舒芬太尼与芬太尼对非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术患者谵妄发生率的对比研究

目的:对比舒芬太尼与芬太尼麻醉对非体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术(OPCABG)患者谵妄发生率的影响。方法:拟行OPCABG的患者48例,年龄60～65岁,随机分为2组(n=24):舒芬太尼组(S组)与芬太尼组(F组)。2组均静脉注射咪达唑仑、依托咪酯、维库溴铵及舒芬太尼1～2μg//kg(S组),芬太尼10～20μg/kg(F组)进行麻醉诱导,气管插管后行机械通气。麻醉维持:S组静脉输注舒芬太尼0.5～1.5μg.kg-1.h-1,F组静脉输注芬太尼5～15μg.kg-1.h-1,2组均吸入0.5%(2.0%异氟烷,间断静脉注射维库溴铵。S组静脉输注舒芬太尼2μg/h,F组输注芬太尼20μg/h进行术后静脉镇痛。分别于术前、术后1d、2d、3d、4 d及5 d进行谵妄分值评估。于术前及术后1d测定血清C-反应蛋白浓度,并于记录血流动力学指标、ICU停留时间和术后并发症的发生情况。结果:与F组比较,S组术后谵妄发生率低(P<0.01),术后1 d C-反应蛋白较F组低(P<0.05),术后发热发生率降低(P<0.01),其他不良反应2组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:舒芬太尼-复合麻醉可降低OPCABG患者术后炎症反应程度,并降低术后谵妄的发生率。     

Comparison of sufentanil-oxygen and fentanyl-oxygen anesthesia for mitral and aortic valvular surgery

The cardiovascular responses, speed of anesthetic induction, incidence of chest wall rigidity, need for anesthetic supplements (phentolamine, N20, and nitroprusside) to control intraoperative hypertension, and speed of postoperative recovery were measured and compared in 44 patients undergoing aortic and mitral valvular replacement with fentanyl O₂ or sufentanil-O₂ anesthesia. After a lorazepamatropine premedication and pancuronium pretreatment, fentanyl was administered intravenously at a rate of 400 jig/min and sufentanil at 200 μg/min until patients were unconscious; at this time they were given succinylcholine and their tracheas were intubated. After intubation, an amount of fentanyl or sufentanil equal to the dose producing unconsciousness was infused over the next 30 minutes, at which time the operation began. Additional fentanyl or sufentanil was given whenever systolic arterial blood pressure (SBP) increased more than 15% over preanesthetic values. When three successive supplemental doses of the narcotic failed to effectively decrease SBP, phentolamine was used to control pressure before and during bypass; after bypass, N20 (25% to 50%) or, if N20 was ineffective, nitroprusside was used. Average time of induction was 3.4 ± 0.3 for fentanyl and 1.0 ± 0.2 min (mean ± SD) for sufentanil. Chest wall rigidity occurred in 36% of patients in both groups. Total doses of fentanyl and sufentanil required for the entire operation were 113 ± 11 and 9.0 ± 0.4 μg/kg (mean ± SD), respectively. Heart rate, cardiac output, and mean right atrial pressure remained unchanged throughout the study in both groups. Mean arterial blood pressure (MBP) and SBP were significantly decreased during induction and after intubation in patients receiving sufentanil, but not fentanyl. Arterial pressure returned to control values prior to incision in patients receiving sufentanil. Neither group experienced a significant change in SBP after incision, sternotomy, or sternal spread. However, phentolamine was required in 32% and 68% of patients receiving fentanyl before and during bypass, respectively, but in 0% to 5% of those having sufentanil. Thirty-two percent of fentanyl patients required N₂0, and 23% nitroprusside after bypass for blood pressure control. Fourteen percent of patients receiving sufentanil required N₂0, and only 5% needed nitroprusside after bypass. The results of this study demonstrate that anesthetic doses of sufentanil result in less need for supplements and vasodilators during operation, but produce more hypotension during induction than fentanyl in patients having valve replacement.     

