PDCA循环在医院食品安全质量管理中的应用

目的探讨提高医院膳食科食品安全质量管理的方法。方法应用PDCA循环法进行食品安全质量管理。结果医院膳食科的食品安全质量管理效能明显提高,职工和住院患者就餐满意度大幅上升。结论应用PDCA循环进行医院食品安全质量管理,是一种行之有效的管理方法,能使医院膳食科食品安全质量管理在短期内取得显著效果,把好了医院食品安全关。     

军医大学本科生营养与食品安全知识的问卷调查研究

目的:了解某军医大学非预防医学专业大一、大三本科学员营养与食品安全知识知晓水平、态度、饮食卫生行为习惯的现状,为营养与食品安全教育活动提供依据.方法:采用自行设计KAP问卷,对400名学员(大一230名,大三170名)进行调查.结果:收回有效问卷379份,60分以下学员比例46.4％,其中大一学员不合格率为53.8％,大三学员为35.7％;大三学员知识得分(69.5±10.2)分,显著高于大一学员(61.6±8.2)分(P＜0.05);不同年级学员的营养与食品安全态度和饮食卫生行为无明显差异,88.1％的学员对营养与食品安全有积极态度,但仍有部分学员有各种不良饮食卫生行为.结论:半数以上学员的营养与食品安全知识在合格水平以上,需要进一步加强营养与食品安全知识教育.     

Bisphenol A and food safety: Lessons from developed to developing countries

Modern lifestyles and changes in the socio-economic characteristics of households have stimulated current developments in food technology, processing and packaging. Chemicals such as bisphenol A (BPA) are known to migrate from food packaging into the food, resulting in human exposure to these chemicals. Similarly, BPA can migrate from baby feeding bottles into milk. BPA has been associated with adverse effects attributed to its estrogenic properties in various animal models. This review analyzed peer-reviewed publications in the English literature on human BPA exposure and regulations in developing countries compared to developed countries. BPA has been reduced or eliminated from food packaging and contact materials such as baby bottles in developed countries either voluntarily or by legislation. The meager data from developing countries shows that human BPA exposure in developing countries is similar to that in developed countries. With minor exceptions, BPA restriction, voluntary or legal, is virtually absent in developing countries of Africa, SE Asia, and South and Central America.     

Prospects of using nanotechnology for food preservation,safety, and security

The rapid development of nanotechnology has transformed many domains of food science, especially those that involve the processing, packaging, storage, transportation, functionality, and other safety aspects of food. A wide range of nanostructured materials (NSMs), from inorganic metal, metal oxides, and their nanocomposites to nano-organic materials with bioactive agents, has been applied to the food industry. Despite the huge benefits nanotechnology has to offer, there are emerging concerns regarding the use of nanotechnology, as the accumulation of NSMs in human bodies and in the environment can cause several health and safety hazards. Therefore, safety and health concerns as well as regulatory policies must be considered while manufacturing, processing, intelligently and actively packaging, and consuming nano-processed food products. This review aims to provide a basic understanding regarding the applications of nanotechnology in the food packaging and processing industries and to identify the future prospects and potential risks associated with the use of NSMs.     

Electrowetting-on-dielectric (EWOD): Current perspectives and applications in ensuring food safety

Digital microfluidic (DMF) platforms have contributed immensely to the development of multifunctional lab-on-chip systems for performing complete sets of biological and analytical assays. Electrowetting-on-dielectric (EWOD) technology, due to its outstanding flexibility and integrability, has emerged as a promising candidate for such lab-on-chip applications. Triggered by an electrical stimulus, EWOD devices allow precise manipulation of single droplets along the designed electrode arrays without employing external pumps and valves, thereby enhancing the miniaturization and portability of the system towards transcending important laboratory assays in resource-limited settings. In recent years, the simple fabrication process and reprogrammable architecture of EWOD chips have led to their widespread applications in food safety analysis. Various EWOD devices have been developed for the quantitative monitoring of analytes such as food-borne pathogens, heavy metal ions, vitamins, and antioxidants, which are significant in food samples. In this paper, we reviewed the advances and developments in the design of EWOD systems for performing versatile functions starting from sample preparation to sample detection, enabling rapid and high-throughput food analysis.     

