Toxic and essential trace elemental contents in fish species from the Black Sea,Turkey

Toxic and essential element content of ten different fish species from the Black Sea were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry after microwave digestion method. The validation of the presented procedure is performed by the analysis of standard reference materials (NRCC-DORM 2 Dogfish Muscle). The relative standard deviations were found to be lower than 10%. Toxic element content in fish samples were found 25–84 μg/kg for mercury, 0.11–0.32 μg/g for arsenic, 0.28–0.87 μg/g for lead, 0.10–0.35 μg/g for cadmium, 1.14–3.60 μg/g for nickel. Trace element content in fish samples were found 36.2–145 μg/g for iron, 0.65–2.78 μg/g for copper, 2.76–9.10 μg/g for manganese, 38.8–93.4 μg/g for zinc, 0.19–0.85 μg/g for selenium, 0.63–1.74 μg/g for chromium. The levels of lead and cadmium in fish samples were higher than the recommended legal limits for human consumption.     

Trace element concentrations of some pet foods commercially available in Turkey

Trace element levels in different types of cat and dog foods consumed in Turkey were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry after wet digestion method. Data, expressed on a dry weight basis, were analyzed according to food type (cat or dog, and dry or wet), predominant flavour (beef, fish, chicken), and manufacturer country. Good accuracy was ensured by the analysis of standard reference material (NIST-SRM 8418 Wheat Gluten). The levels of investigated trace elements in the samples were determined in the range of 3.33–16.6, 5.78–19.7, 1.66–15.5, 23.9–71.1, 3.28–24.4, 0.58–3.73, and 0.60–2.47 μg/g for Cu, Ni, Pb, Fe, Mn, Cr, and Cd, respectively. The correlation test was also performed to investigate correlations between the metal contents in samples.     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定甘肃省鲜卑花属植物叶中的微量元素

目的:运用火焰原子吸收光谱法直接测定了甘南地区三个不同采集地的鲜卑花属植物叶中锌(Zn)、铜(Cu)、锰(Mn)、铁(Fe)、钴(Co)、镍(Ni)、镁(Mg)七种微量元素的含量.方法:用混合酸硝化样品,采用标准曲线法测定.结果:所测定的三个不同采集地中含有的人体必需微量元素略有差异.结论:本方法简单、准确,回收率在96.8%～102.3%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)在0.78%～2.15%之间,结果令人满意.     

Arsenic and mercury in commercially valuable fish species from the Persian Gulf: Influence of season and habitat

This study was undertaken to determine the concentrations of arsenic and mercury in edible muscle of pelagic (Scomberomorus commerson, Chirocentrus dorab, Sphyraena jello, Rachycentron conadum, Thunus tonggol), benthopelagic (Trichiurus lepturus, Caranx sem, Pampus argenteus, Parastromateus niger) and demersal (Nemipterus japonicas, Epinephelus coioides, Platycephalus indicus, Psettodes erumei, Pomadasys argenteus, Acanthopagrus latus) fish species from the Persian Gulf during summer and winter. The samples were analyzed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) for arsenic and cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry (CVAAS) for mercury after wet-ashing digestion. The results were expressed as μg/g of wet weight. The resulted range of contamination in fish species was between 0.156–0.834 μg/g for arsenic; and 0.120–0.527 μg/g for mercury. Also study revealed that seasonal variation influenced the concentration of the metals in the fish samples. The highest concentration of arsenic and mercury was found in Epinephelus coioides (1.011 μg/g) and Thunus tonggol (0.548 μg/g) in winter, respectively. Moreover, demersal fish species had the highest arsenic (0.481 μg/g) and mercury (0.312 μg/g) concentrations. Our study demonstrates that estimated daily and weekly intakes of arsenic and mercury via consumption of fish flesh were far below the PTDI and PTWI values established by FAO/WHO.     

安徽省栽培玉竹中几种金属元素含量的测定

目的 了解不同地区栽培玉竹中金属元素含量的差异.方法 采用原子吸收分光光度法对安徽省栽培玉竹中的金属元素钾、钙、镁、锌、锰、铜、铁的含量进行测定.结果:各元素平均含量为:钾12.7047 mg/g,钙1.59083 mg/g,镁0.55495 mg/g,锌0.02034 mg/g,锰0.01839 mg/g,铜0.00664 mg/g,铁0.11791 mg/g,各元素组别间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 栽培玉竹中钾、钙、镁、锰、铁含量受区域影响较大.     