Catecholamine responses to anesthetic induction with fentanyl and sufentanil

In a randomized study, the authors examined the changes in plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations associated with induction of anesthesia and surgery in 33 patients with good ventricular function undergoing elective coronary artery surgery. After premedication with morphine and scopolamine, patients received either fentanyl, 100 μg/kg (n = 16), or sufentanil, 15 μg/kg, (n = 17), intravenously (IV), over 10 minutes to induce anesthesia. Metocurine, 0.42 mg/kg, IV, produced muscle relaxation. Arterial blood for plasma catecholamine determinations was drawn prior to induction, every two minutes throughout induction, one minute following endotracheal intubation, and one minute after sternotomy. Plasma epinephrine concentration was unchanged with either induction agent. Plasma norepinephrine concentration increased significantly after administration of either narcotic, peaked between six and ten minutes into induction, and returned to the preinduction value after intubation. Induction-related changes in arterial pressure and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure were significantly correlated with changes in the logarithm of plasma norepinephrine concentration. Similar degrees of endogenous norepinephrine release appear to accompany induction with equipotent doses of fentanyl and sufentanil in patients premedicated with morphine and scopolamine. Norepinephrine release may influence the hemodynamic response to induction with narcotics.     

A randomized double-blind comparison of fentanyl- and sufentanil-oxygen anesthesia for abdominal aortic surgery

Twenty-four patients undergoing abdominal aortic surgery for aneurysm or occlusive vascular disease entered a randomized, double-blind protocol comparing high-dose narcotic anesthesia with fentanyl (125 μg/kg) or sufentanil (25 μg/kg). All patients received perioperative β-adrenergic blockade therapy. Hemodynamic and electrocardiographic (leads 11 and V₅) responses to induction, intubation, skin incision, aortic cross-clamping, and declamping were studied. Sufentanil produced a transient decrease in mean arterial pressure and a significant reduction of systemic vascular resistance during induction. However, no significant hemodynamic differences were observed between the two groups during intubation, or at any other time during surgery. To maintain mean arterial pressure within 20% of the awake control value, the fentanyl group required an average infusion of 1.0 ± 1.1 μg/kg/min of nitroglycerin compared with 1.7 ± 2.8 μg/kg/min for the sufentanil group. Low-dose isoflurane was required in 30% of patients in the fentanyl group, compared with 41 % of the sufentanil group, for control of blood pressure. The multiple-bolus technique of narcotic administration resulted in a wide but parallel range of plasma concentrations from induction to the end of surgery with both narcotics. Mean plasma fentanyl concentrations varied between 7.2 ± 1.4 ng/mL and 26.5 ± 7.9 ng/mL, and mean sufentanil plasma concentrations varied between 1.0 ± 0.1 ng/mL and 10.6 ± 7.2 ng/mL throughout surgery. Within this range of narcotic serum levels, the authors were unable to identify a specific threshold level for either narcotic above which hemodynamic responses were consistently attenuated. A low incidence (4.5%) of intraoperative myocardial ischemia was observed. It is concluded that sufentanil and fentanyl are not different at blunting hemodynamic responses during aortic surgery. When supplemented by low doses of nitroglycerin and isoflurane, both narcotics provide anesthesia characterized by good hemodynamic control and a low incidence of myocardial ischemia.     

Comparison of the hemodynamic and echocardiographic effects of sufentanil,fentanyl, isoflurane,and halothane for pediatric cardiovascular surgery

Sufentanil, fentanyl, halothane, and isoflurane were compared as sole anesthetic agents in 48 infants and children aged 6 months to 9 years, undergoing repair of congenital heart defects. Patients were randomly assigned to receive sufentanil, 20 μg/kg, fentanyl, 100 μg/kg, isoflurane, 1.6%, or halothane, 0.9%, along with pancuronium, 0.08 mg/kg, for induction and maintenance of anesthesia. Cardiovascular function was measured by echocardiography prior to induction, postinduction, and postintubation. Systemic arterial pressure and heart rate were also recorded. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) decreased following induction with each agent: sufentanil 9%, fentanyl 9%, isoflurane 4%, and halothane 8%. Following intubation LVEF increased in the sufentanil, fentanyl, and isoflurane groups, but LVEF remained 13% below baseline values in the halothane group. Five of the 12 patients in the halothane group had a LVEF less than 55%. Arterial pressure immediately prior to bypass was significantly less than baseline in each group; however, arterial pressure was higher in the narcotic groups during isolation and cannulation of the great vessels. It is concluded that halothans, 0.9%, used as an induction agent in infants and children undergoing cardiac surgery causes a clinically significant decrease in LVEF. Based on the echocardiographic data, sufentanil, fentanyl, and isoflurane as used in the present study do not have a clinically significant effect on cardiac function and may offer an advantage to infants and children with marginal cardiovascular reserve.     

