尿石素干预神经退行性疾病的研究进展

鞣花单宁是一类中药有效成分。尿石素类化合物是鞣花单宁体内代谢产物及效应成分,具有抗炎、抗氧 化应激、抗凋亡等生物活性。尿石素可通过血脑屏障发挥神经保护活性作用,是干预神经退行性疾病的潜在活 性小分子。神经退行性疾病是一类由神经元结构或功能逐渐丧失而引发的不可逆性疾病。近年来其发病率不断 上升且严重威胁着患者的健康和生活质量,但有效药物始终匮乏。该文综述了尿石素对常见的神经退行性疾病 如阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病等的神经保护作用机制的研究进展,为其进一步的研究和应用提供参考。     

肠道菌群对石榴皮鞣质的分解代谢作用研究

目的考察肠道菌群对石榴皮鞣质的分解代谢作用,阐明石榴皮鞣质在肠道的代谢途径。方法将石榴皮鞣质与大鼠肠道菌液共同孵育4、6、8、12、24、48 h后,检测不同时间点溶液中的代谢成分。结果通过LC-MS/MS从石榴皮鞣质肠道菌群孵育液中共鉴别出了10个代谢产物,分别为尿石素B、没食子酸、焦性没食子酸、3-O-甲基没食子酸、尿石素A、甲基化尿石素A、尿石素C、尿石素-M6、葡萄糖醛酸化尿石素A、葡萄糖醛酸化尿石素C。结论石榴皮鞣质在肠道菌群中主要通过代谢酶的水解、还原等作用将其代谢成具有生理活性的小分子化合物,这些化合物有可能是石榴皮鞣质在机体内发挥药理活性的物质基础。     

尿石素A对2型糖尿病小鼠脂肪组织胰岛素抵抗的影响

目的探讨尿石素A对2型糖尿病小鼠脂肪组织胰岛素抵抗的影响。方法 40只C57BL/6小鼠随机分为正常组、模型组、尿石素A组、尿石素A+氯喹组,给药2月后检测各组小鼠体质量、体脂比、血浆TG、LDL、HDL、FINS、FFA、ADPN、Resistin水平,计算脂肪组织胰岛素抵抗指数(FIRI),HE染色观察脂肪组织病理学改变,Western blot法检测脂肪组织胰岛素信号通路蛋白和自噬蛋白表达。结果与模型组比较,尿石素A组小鼠血浆LDL、FFA、Resistin水平及FIRI降低(P0.01),HDL、ADPN水平增高(P0.01),脂肪细胞不饱满,细胞膜皱缩,IRS1、p-Akt、Glut4及p62蛋白表达增强(P0.01),LC3II/I、Beclin1表达减弱(P0.05)。与单独尿石素A组比较,尿石素A+氯喹组小鼠终体质量、TG水平降低(P0.01),IRS1、p-Akt、Glut4表达更弱(P0.05),Beclin1、p62蛋白表达更弱(P0.05)。结论尿石素A可改善脂肪组织病理状态,调节脂肪细胞因子及血脂紊乱,可能通过纠正脂肪组织过度自噬和激活胰岛素信号通路来改善2型糖尿病小鼠胰岛素抵抗。     

柠檬苦素单体的药理活性研究进展

柠檬苦素是一种三萜类化合物,是植物中重要的具有高度生物活性的次生代谢产物。近年来研究证明其具有抗肿瘤、神经保护、抗氧化等生物活性,但目前大多数文献只对柠檬苦素类化合物的生物活性研究进行综述,柠檬苦素单体生物活性研究进展少有报道。该文对柠檬苦素单体生物活性的研究进行综述,为该化合物的进一步研究开发提供参考。     

