（P〈0．05）；HDL—C治疗前后无显著差异（P〉0．05）。组间比较，B组治疗后FPG、2hPG、HbA1c、TG、TC、LDL下降幅度均较A组明显（P〈0．05），两组间BMI下降幅度无统计学差异（P〉0．05）。两组胃肠道不良反应例数无显著性差异（P〉0．05），均无严重低血糖及肝肾功能损害。结论 瑞格列奈和阿卡波糖联合应用是治疗2型糖尿病的一种比较安全、有效的方法。     

诺和锐30对初诊2型糖尿病血糖控制的临床观察

目的：探讨诺和锐30对初诊2型糖尿病血糖控制的疗效和安全性。方法：对40例初诊2型糖尿病患者进行8周的诺和锐30治疗,观察空腹血糖（FPG）、餐后2 h血糖（2 hPG）、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1C）的变化及不良反应。结果：诺和锐30治疗后,FPG、2 hPG、HbA1C均较治疗前明显下降（P〈0.01）,无严重低血糖事件及其他严重不良反应。结论：诺和锐30治疗能显著改善初诊2型糖尿病患者的血糖且不良反应少。     

2种方案治疗老年糖尿病酮症的临床效益比较

目的比较短期胰岛素泵连续皮下胰岛素输注（CSⅡ）和静脉连续胰岛素输注（CVⅡ）在老年糖尿病酮症（DK）治疗中的临床效益。方法120例老年DK患者分为CSⅡ组和CVⅡ组,各60例,对比两组临床治疗效益及成本效益。结果CSⅡ组与CVⅡ组比较,血糖达标时间[（6．28±1．6）d]vs[（9．68±1．8）d]、β-羟丁酸恢复正常时间[（17．0±3．8）h]vs[（31．3±6．4）h]、胰岛素用量[（43．8±7．8）u／d]vs（54．9±6．8）u／d]、低血糖发生率[（0．56±0．34）次／例]vs（1．62±0．54）次／例]、注射成本（人民币元）[（459．56±35．34）元]vs[（291．62±40．54）元],每日成本[（446．8±37．8）元）]vs[（245．9±6．8）元],总成本[（3567．50±73．82）元）]vs（4131．53±86．42）元],两组比较均有显著性差异（P〈0．05）,3个月后糖化血红蛋白（HbA,c）和胰岛素用量差异仍有显著性。结论CSⅡ组治疗方案相对较优,且有较佳的中长期效果。     

Prevalence and clinical picture of IDDM in Nigerian Igbo schoolchildren.

OBJECTIVE--To evaluate the prevalence and clinical picture of IDDM in Nigerian Igbo schoolchildren born and living in continental Africa. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS--In three school districts (Ezza, Ishielu, Ohaukwu), 77,862 schoolchildren aged 5-17 yr answered our questionnaires on age, sex, known disease, drugs being taken, family history, and diabetic symptoms like polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, and weight loss. Positive respondents were given glucosuric tests, and glucosuric subjects had hyperglycemic tests. Diagnosis of IDDM was established in hyperglycemic patients by referred hospital clinicians based on insulin requirements. RESULTS--Twelve new cases of IDDM were found in addition to 14 previously diagnosed cases, giving a CPR of 0.33/1000. Ishielu had a CPR of 0.46/1000 compared with 0.25 (P less than 0.01) for Ohaukwu. Boys had a CPR of 0.38/1000 compared with 0.25/1000 (P less than 0.06) for girls. Boy-to-girl prevalence ratio was approximately 3:1. CONCLUSIONS--The relatively high prevalence of IDDM in this poor African population, despite potential deaths caused by minimal medical attention, may be because of long-term protein malnutrition and endemic childhood infections, which have been implicated in the etiology of IDDM in similar malnourished populations.     

维吾尔族与汉族糖尿病凝血功能检测的研究

目的通过检测维吾尔族、汉族糖尿病患者凝血指标水平,分析不同民族糖尿病与凝血指标的关系,探讨影响糖尿病患者凝血功能的因素,为糖尿病的预防和治疗提供参考依据。方法收集2014年2月至2015年4月该院确诊为糖尿病患者2 100例为病例组,选择同期体检健康者446例为健康对照组,比较病例组与健康对照组之间凝血指标水平的差异。将不同民族(维吾尔族、汉族)糖尿病患者凝血指标水平进行比较。结果病例组与健康对照组凝血指标水平比较显示,病例组活化部分凝血活酶时间低于健康对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);病例组纤维蛋白原水平高于健康对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);病例组与健康对照组之间凝血酶原时间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。维吾尔族与汉族在病例组凝血指标水平比较显示,维吾尔族活化部分凝血活酶时间低于汉族,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);维吾尔族纤维蛋白原水平高于汉族,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);维吾尔族与汉族之间凝血酶原时间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论糖尿病患者凝血功能不同于健康人,糖尿病患者凝血指标水平在不同民族间有所区别。     