Sufentanil-midazolam anesthesia for coronary artery surgery

The combination of benzodiazepines and high-dose narcotics has been reported to produce hypotension in patients undergoing coronary artery surgery. This study was performed to evaluate the cardiovascular effects of lower doses of the narcotic sufentanil administered with the benzodiazepine midazolam. Thirty adult patients with good ventricular function undergoing elective coronary revascularization received sufentanil, 2.5 μg/kg, and midazolam, 0.1 mg/kg, followed by infusions of sufentanil; 0.7 to 1.5 μg/kg/h, and midazolam, 0.07 to 0.15 mg/kg/h. Overall, stable hemodynamics were achieved before and after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Patients who were not receiving preoperative β-adrenergic blockade (n = 15) had increases from baseline heart rate and rate-pressure product after sternotomy, during aortic dissection, and after CPB that were not clinically significant. Five patients developed hypertension (increases greater than 20% over the baseline value), which was controlled with additional sufentanil or a vasodilator. Hypertension requiring vasodilator therapy did not occur in patients taking β-adrenergic blockers. Blood pressure decreases exceeding 20% of the baseline value did not occur. Two of 15 patients receiving β-blockers, versus 3 of 15 not receiving β-blockers, developed ischemic electrocardiographic changes before CPB (NS): one of these patients without β-blockade had a postoperative myocardial infarction. The results of this study show that the infusion of low doses of sufentanil with midazolam provides a hemodynamically safe and stable anesthetic for coronary artery surgery and avoids the hypotension seen when a high-dose narcotic is combined with a benzodiazepine.     

Comparison of isollurane with sodium nitroprusside for controlling hypertension during thoracic aortic cross-clamping

The aims of this randomized study were (1) to determine if isoflurane is effective in controlling blood pressure during thoracic aortic cross-clamping, and (2) to compare its effects on hemodynamics and oxygen transport to those of sodium nitroprusside. Sodium nitroprusside (SNP group, n = 10) or isoflurane (ISO group, n = 10) was started 2 minutes before cross-clamping and was adjusted to maintain systolic arterial pressure as near as possible to preinduction values. The duration of thoracic aortic cross-clamping was 26 ± 4 minutes in the SNP group and 30 ± 4 minutes in the ISO group. Administration of isoflurane and sodium nitroprusside was stopped 2 minutes before unclamping. The same anesthetic technique using fentanyl, 6 μg/kg, flunitrazepsm, 0.02 mg/kg, pancuronium, 0.1 mg/kg, and 50% N₂O was used for all patients. At the time of clamping, either isoflurane (maximal expired concentration, 2.6% ± 0.3%) or sodium nitroprusside (cumulative dose, 11.1 ± 1.0 mg) was effective in maintaining the systolic blood pressure below 160 mm Hg, whereas the pulmonary capillary wedge pressure did not change. However, only SNP was able to bring the arterial pressure above the cross-clamp back to postinduction levels. During clamping, stroke index values were similar in both groups, but cardiac index increased only in patients receiving SNP. In both groups, at clamping and unclamping, PvO₂ was higher than postinduction values, indicating that throughout the study the oxygen needs of the perfused area were adequately met. There was no evidence of acute left ventricular decompensation because pulmonary capillary wedge pressures did not abruptly increase, nor did pulmonary edema occur. It is concluded that isoflurane added to fentanyl anesthesia is acceptable for thoracic aortic aneurysm surgery because it allows safe and effective control of hypertension during clamping without compromising hemodynamics and oxygen transport.     

Cardiovascular effects of bolus-administered vasodilators in elderly patients with atherosclerotic disease: A comparative study of nitroglycerin and prostaglandin E1

To evaluate the hemodynamic effects of vasodilators in elderly patients with atherosclerotic disease, systemic hemodynamics were examined during cardiac catheterization study. After the intravenous bolus injection of nitroglycerin (NTG, 5 µg/kg, n=20) or prostaglandin E₁ (PGE₁, 0.2 µg/kg, n=20), significant reduction of mean arterial pressure, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP), systemic vascular resistance index (SVRI), and rate-pressure product (RPP) was observed. In contrast, cardiac index and stroke index were not significantly deteriorated in either group. In conclusion, bolus-administered NTG and PGE₁ had beneficial vasodilating effects without harmful impact on cardiac functions in elder patients with atherosclerotic disease.     