Species,tissue and gender-related metal and element accumulation in fish species in a large reservoir (Turkey) and health risks and nutritional benefits for consumers

Concentrations of 18 metals and elements (MEs) in the gills, skin, muscle and liver of Carasobarbus luteus and Cyprinus carpio from the Atatürk Reservoir in Turkey were investigated. The results revealed that variations in the ME contents between fish species can be attributed to different diets. The highest contents of most MEs were recorded in the gills. Gender had no significant effect on the contents of most MEs in the tissues of fish species investigated. The relations between MEs in tissues and fish size were not clear and consistent. Health risk assessment methods indicated that consumption of the studied fish species is safe. It was estimated that daily consumption of 140 g of C. carpio or 170 g of C. luteus would not be expected to cause any health risks. Furthermore, it was found that fish species would provide significant benefits in terms of intake of essential MEs.     

微波消解-冷汞发生器-原子吸收光谱法测定中药材中痕量汞的研究

目的建立微波消解-冷汞发生器-原子吸收光谱法测定中药材中痕量汞的方法。方法用微波消解法对几种常用中药材样品进行前处理,用冷汞发生器一原子吸收光谱法测定其中的痕量汞。结果微波消解过程中,消解试剂选择硝酸＋氢氟酸（8：1）消化效果最佳,汞在浓度为0μg／L～50μg／L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数r=0．9999,方法检出限为0．025μg／L,测定汞30μg／L标准溶液相对标准偏差为1．78％,测定国家一级标准物质人发（GBW09101）相对标准偏差为3．35％,且测定结果与标准含量一致。结论该方法测定中药材中痕量汞安全环保,简单快速,准确灵敏,具有良好的应用前景。     

Mercury, cadmium, lead and arsenic levels in three pelagic fish species from the Atlantic Ocean: Intra- and inter-specific variability and human health risks for consumption

Three commonly consumed and commercially valuable fish species (sardine, chub and horse mackerel) were collected from the Northeast and Eastern Central Atlantic Ocean in Portuguese waters during one year. Mercury, cadmium, lead and arsenic amounts were determined in muscles using graphite furnace and cold vapour atomic absorption spectrometry. Maximum mean levels of mercury (0.1715 ± 0.0857 mg/kg, ww) and arsenic (1.139 ± 0.350 mg/kg, ww) were detected in horse mackerel. The higher mean amounts of cadmium (0.0084 ± 0.0036 mg/kg, ww) and lead (0.0379 ± 0.0303 mg/kg, ww) were determined in chub mackerel and in sardine, respectively. Intra- and inter-specific variability of metals bioaccumulation was statistically assessed and species and length revealed to be the major influencing biometric factors, in particular for mercury and arsenic. Muscles present metal concentrations below the tolerable limits considered by European Commission Regulation and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization (FAO/WHO). However, estimation of non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks by the target hazard quotient and target carcinogenic risk, established by the US Environmental Protection Agency, suggests that these species must be eaten in moderation due to possible hazard and carcinogenic risks derived from arsenic (in all analyzed species) and mercury ingestion (in horse and chub mackerel species).     

Solid-phase extraction and determination of trace amount of some metal ions on Duolite XAD 761 modified with a new Schiff base as chelating agent in some food samples

A method for preconcentration of trace heavy metal ions in environmental samples has been reported. The presented method is based on the sorption of Cr³⁺, Co²⁺, Cu²⁺, Fe³⁺, Ni²⁺, and Zn²⁺ ions with 2-(2,4-dichlorobenzylideneamino) benzenethiol as respective chelate on modified Duolite XAD 761. The metals content of the sorbed complexes are eluted using 6 ml of 4 M nitric acid. The influences of the analytical parameters including pH, amount of ligand and solid phase and condition of eluting solution, the effects of matrix ions on the retentions of the analytes were examined. The recoveries of analytes are generally higher than 94% and the RSD is between 1.5% and 2.2%. The method has been successfully applied for the evaluation of understudy metals content in some food samples.     

1岁以下儿童微量元素锌的检测及分析

目的了解本地区1岁以下幼儿微量元素锌缺乏情况,给婴幼儿及孕、哺乳期妇女补锌提供参考依据。方法对门诊检测者用火焰原子吸收法进行微量元素测定．并对其中100名1岁以下儿童微量元素锌测定结果进行统计分析。结果100名1岁以下儿童中,缺锌的幼儿达88％。结论1岁以下幼儿缺锌非常普遍,应加强儿童及妊娠期、哺乳期妇女富含锌的食物的摄取,并在医生指导下适当补锌。     