Elevation of IgA levels in the non-insulin-dependent (type II) diabetic patient

Serum immunoglobulin (G, A, M) levels were performed on 66 patients with non-insulin-dependent (type II) diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). When compared with 30 age-matched normal controls and 32 hospitalized controls there was no significant difference between the mean IgG and IgM levels. The IgA levels were significantly higher (P less than 0.005) in the diabetic group when compared with both control groups. This is true regardless of age, sex, duration of disease, and type of treatment (insulin/diet or oral hypoglycemic agents and/or diet). Thirty-six percent of the diabetic patients' IgA levels exceeded the mean +/- 2 SD of the normal control group. There were no significant differences in immunoglobulin levels between insulin-treated and non-insulin-treated diabetic groups. Since diabetic patients may have a number of secondary diseases, attempts were made to correlate the most common of these (acute and/or chronic bacterial infections, hypertension, arteriosclerotic heart disease, and diabetic neuropathy) with elevated IgA levels. Only IgA levels of diabetic patients with infections versus diabetic patients without infections were significantly different (P less than 0.05). However, IgA levels of uninfected diabetic patients remained significantly higher than those of normal controls (P less than 0.005), hospitalized controls (P less than 0.01), and hospitalized controls with bacterial infections (P less than 0.005). Possible reasons for the isolated elevations of IgA are discussed.     

Medical expenditures and insurance coverage for people with diabetes: estimates from the National Medical Care Expenditure Survey

Access to health insurance and protection against expenditures for medical care are of special concern to diabetic patients in the United States. This study examines some information on the extent and breadth of public and private health insurance for individuals with diabetes, as well as some estimates of their use of health-care services and their mean expenses for this care. About 12% of all diabetic patients less than 65 yr old (approximately 311,000 individuals) were uninsured throughout 1977, a rate not much different from that for the rest of the United States population. Those with diabetes who are uninsured tend to be younger, Black or Hispanic, in excellent or good health, and live outside of metropolitan areas and in the South or West. As expected, diabetic patients use more medical care than others of their age and sex, and their medical expenses are also much higher, particularly in younger age groups. In 1977, average total medical-care expenses for people with diabetes were $1514 compared with $548 for the rest of the population. They and their families paid approximately 20% out of pocket (approximately $355). Their health insurance premiums were not much different from those without diabetes, averaging approximately $1000 in 1977 for those under age 65. The private insurance coverage for diabetic patients was similar to that for others, although slightly fewer had major medical coverage than the general population.     

Increased urinary excretion of beta-hydroxyisovaleric acid in ketotic and non-ketotic type II diabetes mellitus

To evaluate the catabolism of leucine in diabetes mellitus, the urinary excretion of beta-hydroxyisovaleric acid, a by-product of leucine catabolism, in 21 nonproteinuric type II diabetic patients with and without ketosis and 21 control subjects was measured using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Urinary beta-hydroxyisovaleric acid and serum leucine concentrations were higher in the 9 ketotic diabetic patients than in the 12 nonketotic diabetic patients (p less than 0.005, p less than 0.01, respectively) or in the control subjects (p less than 0.01, p less than 0.01, respectively). The serum leucine concentrations in the nonketotic diabetic patients and control subjects did not differ significantly (p greater than 0.05), but urinary beta-hydroxyisovaleric acid concentrations were significantly greater in the former (p less than 0.01). These data suggest that in type II diabetic patients the catabolism of leucine is accelerated even in the absence of ketosis and that the urinary beta-hydroxyisovaleric acid concentration is a useful marker of short-term metabolic control in these patients.     

Osmoregulation of thirst and vasopressin secretion in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