Rapid-sequence induction technique in patients with severe ventricular dysfunction

The hemodynamic effects of a rapid-sequence induction and intubation technique using etomidate, fentanyl, and succinylcholine for emergency surgery in patients with severe ventricular dysfunction were studied. Ten patients undergoing orthotopic heart transplantation received fentanyl, 10 μg/kg, etomidate, 0.3 mg/kg, and succinylcholine, 1.5 mg/kg, intravenously (IV) in rapid-sequence fashion for induction. Intubation was performed 60 seconds later. Heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), central venous pressure (CVP), mean pulmonary arterial pressure (MPAP), pulmonary arterial occlusion pressure (PAo), and cardiac index (CI) were measured preinduction, postinduction, and 1 minute after intubation. Systemic vascular resistance index (SVRQ and pulmonary vascular resistance index (PVRI) were calculated from the measured data. No statistically significant changes in hemodynamics occurred with induction or intubation. These results indicate that etomidate, fentanyl, and succinylcholine given in a rapid-sequence technique produce a hemodynamically stable induction with minimal response to intubation in patients with end-stage cardiac disease.     

先天性心脏病手术两种麻醉药物的比较

目的:通过观察心内直视手术中,舒芬太尼或瑞芬太尼复合七氟烷快通道麻醉对婴幼儿血流动力学,及对术后拔管时间,术后躁动情况和ICU逗留时间的影响。方法: 2011年2月~2012年3月择期行单纯房间隔缺损或室间隔缺损修补术患儿132（男70,女62）例,年龄8个月～5岁,术前NYHA心功能Ⅰ～Ⅱ级。随机分为两组,舒芬太尼组（n=66）和瑞芬太尼组（n=66）。两组均用咪唑安定和维库溴铵诱导麻醉, 舒芬太尼组诱导用舒芬太尼1 μg/kg,术中维持持续泵入舒芬太尼2～2.5 μg/（kg·h）;瑞芬太尼组诱导用瑞芬太尼2 μg/kg,术中维持持续泵入瑞芬太尼0.1～1 μg/（kg·min）维持麻醉,两组均吸入七氟烷,持续泵入维库溴铵80～120 μg/（kg·h）。观察两组患者术前、术中、术后血流动力学变化,分别记录患儿闭眼入睡(基础,T0)、气管插管后(T1)、切皮(T2)、劈胸骨(T3)、开始转机(T4)、转机10 min(T5)、复温5 min(T6)、停机即刻(T7)、停机10 min(T8)、穿钢丝(T9)、手术结束(T10)和拔除气管插管时(T11)的心率（HR）、血压、脑电双频指数（BIS）及术后清醒时间、拔管时间、术后躁动情况和ICU逗留时间的影响。手术结束至拔除气管插管间时间为拔管时间。结果: 与T0 比较,两组患者T8、T9、 T10、T11 HR明显增快（P<0.05）,T1、T5、T6、T8平均血压（MAP）下降（P<0.05））;苏醒情况:舒芬太尼组清醒时间、拔管时间较瑞芬太尼组长（P<0.01）,瑞芬太尼组躁动发生率较舒芬太尼组高（P<0.05）。结论: 舒芬太尼或瑞芬尼复合七氟烷静吸复合麻醉用于婴幼儿单纯ASD或VSD等心内直视手术具有血流动力学稳定,能有效抑制应激反应,术后能早期拔管等特点,均能为婴幼儿先天性心脏病手术提供安全、快捷的快通道麻醉。     

Anesthetic induction with fentanyl and intravenous lidocaine for coronary artery surgery