肾阳虚证与尿石形成相关性及温肾化石汤调节

目的研究肾阳虚证与含钙尿石形成相关性。方法 60例含钙尿石症肾阳虚型30例,其它证型30例,测定尿pH值、24 h尿量、尿石形成促进物与抑制物含量,肾阳虚证组服中药温肾化石汤,其它证型组服用相应辨证方药。结果肾阳虚组尿pH值、24 h尿量、尿石形成促进物———尿钙、磷、草酸含量高于其它证型组,尿石形成抑制物———尿镁、柠檬酸、甘胺聚糖含量低于其它证型组,差异显著。肾阳虚证组服中药温肾化石汤后,可提高含钙尿石形成抑制物水平,降低含钙尿石形成促进物含量。结论肾阳虚是含钙尿石形成与复发的中医病因病机。     

柠檬苦素类化合物的研究现状

介绍了柠檬苦素类化合物的化学、生物活性的近期研究状况。柠檬苦素类化合物主要存在芸香料和楝科植物中,具有抗肿瘤、抗病毒、镇痛、抗炎、催眠、杀虫等生物活性。     

防石合剂对草酸钙肾结石患者尿液pH值、尿酸水平的影响

目的:观察防石合剂对尿液pH值、尿酸水平的影响,探讨防石合剂对草酸钙结石的作用机制,研究防石合剂对草酸钙结石的预防作用。方法:本研究入选120例草酸钙肾结石患者,随机将患者分为对照组和防石合剂组各60例,防石合剂组服用防石合剂33mL,3次/d,于服药前及服药后1、3、5周测定尿液pH值、尿酸水平,并行对照观察。结果:防石合剂不仅能降低尿石形成因子的排泄量,而且提高尿石抑制物的含量,并且提高尿pH值,降低尿尿酸,从而多环节抑制含钙结石的形成。结论:防石合剂是一种有前景的防治草酸钙肾结石的药物。     

尿石通治疗泌尿系统结石122例疗效观察

自2000年6月～2005年5月，笔者应用尿石通治疗泌尿系统结石，并与消石素治疗作对照观察，结果报道如下。     

虫草素的药理作用研究进展

虫草素是从蛹虫草Cordyceps militari中分离的核苷类抗生素,并已成功地从人工培育的蛹虫草子实体中提取到,质量分数98％以上.虫草素不仅具有抗肿瘤、抗白血病、免疫调节等作用,还具有抗菌、消炎、抗病毒、降血糖、降血脂、抗衰老等多种生物活性和药理作用.近年来虫草素已引起国内外研究人员的极大关注,主要对虫草素的生物活性和药理作用研究概况进行综述.     

天然来源的降木脂素类化合物及其生物活性研究进展

天然来源的降木脂素类化合物,结构类型复杂多样,分布广泛,根据2个苯丙素分子连接方式和连接位置的不同可将降木脂素分为降木脂素和降新木脂素。降木脂素类化合物具有抗肿瘤、抗过敏、抗炎、抗氧化和抗HIV及激素样作用等多种生物活性。主要对天然来源的降木脂素类化合物的结构类型及生物活性进行综述,为降木脂素类化合物的研究开发和应用提供依据。     

Herbal medicines to the treatment of skin and soft tissue infections: advantages of the multi‐targets action

The research for new treatments of skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) is important due to their high prevalence and number of hospitalizations. The purpose of this review is to address the pathophysiology of SSTIs to highlight the advantages of herbal medicines to their treatment, showing examples of species and compounds with multi‐targets action. SSTIs have a complex physiopathology involving the microorganism, as well as inflammation and difficult healing. Therefore, antimicrobial, anti‐inflammatory, antioxidant and healing activities are an approach possible for their treatment. Herbal medicines have a wide diversity of biological compounds, mainly phenolic compounds that may act on different targets and also have synergism between them. Therefore, a single medicine may have the four key activities that allied allow eliminating the infection, control the inflammation process and accelerating the healing process, preventing complications with chronic infections.     