9厂家牛黄解毒片中5种微量元素检测

目的:测定牛黄解毒片中铬(Cr)、锰(Mn)、铁(Fe)、锌(Zn)、铜(Cu)5种微量元素的含量,以对其质量进行监控。方法:采用压力溶弹消解快速火焰原子吸收法对牛黄解毒片中的Cr、Mn、Fe、Zn、Cu5种微量元素含量进行测定。结果:9个不同厂家生产的牛黄解毒片中Cr、Mn、Zn、Cu含量相差不大,而Fe含量则有较大差异,且远高于其它元素的含量。结论:该方法简便快速、准确可靠,是一种适合本品常规分析的检测方法;本品不同品牌间各元素的含量差异很大,可能导致疗效有所差别。     

Metal concentrations in tissues of the Black Sea fish Mugil auratus from Sinop-Icliman,Turkey

Levels of five heavy metals [copper (Cu), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr) and nickel (Ni)] were evaluated in liver and muscle tissues of fish (Mugil auratus) collected from the Black Sea at Sinop-Icliman, Turkey. Sampling and analysis methods are described. Variations of heavy metal concentrations with seasons are discussed. Cr and Ni concentrations were below the limits of detection (< 0.05 and 0.1 microg/g dry weight) in all tissues and seasons. Cu, Pb and Cd were detected within these limits, as microg/kg dry weight, in liver tissue: 0.49-1.30, 0.60-1.21 and 0.15-0.50, and in muscle tissue: 0.30-1.00, 0.57-1.12 and 0.10-0.40, respectively. Cu, Pb and Cd concentrations in these tissues were elevated and the highest heavy metal concentrations were found in the liver. While Cu, Pb and Cd concentrations were highest in fish tissues collected in August 2000, the lowest concentrations of these metals were observed in fish tissues collected in May 2000. Pb had the highest level observed in fish tissues. According to the Turkish Food Codex Regulation's residue limits, the cadmium level determined in fish tissues was high (0.1 microg/g) and the lead level, especially in liver tissue, was high in August (1 microg/g), while other metals (Cu, Cr and Ni) were within the maximum residue limits.     

Early prediction of lung cancer based on the combination of trace element analysis in urine and an Adaboost algorithm

Early detection of cancer is the key to effective treatment and long-term survival. Lung cancer is one of the most frequently occurring cancers and its early detection is particularly of interest. This work investigates the feasibility of a combination of Adaboost (ensemble from machining learning) using decision stumps as weak classifier and trace element analysis for predicting early lung cancer. A dataset involving the determination of 9 trace elements of 122 urine samples is used for illustration. Kennard and Stone (KS) algorithm coupled with an alternate re-sampling was used to realize sample set partitioning. The whole dataset was split into equally sized training and test set, which were then reversed to yield a second operating case, we called them case A and case B, respectively. The prediction results based on the Adaboost were compared with those from Fisher discriminant analysis (FDA). On the test set, the final Adaboost classifiers achieved a sensitivity of 100% for both cases, a specificity of 93.8%, 95.7%, and an overall accuracy of 95.1%, 96.7%, for case A and case B, respectively. In either case, Adaboost always achieves better performance than FDA; also, it is less sensitive to the composition of the training set compared to FDA and easy to control over-fitting. It seems that Adaboost is superior to FDA in the present task, indicating that integrating Adaboost and trace element analysis of urine can serve as a useful tool for diagnosing early lung cancer in clinical practice.     

四川不同产地淫羊藿中无机元素的分析测定

目的:建立淫羊藿无机元素的测定方法,并对四川不同产地淫羊藿中16种无机元素进行比较研究。方法:用火焰原子吸收光谱法(FAAS)测定K、Na、Se、Hg、As、Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn的含量,用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法(GFAAS)测定Mo、Pb、Cd、Cr和Co的含量。结果:所有样品中均含有16种无机元素,其中,K、Na、Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn等6种元素的平均含量较高。FAAS法测定K、Na、Se、Hg、As、Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn的回收率为99.0%~103.9%,RSD为0.56%~1.8%;GFAAS法测定Mo、Pb、Cd、Cr和Co的回收率为99.4%~101.5%,RSD为0.21%~2.5%;各元素的相关系数为0.9990~1.0000。结论:该方法快速、简便、准确;测定结果为制订淫羊藿重金属元素及有害元素限量标准提供一定参考,同时为其合理用药和规范化栽培基地的选择提供依据。     

Assessment of heavy metal content in refined and unrefined salts obtained from Urmia,Iran

A heavy metal is any relatively dense metal that may be potentially toxic in a variety of foods. Heavy metals pollute and contaminate foods. These metals are usually toxic to human body. Heavy metals are the most important toxic metals which may cause health risks following the consumption of contaminated foods. The edible salt (NaCl) is a substance that has been used as a food additive since ancient times. Twenty samples of refined and unrefined edible salts produced in Iran were analyzed using flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) method for the presence of toxic heavy metals. The precision of the analysis was assured through the repeated analysis of the samples. The mean (±standard deviation) concentrations of toxic metals in dried samples of rock salt were as follows: Ni (1.870?±?0.850), Cd (0.328?±?0.143), Mn (0.184?±?0.230) and Co (3.124?±?0.880) mg/kg and in dry weights of samples obtained from Urmia market: Ni (1.982?±?0.021), Cd (2.461?±?0.036), Mn (0.192?±?0.028) and Co (8.450?±?0.025) mg/kg. There was a significant difference between the toxic metal concentrations and their guideline values. Therefore, it was important to assess the public health risks posed by the presence of toxic contaminants.     