In a randomized, double-blind trial, 59 patients undergoing coronary artery surgery received fentanyl 10, 15, or 25 lag/kg infused over 5 minutes for anesthetic induction. Half of the patients received intravenous lidocaine, 1.5 mg/kg, 1 minute before laryngoscopy. Efficacy of induction as judged by loss of consciousness was evaluated, and hemodynamic values during induction, laryngoscopy, and tracheal intubation were recorded each minute for 10 minutes. Plasma fentanyl concentrations were determined after termination of the fentanyl infusion. Opioid induction with fentanyl was successful in 90% (18 of 20) of patients receiving 25 μg/kg, 89% (17 of 19) of patients receiving 15 μg/kg, but only 55% (11 of 20) of patients receiving 10 μg/kg (P < .01). While plasma fentanyl concentrations were proportional to the dose infused (25 ng/mL, 18 ng/mL, and 14 ng/mL in the 25, 15, and 10 μg/kg fentanyl groups, respectively), there was no relationship between plasma fentanyl concentration and hemodynamic response to laryngoscopy or intubation. Opioid induction caused a gradual decrease in blood pressure that was restored with intubation. Lidocaine partially blocked this restoration (systolic blood pressure 122 ± 5 v 138 ± 5 mmHg, lidocaine v placebo, 1 minute after laryngoscopy, P < .05). Fentanyl, 15 or 25 μg/kg, intravenously, is an effective induction agent for patients with coronary artery disease. Supplementation with intravenous lidocaine, 1.5 mg/kg, will obtund the increase in blood pressure that occurs with laryngoscopy and intubation and help prevent infrequent hypertensive responses seen with this opioid technique.     

不同剂量芬太尼和依托咪酯复合诱导气管插管对神经外科患者脑血流动力学的影响研究

目的探讨不同剂量芬太尼和依托咪酯复合诱导气管插管对神经外科患者脑血流动力学的影响。方法选择2012—2013年我院神经外科收治的需气管插管全醉的成年患者64例,将其随机分为A组20例(芬太尼1μg/kg)、B组22例(芬太尼2μg/kg)、C组22例(芬太尼3μg/kg)。A、B、C组患者在1 min内分别静脉注射芬太尼1μg/kg、2μg/kg、3μg/kg,30 s后静脉给予依托咪酯0.3 mg/kg、维库溴胺0.1 mg/kg,3 min后进行气管插管。记录3组患者在手术室静卧(T0)、麻醉诱导前(T1)、插管即刻(T2)及插管1 min(T3)时的血流动力学指标〔收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)及心率(HR)〕和脑血流动力学指标〔收缩峰值血流速度(Vp)、舒张期血流速度(Vd)、平均血流速度(Vm)、搏动指数(PI)和阻力指数(RI)〕。结果 T0时各组Vp、Vd、Vm、PI和RI比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);T1、T2及T3时B和C组Vp、Vd、Vm低于A组,RI高于A组(P0.05)。T0时各组SBP、DBP和HR比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。T1、T2和T3时B和C组SBP低于A组(P0.05)。结论不同剂量芬太尼和依托咪酯复合诱导气管插管对神经外科患者均有良好的效果,其中2~3μg/kg芬太尼麻醉诱导能更加有效地稳定患者脑血流动力学指标。     

Influence of β-blockers on vecuronium/sufentanil or pancuronium/sufentanil combinations for rapid induction and intubation of cardiac surgical patients

Use of pancuronium or vecuronium with the priming principle was evaluated in regards to hemodynamic changes and adequacy of relaxation for a rapid induction-endotracheal intubation sequence with sufentanil in 24 ASA Class III-IV patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Twelve patients taking β-blockers (groups B-P and B-V) were compared with 12 patients not receiving β-blockers (groups NB-P and NB-V). Patients randomly received vecuronium or pancuronium (15 μig/kg), followed in 4 minutes by sufentanil 5 μg/kg and another 85 μg/kg of the appropriate relaxant through a central vein. Intubation was possible in all patients at 90 seconds with good-to-excellent conditions. Heart rate (HR) remained statistically elevated after induction (90 ± 10 beats/min) and intubation (105 ± 10 beats/min) only in group NB-P (baseline 74 ± 12 beats/min). The NB-P group also had an elevated blood pressure after the priming dose. No significant hemodynamic changes were found in the other groups in mean arterial pressure, pulmonary artery diastolic pressure, systemic vascular resistance (SVRI), or cardiac index (CI). When used with vecuronium, sufentanil in a dose of 5 μg/kg provided adequate anesthesia to avoid the hypertensive, tachycardic response that frequently occurs following a rapid intravenous (IV) induction, without unduly depressing cardiac output or arterial pressure. Two patients had evidence of respiratory difficulty after the priming dose, associated with transient tachycardia and hypertension which resolved after induction. Using the priming principle, either pancuronium or vecuronium rapidly provided relaxation in patients with cardiac disease. Chronic β-blocker therapy was able to attenuate the tachycardia from pancuronium and was not associated with bradycardia when used with vecuronium. In patients with cardiac disease not on β-blockers, pancuronium was associated with tachycardia. Therefore, vecuronium appears to be more suitable for these patients.     