1. Osmotically stimulated thirst and vasopressin release were studied during infusions of hypertonic sodium chloride and hypertonic D-glucose in euglycaemic clamped diabetic patients and healthy controls. 2. Infusion of hypertonic sodium chloride caused similar elevations of plasma osmolality in diabetic patients (288.0 +/- 1.0 to 304.1 +/- 1.6 mosmol/kg, mean +/- SEM, P less than 0.001) and controls (288.6 +/- 0.9 to 305.7 +/- 0.6 mosmol/kg, P less than 0.001), accompanied by progressive increases in plasma vasopressin (diabetic patients, 0.9 +/- 0.3 to 7.7 +/- 1.5 pmol/l, P less than 0.001; controls 0.5 +/- 0.1 to 6.5 +/- 1.0 pmol/l, P less than 0.001) and thirst ratings (diabetic patients 1.0 +/- 0.2 to 7.1 +/- 0.5 cm, P less than 0.001; controls 1.8 +/- 0.4 to 8.0 +/- 0.5 cm, P less than 0.001) in both groups. 3. Drinking rapidly abolished thirst and vasopressin secretion before major changes in plasma osmolality occurred in both diabetic patients and healthy controls. 4. There were close and significant correlations between plasma vasopressin and plasma osmolality (diabetic patients, r = +0.89, controls r = +0.93) and between thirst and plasma osmolality (diabetic patients r = +0.95, controls r = +0.97) in both diabetic patients and healthy controls during hypertonic saline infusion. 5. Hypertonic D-glucose infusion caused similar elevations in blood glucose in diabetic patients (4.0 +/- 0.2 to 20.1 +/- 1.2 mmol/l, P less than 0.001) and healthy controls (4.3 +/- 0.1 to 19.3 +/- 1.2 mmol/l, P less than 0.001) but did not change plasma vasopressin or thirst ratings.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Treatment disparities in the care of patients with and without diabetes presenting with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to characterize treatment patterns among patients with diabetes presenting with non-ST-segment elevation (NSTE) acute coronary syndromes (ACSs). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We compared adherence to treatment recommendations from the American College of Cardiology (ACC)/American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines for NSTE ACS among 46,410 patients from 413 U.S. hospitals that were included in the Can Risk Stratification of Unstable Angina Patients Suppress Adverse Outcomes with Early Implementation of the ACC/AHA Guidelines (CRUSADE) quality improvement initiative. Patients were stratified as nondiabetic, non-insulin-dependent diabetic (type 2 diabetic), and insulin-treated diabetic. RESULTS: Insulin-treated diabetic patients were less likely than nondiabetic patients to receive aspirin (adjusted odds ratio 0.83 [95% CI 0.74-0.93]), beta-blockers (0.89 [0.83-0.96]), heparin (0.90 [0.83-0.98]), and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors (0.86 [0.79-0.93]). Type 2 diabetic patients were treated similarly to nondiabetic patients. After adjustment for differences in clinical characteristics, insulin-treated diabetic patients were significantly less likely than nondiabetic patients to receive cardiac catheterization within 48 h of presentation (0.80 [0.74-0.86]) or percutaneous coronary intervention (0.87 [0.82-0.94]). Compared with nondiabetic patients, insulin-treated diabetic and type 2 diabetic patients were more likely to undergo coronary artery bypass grafting (1.34 [1.21-1.49] and 1.35 [1.26-1.44]). In-hospital mortality rates were higher in insulin-treated diabetic (6.8%) and type 2 diabetic (5.4%) than in nondiabetic (4.4%) patients. CONCLUSIONS: Diabetic patients have a higher risk of mortality than nondiabetic patients, yet physicians adhere to the ACC/AHA NSTE ACS guidelines less often when treating diabetic patients, particularly insulin-treated diabetic patients. Increased use of guideline-recommended therapies and early invasive management strategies in diabetic patients may improve their outcomes.     

An alternative explanation for the changes in erythrocyte fatty acids observed in diabetes mellitus

Fatty acids in erythrocyte membranes and plasma were determined by capillary gas-liquid chromatography in 27 controls and 44 subjects with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Significant decreases in stearic acid (P less than 0.00003) and arachidonic acid (P less than 0.001) and significant increases in palmitic acid (P less than 0.00003) were observed in erythrocytes from diabetic patients. The stearic:oleic acid ratios and arachidonic:linoleic acid ratios in erythrocytes were significantly lower in diabetic patients than in controls (P less than 0.0003 and less than 0.0007, respectively). The relative concentration of palmitic acid in plasma (as a percentage of the sum of the five major fatty acids) was increased in diabetic patients, as compared with controls (P less than 0.0125). We observed no other significant differences in fatty acids in plasma, making it unlikely that changes in fatty acids in erythrocyte membranes in diabetic patients can be accounted for simply by alterations in the fatty acids in plasma. We propose that impaired metabolic control associated with diabetes mellitus may interfere with the maintenance of fatty acid profiles in erythrocyte membranes against the concentration gradients in plasma.     

Plasma renin activity in diabetes mellitus.

1. The plasma renin activity (PRA) was measured in 76 diabetic patients who were attending an outpatients clinic. Of these patients 16 had untreated hypertension and 28 had diabetic complications, which ranged from microaneurysms to renal failure and blindness. 2. Compared with age- and sex-matched normotensive control subjects, both normotensive and hypertensive diabetic patients had significantly higher PRA (P less than 0.001). 3. Hypertensive diabetic patients also showed a higher PRA than matched hypertensive control subjects (P less than 0.005). There were no significant differences between diabetic patients with hypertension or complications compared with those without these features. 4. Although this elevation of PRA could be due to a change in another component of the renin-angiotensin system, hypersecretion of renin is the most likely explanation.