黄酮类化合物的构效关系及其在肺部炎症疾病中的应用

黄酮类化合物是自然界中存在的多酚类物质,根据化学结构可分为黄酮、二氢黄酮、黄酮醇、二氢黄酮醇、异黄酮、二氢异黄酮、黄烷-3-醇、花色素和查耳酮等类,且不同化学结构的黄酮类化合物多具有不同的生物活性。众多研究表明,黄酮类化合物具有抗氧化、抗突变、抗肿瘤、抗炎、抗菌、抗病毒和调节免疫等药理作用,其中抗炎和抗氧化特性使其成为预防和治疗肺部炎症疾病的潜在药物。重点综述了黄酮类化合物在肺部炎症疾病中的应用,并探讨了其抗炎和抗氧化特性的构效关系,以期为黄酮类化合物的开发利用提供参考。     

潺槁树的研究进展

潺槁树Litsea glutinosa系樟科(Lauraceae)木姜子属Litsea Lam.植物,主要分布于热带和亚热带地区。潺槁树在我国为民间常用药物,具有治疗糖尿病、抗炎、抗菌等多种药理活性。目前从潺槁树中分离得到黄酮类、生物碱、木脂素类等50余种成分,其中生物碱类成分为其特征性成分。首次综述潺槁树的化学成分及其药理活性的研究进展,潺槁树药理活性显著,但鲜见对其作用机制的研究。随着现代分离分析技术及分子生物学技术的飞速发展,潺槁树药理活性及其作用机制研究将是今后研究的主要方向。     

A review of the medicinal uses,phytochemistry and pharmacology of the genus Sapium

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Several species from the genus Sapium possess a broad range of medicinal properties and they have been used as traditional medicines by indigenous groups in several regions such as Malaysia, Africa, Southern China and Bolivia. Most of the species reported to possess therapeutic effects which are used for the treatment of skin-related diseases such as eczema and dermatitis, but they may also be used for overstrain, lumbago, constipation and hernia. Species of this genus are also used to treat wounds and snake bites. In addition, the saps/latex of Sapium glandulosum, Sapium indicum and Sapium sebiferum have/has toxic effects and are used as bird and fish poisons. This review discusses the current knowledge of the medicinal uses, phytochemistry, biological activities and toxicities of species from the genus Sapium to reveal their therapeutic potentials and gaps offering opportunities for future research.

Materials and methods

This review is based on a literature study of scientific journals and books from libraries and electronic sources, such as ScienceDirect, PubMed and ACS.

Results

As many as 65 compounds are included in this review. They belong to different classes of compounds including flavonoids, terpenoids and several other types of compounds, such as alkaloids, phenolic acids and amides. The pharmacological studies revealed that various types of preparations, extracts and single compounds of species from this genus exhibited a broad spectrum of biological activities including antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activities. However, Sapium glandulosum, Sapium indicum and Sapium sebiferum were reported to possess toxic effects and Sapium sebiferum was found to contain phorbol esters acting as a tumor-promoting agent.

Conclusion

The genus Sapium consists of 23 accepted (high confidence) species. However, only very few of species have been phytochemically and pharmacologically studied. There is great potential to discover new chemical constituents from this genus because only a few species have been phytochemically investigated thus far. Only 27 compounds of 65 identified compounds have been studied for their biological activities. Several extracts and single compounds from this genus were reported to exhibit interesting biological activities such as antimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxic effects. Furthermore, the toxicity studies of some phorbol esters suggested that the compounds acted as potential tumor-promoting agents by stimulating protein kinase C. This is an interesting fact in which a plant with medicinal properties also possesses toxic effects as well. Therefore, more clinical studies on the toxicity of the extracts of the plants and the compounds isolated from this genus are also crucial to ensure their safety and to assess their eligibility for use as sources for modern medicines.     

Natural 2,5-bisaryltetrahydrofuran lignans: Platelet-activating factor antagonists

Lignans are a class of naturally occurring compounds characterized by bonding of two aryl propanoids at the 2-position. Recently, an increasing significance of the biological activities of these compounds has been recognized. Members of 2,5-bisaryltetrahydrofuran class of lignans are antagonists of the potent bioactive phospholipid, platelet activating factor (PAF). In this review, a survey of the occurrence, physical properties of all known bisaryltetrahydrofurans and reported biological activities as PAF antagonists is given.     