右美托咪定对小儿先天性心脏病外科手术麻醉血流动力学的影响

目的探讨右美托咪定对小儿先天性心脏病外科手术麻醉过程中血流动力学的影响。方法将68例在体外循环下行心脏手术的先天性心脏病患儿按随机数字法随机分为咪达唑仑组(n=34)和右美托咪定组(n=34)。麻醉诱导:两组均给予咪达唑仑0.2 mg/kg、芬太尼10μg/kg、维库溴铵0.2 mg/kg行麻醉诱导。麻醉诱导后,行气管内插管,机械通气。麻醉维持:咪达唑仑组输注咪达唑仑0.2 mg.kg-1.h-1和芬太尼10μg.kg-1.h-1,1 h后分别以0.1μg.kg-1.h-1和5μg.kg-1.h-1维持;右美托咪定组输注右美托咪定1μg.kg-1.h-1和芬太尼10μg.kg-1.h-1,1 h后分别以0.5μg.kg-1.h-1和5μg.kg-1.h-1维持。必要时以0.4%～1.0%异氟醚吸入维持麻醉。监测并记录记录麻醉诱导前、麻醉后1 h、切皮前、切皮后即刻、手术结束即刻、手术结束后10 min的血压和心率。结果两组患儿在输注麻醉药物1 h后,收缩压和心率均显著降低,差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05);在切皮时,咪达唑仑组收缩压、舒张压和心率较切皮前明显增高,且明显高于右美托咪定组,差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05);右美托咪定组较少患儿需加用异氟醚,与咪达唑仑组比较,差异有统计学意义[35.3%(12/34)vs.85.3%(29/34),χ2=17.752,P=0.000]。结论与咪达唑仑比较,右美托咪定可更有效的维持小儿先天性心脏病外科手术麻醉过程中的血流动力学稳定。     

Comparative hemodynamic effects of dopamine and dobutamine in patients with acute cardiogenic circulatory collapse

The hemodynamic effects of dopamine (DPM) and dobutamine (DBM) were compared in 13 patients with acute cardiogenic circulatory collapse. All patients presented with acute pump failure and inadequate systemic perfusion, and most were hypotensive. Nine patients had an acute myocardial infarction (AMI); the other four patients had an acute decompensation of a previously stable ischemic cardiomyopathy, and presented with a low-output syndrome in the absence of documented AMI. Patients were studied with a randomized single crossover design using each patients as his own control. Both drugs were given at doses of 2.5, 5, and 10 μg/kg/min for periods of 10 minutes at each dose while hemodynamics were monitored. No other vasoactive drugs were used during the study. Because of advanced age or severe peripheral vascular disease, no patient was considered suitable for intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation. There were no significant differences between the two drugs with regard to heart rate, mean arterial pressure, systemic vascular resistance, stroke work index, or mean right atrial pressure. DBM improved stroke index and cardiac index significantly (p < 0.05) more than DPM at doses of 5 μg/kg/min. DPM increased left ventricular filling pressure (LVFP) more than DMB at 5 μg/kg/min (p < 0.001) and at 10 μg/kg/min (p < 0.05). Although both DPM and DBM are useful in acute cardiogenic circulatory collapse, there appear to be important differences in their effect on LVFP and in the mechanisms whereby they increase blood pressure.     

Sufentanil and succinylcholine for rapid-sequence anesthetic induction and tracheal intubation: Hemodynamic and hormonal responses

Rapid-sequence induction and tracheal intubation are used in the management of patients at risk of aspiration. Patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) are at additional risk of adverse hemodynamic responses to intubation. The hemodynamic and hormonal responses to intubation with sufentanil, 7 μg/kg, and succinylcholine, 1.5 mg/kg, were studied in patients with CAD and good left ventricular function (ejection fraction ≥0.4) who were undergoing elective coronary artery bypass grafting. Tracheal intubation occurred 60 seconds after administration of sufentanil and succinylcholine. Heart rate, systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures, pulmonary artery occlusion and central venous pressures, and cardiac outputs were measured at various time intervals before and after induction of anesthesia. Systemic vascular resistance and cardiac index were calculated. Arterial blood samples were drawn before and after anesthetic induction for the determination of catecholamine concentrations in serum. Rapid-sequence administration of sufentanil and succinylcholine resulted in a moderate decrease (24%) in mean arterial pressure from 95 to 72 mm Hg, and the mean arterial pressure remained less than the control value at 1, 3, and 5 minutes after intubation. Systemic vascular resistance also decreased (23%) after administration of sufentanil and returned to control values 5 minutes after intubation. There were no changes in cardiac index until 5 minutes after intubation, at which time it decreased (18%) from 2.8 to 2.3 L/min/m². There were no significant changes in the other hemodynamic variables at any time. One patient required treatment with ephedrine, 10 mg, for a decline in mean arterial pressure from 98 to 66 mm Hg and a decrease in heart rate from 69 to 44 beats/min, which occurred at 5 minutes after intubation. Serum catecholamine levels were unchanged after administration of sufentanil and succinylcholine at 1 and 3 minutes after intubation. There was no electrocardiographic evidence of myocardial ischemia during the study, and the patients did not recall intraoperative events.     