枳壳枳实中Fe、Zn、Mn、Cu微量元素含量的测定

目的测定枳壳、枳实中Fe、Zn、Cu、Mn4种微量元素的含量。方法火焰原子吸收光谱法。结果枳壳中Fe、Zn、Mn的含量大于枳实,Cu含量小于枳实。结论枳壳和枳实中含有丰富的Fe、Zn、Cu、Mn4种微量元素,在临床用药时可根据其元素含量加以选择。     

Trace element residues in eggshells of grey heron (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Ardea cinerea</Emphasis>) and black-crowned night heron (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Nycticorax nycticorax</Emphasis>) from Nallihan Bird Paradise,Ankara-Turkey

Concentrations of four trace elements (Cd, Ni, Cu and Pb) were determined in eggshells of grey heron (Ardea cinerea) and black-crowned night herons (Nycticorax nycticorax) from Nallihan Bird Paradise, which is located in the northern part of Sariyar Dam Reservoir, Turkey. Results indicated that, within the same area, these ardeid species differed in the levels of Cd, Cu and Pb in their eggshells (generally grey heron > night heron), possibly because females may have foraged in different habitats and regions. Geometric means found for Cd, Ni, Cu and Pb in eggshells were 0.931 mg/kg, 0.405 mg/kg, 6.755 mg/kg and 4.567 mg/kg, respectively, for grey heron; and 0.230 mg/kg, 0.220 mg/kg, 1.369 mg/kg and 1.108 mg/kg, respectively, for night heron. High bioaccumulation from sediments to eggshells occured for Cu and Pb, while Cd and Ni exhibited low accumulation. Bioaccumulation ratios were calculated as 19.63 (Cu) and 22.9 (Pb) in eggshells of grey herons. In conclusion, eggshells of grey herons appeared to be good bioindicators for monitoring of Cu and Pb in Nallihan Bird Paradise.     

茂名市某钓鱼竿厂苯、甲苯、二甲苯危害的调查分析

目的了解茂名市某钓鱼竿厂苯、甲苯、二甲苯（“三苯”）对作业人员健康的危害程度。方法对茂名市某钓鱼竿厂工作场所进行“三苯”浓度测定,并对50例“三苯”作业工人（接触组）和68例不接触“三苯”工人（对照组）进行体检。结果该厂工作场所空气中的苯、甲苯、二甲苯时间加权平均容许浓度（PC—TWA）、短时间接触容许浓度（STEL）均未超标。接触组头痛、头晕、失眠、记忆力减退的发生率高于对照组,差异有显著性（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。血常规检查结果显示,接触组白细胞减少的检出率高于对照组（P〈0．01）。结论该厂“三苯”对作业工人的健康存在一定的潜在危害,应做好“三苯”危害的预防工作。     

Bio-accumulation and health risk assessment of heavy metals in different edible fish species from Hurghada City,Red Sea,Egypt

BackgroundHeavy metal contamination has become a serious issue in this century especially detected in fish organs. Due to the presence of radioactive compounds in agricultural and sewage effluent, which destroys aquatic ecosystems, threatening human livelihoods. Health hazards associated with low and high consumption consumers assessed in five commercial fish species collected from Hurghada City, Egypt, during winter and summer, 2020. Atomic absorption spectrophotometer technique used for determination heavy meals in different organs and expressed as μg/g wet weight.ResultsHeavy metal concentrations in muscle ranged between:(0.054–0.109), (0.260–1.043), (0.264–0.897), (5.895–11.898), (0.381–0.970), (13.582–29.133) and (0.332–0.589) µg/g for Cd, Pb, Mn, Zn, Cu, Fe and Ni respectively, which were lower than those of gills and liver. These concentrations were within WHO, FAO/WHO, and EU standards. Consumption of edible species was lower than the (TDIs) established by the (JECFA) and Egyptian Standards. Even though THQ and TTHQ values were < 1 while, in children with highly consumer were> 1.ConclusionThis study concluded that intake of Red Sea fish is safe for human health. It is critical for consumers to be aware of the consequences of excessive fish consumption, particularly children with highly consumer, which represent possible health risks.