Identification of potentially emerging food safety issues by analysis of reports published by the European Community’s Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) during a four-year period

The SAFE FOODS project undertakes to design a new approach towards the early identification of emerging food safety hazards. This study explored the utility of notifications filed through RASFF, the European Commission’s Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed, to identify emerging trends in food safety issues. RASFF information and alert notifications published in the four-year period of July 2003–June 2007 were assigned to categories of products and hazards. For chronological trend analysis, a basic time unit of three months was chosen. Data within each hazard category were analyzed for chronological trends, relationships between product and hazard categories, regions of origin, and countries filing the notifications. Conspicuous trends that were observed included a rise in the incidence of food contact substances, particularly 2-isopropyl-thioxanthone, as well as of chemical substances migrating from utensils and fraud-related issues. Temporary increases were noted in the incidences of the unauthorized dye Para Red, genetically modified organisms, the pesticide isophenfos-methyl, and herring worm, Anisakis simplex. National and European authorities themselves have signaled these conspicuous trends and taken measures. It is recommended to add complementary data to RASFF data, including safety assessments, risk management measures, background data on hazards and surveillance patterns, for a holistic approach towards early identification of emerging hazards.     

对保健食品的现状分析及监管探讨

保健食品是我国传统食疗文化的继承和发展,目前已有了长足发展,并且已经成为具有相当规范的产业,但存在诸多问题,使保健食品处于严重的信任危机。本文通过对中国保健食品发展、存在问题、监管体制等现状分析,提出监管对策。     

左乙拉西坦治疗妊娠期癫痫疗效及胎儿安全性的Meta分析

目的：评价左乙拉西坦治疗妊娠期癫痫的疗效及其对胎儿的影响。方法：计算机检索Medline、Cochrane library、EMbase、CNKI、万方、维普、CBM数据库,收集有关左乙拉西坦治疗妊娠期癫痫疗效及胎儿安全性的队列研究和病例对照研究。依据纽卡斯-渥太华量表（NOS量表）对符合纳入标准的临床研究进行质量评价,并采用RevMan5.3进行Meta分析。结果：本研究共纳入11篇队列研究进行分析,采用NOS评分评估偏移风险,其中10项研究的得分均在7~9分。Meta分析结果显示,在妊娠期癫痫发作控制率方面,左乙拉西坦组低于丙戊酸钠组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;而左乙拉西坦与拉莫三嗪、托吡酯、卡马西平或苯妥因单药治疗相比,两组间差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。在新生儿严重先天畸形发生率方面,左乙拉西坦组低于拉莫三嗪、托吡酯、丙戊酸钠、卡马西平或苯巴比妥组,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）;左乙拉西坦组与奥卡西平组相比,两组间差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;左乙拉西坦单药治疗组明显低于多药治疗组（P<0.05）。左乙拉西坦对宫内死胎发生率的影响与拉莫三嗪、丙戊酸钠、卡马西平无明显区别（P>0.05）。结论：妊娠期癫痫患者服用左乙拉西坦单药治疗,其癫痫控制率可能低于丙戊酸钠,但与拉莫三嗪、托吡酯、卡马西平及苯妥因单药治疗疗效大致相当。在胎儿安全性结局方面,左乙拉西坦致畸性可能优于拉莫三嗪、托吡酯、丙戊酸钠、卡马西平及苯巴比妥,合并使用其他抗癫痫药物增加其致畸风险;左乙拉西坦对宫内死胎发生率的影响与拉莫三嗪、丙戊酸钠、卡马西平无明显区别。本文纳入研究均为队列研究,易受偏移风险的影响,故存在一定局限性。     