Comparison of analgesic efficacy of fentanyl and sufentanil for chest tube removal after cardiac surgery

Chest tube removal in the postcardiac surgical patients is a painful and distressful event. Fentanyl and sufentanil have not been used for pain control during chest tube removal in the postoperative period. We compared efficacy offentanyl and sufentanil in controlling pain due to chest tube removal. One hundred and forty one adult patients undergoing cardiac surgery were recruited in a prospective, randomized, double blind, placebo controlled study. Patients were randomized to receive either 2 microg/Kg fentanyl IV or 0.2 microg/Kg sufentanil IV or 2 ml isotonic normal saline, 10 min before removing chest tubes. Pain intensity was assessed by measuring visual analog scale pain score 10 minutes before removing chest tubes and 5 min and 20 min after removing chest tubes. Level of sedation, heart rate, arterial pressure, oxygen saturation, and respiratory rate were recorded by a blinded observer at the same time intervals. Mean pain intensity scores 10 minutes before removal of chest tubes infentanyl, sufentanil and control groups were 23.88+/-5.2, 25.10+/-5.39 and 23.64+/-6.10 respectively. The pain scores 5 minutes after chest tube removal were reduced to 20.11+/-6.9 (p<0.05) in the fentanyl group and 13.60+/-6.60 (p<0.05) in the sufentanil group, whereas in control group pain scores increased to 27.97+/-8.39 (p相似文献   

Influence of high-dose opioid anesthesia on posterior tibial nerve somatosensory cortical evoked potentials: Effects of fentanyl,sufentanil, and alfentanil

The effects of high doses of fentanyl (group F), sufentanil (group S), and alfentanil (group A) on posterior tibial nerve somatosensory cortical evoked potentials were studied in 30 patients scheduled for elective valve replacement surgery. Anesthesia was induced with either fentanyl, 75 μg/kg, sufentanil, 5 μg/kg, or alfentanil, 125 μg/kg. The lungs were ventilated with oxygen/air. A bolus dose of fentanyl, 25 μg/kg, was given 30 minutes after induction of anesthesia in group F. Anesthesia was maintained with a continuous infusion of sufentanil, 5μg/kg/h, in group S, or alfentanil, 500 μg/kg/h, in group A. Latencies of the peaks of the primary cortical complex (P1, N1, 132) increased by 1 to 2 ms after induction of anesthesia, although this was significant (P < 0.01) only for P1 and N1 in groups F and S. N2 latency increased significantly (P < 0.01) by 6 to 10 ms in all groups. P1-N1 amplitude did not change after induction of anesthesia. N1-P2 amplitude decreased significantly (P < 0.01) to 60%–70% of preinduction values in groups F and S. P2-N2 amplitude decreased significantly (P < 0.01) to 60%–70% of preinduction values in all groups. P1, N1 and P2 latencies did not change significantly from the post-induction values in the period preceding cardiopulmonary bypass (75 ± 16 minutes) in groups F and S. In group A significant changes were observed only for N1 and P2 latency (P < 0.01). During this period there was a further gradual increase in N2 latency and amplitudes remained stable, except P1-N1 amplitude in group F, which decreased significantly (P < 0.05). A bolus dose of fentanyl, 25 μg/kg, given in group F at 30 minutes after induction of anesthesia did not change latencies and amplitudes. No significant differences in latency or amplitude were found at any time among the three study groups. It is concluded that anesthesia with high doses of fentanyl, sufentanil, or alfentanil is a suitable technique when intraoperative monitoring of posterior tibial nerve somatosensory cortical evoked potentials is indicated.     