Biologically active sesquiterpene coumarins from Ferula species

Extracts from different species of the genus Ferula (Apiaceae) have had various biomedical applications for many centuries. Many biological features of this genus such as cytotoxicity, antibacterial, antiviral, P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitory and antiinflammatory activity have been attributed to sesquiterpene coumarins; structures containing a common coumarin group and a sesquiterpene moiety. This both highlights the importance of sesquiterpene coumarins as biologically active natural products and necessitates further studies on these compounds. Taking into account the versatile biological properties of compounds isolated from Ferula and the unprecedented interest in the application of natural products as a new generation of therapeutics, the present review will discuss reports on biological activities of sesquiterpene coumarins of the genus Ferula, from 1990 onwards.     

The 2,11-cyclized cembranoids: cladiellins, asbestinins, and briarellins (period 1998-2010)

The 2,11-cyclized cembranoids are isolated from marine invertebrates of Octocorallia species. They are a very interesting class of natural products sharing a common oxatricyclo[6.6.1.0(2,7)]pentadecane core and carrying a varied substituent pattern. This review presents their structural diversity along with the reported biological activities. The 2,11-cyclized cembranoids were comprehensively reviewed previously in 1998, and this contribution will serve as an update of that work. Since 1998 a number of structural assignments of the isolated products have been revised, some as a result of total synthesis efforts. The chemical reactivity of several of the natural compounds has been studied, and the relevance of these findings to the biosynthesis or the generation of isolation artifacts is discussed. The wide range of biological activities displayed by the 2,11-cyclized cembranoids justifies the interest shown within the synthetic chemistry community and suggests that this class of natural products remains a fruitful area for future synthetic and biological research.     

Medicinal uses,phytochemistry and pharmacology of Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre: A review

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre is one of the many plants with diverse medicinal properties where all its parts have been used as traditional medicine in the treatment and prevention of several kinds of ailments in many countries such as for treatment of piles, skin diseases, and wounds.

Aim of this review

This review discusses the current knowledge of traditional uses, phytochemistry, biological activities, and toxicity of this species in order to reveal its therapeutic and gaps requiring future research opportunities.

Material and methods

This review is based on literature study on scientific journals and books from library and electronic sources such as ScienceDirect, PubMed, ACS, etc.

Results

Several different classes of flavonoid derivatives, such as flavones, flavans, and chalcones, and several types of compounds including terpenes, steroid, and fatty acids have been isolated from all parts of this plant. The pharmacological studies revealed that various types of preparations, extracts, and single compounds of this species exhibited a broad spectrum of biological activities such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diabetic activities.

Conclusion

The results of several toxicity studies indicated that extracts and single compounds isolated from this species did not show any significant toxicity and did not cause abnormality on some rats' organs. Thus, this plant has a potential to be used as an effective therapeutic remedy due to its low toxicity towards mammalian cells. However, further study on chemical constituents and their mechanisms in exhibiting certain biological activities are needed to understand the full phytochemical profile and the complex pharmacological effects of this plant. In addition, further study on the toxicity of the other compounds isolated from this plant required to be assessed to ensure their eligibility to be used as sources of drugs.     

Biosynthesis of unusual aminocyclitol-containing natural products

The aminocyclitol family of natural products is a class of sugar-derived microbial secondary metabolites that demonstrate significant biological activities. Within this class of natural products are the C7N-aminocyclitol-containing compounds, which were originally associated with potent sugar-hydrolase inhibition. However, recent discoveries indicate a broader array of chemical structures and biological activities of this class of compounds. Using both conventional feeding experiments and contemporary molecular genetic approaches, some progress has been made in understanding the biosynthesis of this class of natural products. Results of in silico investigation also suggest a wide distribution of this class of natural products or closely related compounds across different classes of microorganisms, including cyanobacteria and fungi. This review describes our recent progress in the biosynthetic studies of a number of C7N-aminocyclitol-containing compounds and the potential use of bioinformatic approaches to search for novel aminocyclitol-containing natural products.