Effect of tetraethyl lead on food and water intake in the rat

The effect of tetraethyl lead (TEL) on food and water intake in adult male albino rats was studied. Animals received 1, 4, 7, 10, or 13 mg/kg body weight of TEL in peanut oil, or a peanut oil placebo, via either intragastric (IG) intubation or intraperitoneal (IP) injection. For food intake, route of administration was a significant factor and, compared to baseline levels, food intake was significantly depressed at dosage levels of 7, 10, and 13 mg/kg for both IP and IG administration. Further, the time course of food intake differed significantly across route of administration. Water intake was also significantly depressed at 7, 10, and 13 mg/kg, but route of administration was not a critical factor. Results were discussed in relation to clinical and experimental data on lead intoxication, and were viewed as severely limiting the utility of employing food and/or water as motivational variables in assessment of behavioral effects linked to TEL poisoning.     

Abemaciclib: safety and effectiveness of a unique cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor

ABSTRACT

Introduction

The discovery and the clinical availability of novel cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6 inhibitors have profoundly changed the therapeutic scenario of metastatic hormone receptor-positive breast carcinoma. Among these inhibitors, abemaciclib can induce potent and sustained cell cycle arrest and immune system stimulation.     

Real and perceived risks for mycotoxin contamination in foods and feeds: challenges for food safety control

Mycotoxins are toxic compounds, produced by the secondary metabolism of toxigenic moulds in the Aspergillus, Alternaria, Claviceps, Fusarium, Penicillium and Stachybotrys genera occurring in food and feed commodities both pre- and post-harvest. Adverse human health effects from the consumption of mycotoxins have occurred for many centuries. When ingested, mycotoxins may cause a mycotoxicosis which can result in an acute or chronic disease episode. Chronic conditions have a much greater impact, numerically, on human health in general, and induce diverse and powerful toxic effects in test systems: some are carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, estrogenic, hemorrhagic, immunotoxic, nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic, dermotoxic and neurotoxic. Although mycotoxin contamination of agricultural products still occurs in the developed world, the application of modern agricultural practices and the presence of a legislatively regulated food processing and marketing system have greatly reduced mycotoxin exposure in these populations. However, in developing countries, where climatic and crop storage conditions are frequently conducive to fungal growth and mycotoxin production, much of the population relies on subsistence farming or on unregulated local markets. Therefore both producers and governmental control authorities are directing their efforts toward the implementation of a correct and reliable evaluation of the real status of contamination of a lot of food commodity and, consequently, of the impact of mycotoxins on human and animal health.     

Extended-release niacin with laropiprant: a review on efficacy,clinical effectiveness and safety

Mixed hyperlipidaemia is an important risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease. The global management of mixed hyperlipidaemia is often more difficult than the treatment of pure hypercholesterolaemia in terms of goal attainments. Despite the significant clinical benefits provided by statins, many patients with mixed hyperlipidaemia do not achieve their recommended low-density and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol target goals with statin monotherapy. The combination of ezetimibe plus fenofibrate is a new alternative to improve the overall atherogenic lipid profile of patients with mixed hyperlipidaemia. However, the absence of comparative data with statin monotherapy and of long-term clinical studies suggests reservation of the combination of ezetimibe plus fenofibrate as a second-line therapy. Nevertheless, this combination therapy of ezetimibe plus fenofibrate seems particularly useful for patients with a poor response or intolerance to statin monotherapy.     