丙泊酚复合不同阿片类药物在老年人结肠镜检查中的镇静效果

目的 探讨丙泊酚复合不同阿片类药物应用于老年人结肠镜检查镇静的效果.方法 60例老年结肠镜受检者随机分为3组,均采用靶控输注方法给予丙泊酚,其中20例单次推注芬太尼(芬太尼组),靶控输注舒芬太尼(舒芬太尼组)、瑞芬太尼(瑞芬太尼组)各20例.记录患者血流动力学改变、镇静深度和不良事件.结果 3组受检患者一般情况、血流动力学改变、镇静深度和不良事件比较差异无统计学意义(均P＞0.05).检查后恢复时间芬太尼组[(21.3±4.6)min]长于舒芬太尼组[(19.9±3.3)min]和瑞芬太尼组[(15.9±1.8)min],且与瑞芬太尼组比较差异有统计学意义(均P＜0.05).结论 丙泊酚复合3种阿片类药物均可安全有效地用于老年人结肠镜检查,但使用瑞芬太尼受检者恢复更为迅速.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the feasibility and safety of fentanyl, sufentanil or remifentanil combined with target-controlled infusion (TCI) of propofol for sedation in the elderly undergoing colonoscopy. Methods In this prospective randomized study, 60 patients undergoing colonoscopy and propofol TCI were randomly assigned to group F (fentanyl), group S (sufentanil) and group R (remifentanil)(each n=20). Patients in group F received a single bolus of fentanyl, while those in group S and group R received TCI sufentanil and remifentanil separately. The blood pressure, heart rate, blood oxygen content and Bispectral index (BIS) were monitored, and all the complications were recorded. Results All patients were adequately sedated. There were no significant differences in general conditions, hemodynamics changes, sedation depth and adverse event among the three groups (all P＞0.05). Time for recovery was longer in group F [(21.3±4.6) min] than in group S [(19.9±3.3) min] and group R [(15.9±1.8) min, P＜0.05]. Conclusions For the elderly undergoing colonoscopy, sedation with fentanyl, sufentanil or remifentanil combined with propofol TCI is feasible and safe. It is more excellent for the remifentanil group at shorter discharge time.     

舒芬太尼与芬太尼对小儿心脏手术乳酸水平影响的回顾性研究

目的:通过对非发绀先天性心脏病(先心病)小儿心脏手术中乳酸水平的大样本回顾分析,对比舒芬太尼与芬太尼复合麻醉乳酸水平以及高乳酸血症的发生率。方法:选择我院2006年10月至2008年11月期间实施的新生儿、婴幼儿心脏手术405例,年龄11～1095d平均(353.72±249.84)d,美国麻醉医师学会(ASA)Ⅰ～Ⅱ级。根据麻醉方法分成芬太尼组(F组,210例)和舒芬太尼组(S组,195例)。2组均为静吸复合麻醉,诱导麻醉F组芬太尼5～l0μg/kg,S组舒芬太尼0.5～1μg/kg;维持麻醉F组芬太尼总量(50.43±30.41)μg/kg,S组舒芬太尼(9.12±4.44)μg/kg,2组均间断吸入异氟烷(0.5%～1%),静脉注入咪达唑仑和哌库溴铵。收集切皮前(T1)、体外循环心脏复跳后10min(T2)、体外循环结束后15min(T3)、ICU1h(T4)、ICU8h(T5)、ICU24h(T6)6个时间点动脉血乳酸值,比较2组各个时间点高乳酸血症(乳酸值≥3mmol/L)的发生率和乳酸值变化趋势。结果:全组T2点乳酸值明显高于其它各点(P0.01),并且与年龄、体质量呈明显负相关性,与手术时间、体外循环时间、阻断主动脉时间、拔气管导管时间及ICU停留时间等呈明显正相关性(P0.01)。S组年龄、体质量、手术时间、体外循环时间及阻断主动脉时间、拔气管导管时间及ICU停留时间与F组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。S组T1、T2、T3及T4点乳酸值均明显低于F组(P0.01);S组T2、T3点高乳酸血症发生率明显低于F组(P0.05)。结论:手术中,与芬太尼比较,舒芬太尼能够降低乳酸水平,明显降低高乳酸血症发生率,对改善非发绀先心病小儿心脏手术中的乳酸代谢有明显积极作用。