European regulations on nutraceuticals, dietary supplements and functional foods: a framework based on safety

This article describes the legislation that is relevant in the marketing of functional foods in the European Union (EU), how this legislation was developed as well as some practical consequences for manufacturers, marketers and consumers. It also addresses some concrete examples of how the EU's safety requirements for food products have impacted a range of product categories. In the late nineties, research into functional ingredients was showing promising prospects for the use of such ingredients in foodstuffs. Due mainly to safety concerns, these new scientific developments were accompanied by an urgent call for legislation. The European Commission 2000 White Paper on Food Safety announced some 80 proposals for new and improved legislation in this field. Among others, it foresaw the establishment of a General Food Law Regulation, laying down the principles of food law and the creation of an independent Food Authority endowed with the task of giving scientific advice on issues based upon scientific risk assessment with clearly separated responsibilities for risk assessment, risk management and risk communication. Since then, more than 90% of the White Paper proposals have been implemented. However, there is not, as such, a regulatory framework for 'functional foods' or 'nutraceuticals' in EU Food Law. The rules to be applied are numerous and depend on the nature of the foodstuff. The rules of the general food law Regulation are applicable to all foods. In addition, legislation on dietetic foods, on food supplements or on novel foods may also be applicable to functional foods depending on the nature of the product and on their use. Finally, the two proposals on nutrition and health claims and on the addition of vitamins and minerals and other substances to foods, which are currently in the legislative process, will also be an important factor in the future marketing of 'nutraceuticals' in Europe. The cornerstone of EU legislation on food products, including functional foods and nutraceuticals is 'safety'. Decisions on the safety-basis of legislation are based on risk analysis, in which scientific risk assessment is performed by the European Food Safety Authority and risk management is performed by the European Commission, the Member States, and in case of legislation, together with the European Parliament. In the risk management phase, both the precautionary principle and other legitimate factors may be considered in choosing the best way of dealing with an issue. Due to the numerous pieces of legislation applying and to the different procedures to be followed, the process of having 'functional foods' ready for the market is certainly a costly and time-consuming task. However, it may also be clearly worth it in terms of market success and improved consumer health.     

Effect of tetraethyl lead and restricted food intake on locomotor activity in the rat

The effect of tetraethyl lead (TEL) and restricted food intake on spontaneous locomotor activity in male albino rats was investigated. Forty animals were injected intraperitoneally with 4, 7, 10 or 13 mg/kg body weight of TEL in peanut oil, or a peanut oil placebo. Forty additional animals were food yoked to lead treated animals as a control procedure to hold food intake constant between lead treated and lead free animals. A comparison of pre- and posttreatment measures revealed significant decreases in food intake and increases in activity levels at dosages of 7, 10 and 13 mg/kg of TEL. In addition, food intake and activity were significantly correlated in both lead treated and yoked groups. The issue of factors associated with reduced food intake playing a role in observed activity level increases was raised.     

Perspective on recent developments of nanomaterial based fluorescent sensors: Applications in safety and quality control of food and beverages

As the highly toxic pollutants will seriously harm human health, it is particularly important to establish the analysis and detection technology of food pollutants. Compared with the traditional detection methods, fluorescent detection techniques based on nanomaterials trigger wide interesting because of reduced detection time, simple operation, high sensitivity and selectivity, and economic. In this review, the application of fluorescent sensors in food pollutants detection is presented. Firstly, conventional fluorescent nanomaterials including metal-based quantum dots, carbon dots, graphene quantum dots and metal nanoclusters were summarized, with emphasis on the photoluminescence mechanism. Then, the fluorescence sensors based on these nanomaterials for food pollutants detection were discussed, involving in the established methods, sensor mechanisms, sensitivity, selectivity, and practicability of fluorescence sensors. The selected analytes focus on five types of higher toxic food pollutants, including mycotoxins, foodborne pathogens, pesticide residues, antibiotic residues, and heavy metal ions. Finally, outlook on the future and potential development of fluorescence detection technology in the field of food science were proposed, including green synthesis and reusability of fluorescence probes, large-scale industrialization of sensors, nondestructive testing of samples and degradation of harmful substances.     

Differential effects of chronic naltrexone treatment on food intake patterns and body weight in rats depend on their food deprivation status

The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of chronic naltrexone treatment on daily patterns of food intake in food-deprived and free-feeding rats. In experiment 1, Wistar male rats had continuous access to food and water, while in experiment 2 they were deprived of food for 12 h/day. Animals in both experiments were studied as follows: a baseline period (7 days), followed by a treatment period (14 days) with either saline or naltrexone at 10 mg/kg/day. Finally, a post-treatment period (7 days) was assessed. Food and water consumption were measured every 2 h after the naltrexone or saline injection for 12 h and once more 12 h later. Experiment 1: Food intake was higher in the naltrexone group 10 h after injection. Total food intake and body weight gain were higher in the naltrexone group than in the saline group in the second week of treatment and in the post-treatment period. Experiment 2: The overeating observed in the saline group in the hours following the 12 h of the food deprivation period was suppressed by naltrexone, though total daily food intake was not affected. Body weight gain was initially reduced by naltrexone, but a rebound effect was observed during the post-treatment period in the naltrexone group. Naltrexone produced a differential effect on food intake and body weight that depended on the rats' food deprivation status. These results could be explained in terms of opioid receptor up-regulation that enhances the rewarding effects of food or by naltrexone-produced changes in palatability.     

依折麦布治疗肝酶轻度异常高脂血症患者的疗效及安全性

目的观察依折麦布治疗肝酶轻度异常高脂血症患者的疗效及安全性。方法选择肝脏丙氨酸氨基转移酶轻度异常的高．且旨血症患者63例,随机分为2组。治疗组31例,给予依折麦布10mg,qd;多烯磷脂酰胆碱2片,砌,治疗共12周。对照组32例,给予阿托伐他汀20mg,qd;多烯磷脂酰胆碱2片,tid,治疗共12周。分别于入选时及治疗4、8、12周测定两组血脂、肝肾功能、血常规、血糖指标及观察2组不良反应发生情况。结果两组血脂水平均明显下降,治疗组用药前后肝肾功能、血常规元明显变化。结论依折麦布可作为肝酶轻度异常高脂血症患者的治疗选择,安全性良好。     

Indicators of emerging hazards and risks to food safety

There is a widely felt need to develop methods for the early identification of emerging hazards to food safety with the aim of preventing these hazards from becoming real risks and causing incidents. This paper reviews various activities and previous reports that describe methods to select indicators that can be used for the purpose of early identification of hazards. These indicators have been divided over three different environments, including (i) the environment surrounding food production, (ii) the food production chain from farm to fork, and (iii) consumers. Changes in these indicators are signals that may require follow-up action. Besides indicators that are linked to specific kinds of hazards, the indicators used for vulnerability assessment can help identifying weak spots in the food production system that are sensitive to a broader range of hazards. Based on the various indicators for emerging hazards that have thus been identified in literature, a set of generic indicators is provided that can be useful for the early identification of hazards.     

Consideration of interaction between nanoparticles and food components for the safety assessment of nanoparticles following oral exposure: A review

Nanoparticles (NPs) are increasingly used in food, and the toxicity of NPs following oral exposure should be carefully assessed to ensure the safety. Indeed, a number of studies have shown that oral exposure to NPs, especially solid NPs, may induce toxicological responses both in vivo and in vitro. However, most of the toxicological studies only used NPs for oral exposure, and the potential interaction between NPs and food components in real life was ignored. In this review, we summarized the relevant studies and suggested that the interaction between NPs and food components may exist by that 1) NPs directly affect nutrients absorption through disruption of microvilli or alteration in expression of nutrient transporter genes; 2) food components directly affect NP absorption through physico-chemical modification; 3) the presence of food components affect oxidative stress induced by NPs. All of these interactions may eventually enhance or reduce the toxicological responses induced by NPs following oral exposure. Studies only using NPs for oral exposure may therefore lead to misinterpretation and underestimation/overestimation of toxicity of NPs, and it is necessary to assess the synergistic effects of NPs in a complex system when considering the safety of NPs used in food.