交通伤致外伤性基底节区血肿106例分析

目的 探讨交通伤致外伤性基底节区血肿的发生机制、诊断和治疗.方法 回顾所收治的106例交通伤致外伤性基底节区血肿病人的临床资料,按照伤情进行分组,统计分析各组的合并伤情况、治疗手段及预后效果.结果 单纯颅脑外伤者67例,伴有其他脏器及肢体损伤者39例.采用手术治疗者94例,其中73例行开颅血肿清除去骨瓣减压术加业低温治疗,21例行锥颅血肿穿刺置管外引流术;保守治疗12例.伤后6个月根据格拉斯哥预后评分,良好35例,中残47例,重残11例,死亡13例.结论 头部突然旋转运动可能是交通伤致外伤性基底节区血肿的病因,人院头颅CT检杏足有效的诊断方法,治疗方法要尽量兼顾脑保护的措施.     

高原地区(拉萨)颅脑交通伤的特点及救治分析

目的：探讨现代高原交通事故所致颅脑伤的特点及治疗措施。方法：回顾性分析本科近7年间收治的拉萨市交通事故所致颅脑伤656例。其中男性532例，女性124例；平均年龄32．6岁。本组轻型颅脑损伤123例．中型241例，重型292例。结果：汽车交通事故为本组病例颅脑损伤的主要交通事故原因，出租车为肇事高发车群。高发时间在7～9月份。本组手术治疗273例；非手术治疗383例。其中轻型颅脑损伤无一例重残或死亡；中型颅脑损伤重残42例，死亡12例，重残、死亡率为8．2％；重型颅脑损伤重残66例，死亡123例，重残、死亡率为28．8％。结论：(1)拉萨市出租车肇事是造成颅脑交通伤的重要原凶，7～9月为高发时间；(2)高原低氧环境，常致颅脑损伤伤情加重，进展快．特点是伤情重，合并伤多，死亡及致残率高。尽早清除颅内血肿，去大骨瓣减压，亚低温治疗，维持内环境稳定及防治并发症等措施，可改善重型颅脑损伤的预后。     

1596例中、重型颅脑损伤的救治回顾分析

目的观察中、重型颅脑损伤病人不同年龄段致伤原因及伤情特点，探讨有效治疗策略，降低致残率和死亡率。方法回顾分析1596例各年龄段不同颅脑损伤发生率、死亡原因，简单阐述主要的救治措施及合并伤的处理原则。结果中老年人以交通事故伤为主，损伤类型主要是蛛网膜下腔出血126例（14．9％）、硬膜下血肿379例（44．7％）、脑挫裂伤342例（40．4％），死亡203例（24．0％）。10岁以下儿童以交通事故伤及坠落伤为主。青壮年受伤以驾乘摩托车为主。合并伤以颅面骨折、胸腹闭合性损伤及四肢骨折多见。结论对中、重型颅脑损伤应及时迅速地作出诊断，采取切实有效的救治方案，专科监护处理，积极处理合并症及并发症，最大限度降低致残、死亡率。     

摩托车颅脑交通伤479例分析

目的研究摩托车颅脑交通伤病情特点及影响损伤程度的相关因素。方法回顾性分析我科收治的479例摩托车交通事故致颅脑损伤病例。结果在摩托车交通事故致颅脑损伤的病人中,以人车分离造成的损伤及合并面部和颈椎损伤者病死率、病残率高。头盔的正确使用可降低病死率。结论头盔的使用及安全的骑车行为是防止事故发生的关键。     

颅脑合并多脏器损伤的救治原则及评估

目的探讨颅脑损伤合并其他解剖部位2个或2个以上脏器多发伤的临床特点、急救原则、手术时机与方式选择。方法回顾性分析近十年来我科收治185例不同程度颅脑损伤合并多脏器损伤的临床资料。结果本组185例患者临床治愈133例,死亡23例,死亡率12·4%。结论颅脑合并伤处理的基本原则是先重后轻,先开放后闭合,优先处理致命伤。手术时机与顺序选择是根据损伤器官的严重性和重要性而定,并优先颅脑损伤手术。     

颅脑合并多脏器损伤的救治原则及评估

目的探讨颅脑损伤合并其他解剖部位2个或2个以上脏器多发伤的临床特点、急救原则、手术时机与方式选择.方法回顾性分析近十年来我科收治185例不同程度颅脑损伤合并多脏器损伤的临床资料.结果本组185例患者临床治愈133例,死亡23例,死亡率12.4%.结论颅脑合并伤处理的基本原则是先重后轻,先开放后闭合,优先处理致命伤.手术时机与顺序选择是根据损伤器官的严重性和重要性而定,并优先颅脑损伤手术.     

重型颅脑损伤为主的多发伤漏诊原因

目的探讨重型颅脑外伤为主的多发伤的漏诊原因。方法对2000～2009年收治的85例重型颅脑损伤患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,所有病例均符合重型颅脑损伤合并其他部位损伤患者的诊断标准,并按GCS评分对伤情进行评估。结果颌面部15例,脊柱骨折9例,胸部损伤20例,四肢骨折17例,腹腔脏器损伤22例,复合伤37例,治愈65例,植物生存11例,死亡9例。结论重型颅脑损伤合并多发伤应整体全面分析病情,早期诊断早期处理,降低漏诊率及死亡率。     

三叉神经微血管减压术主要并发症临床分析

目的 探讨三叉神经根微血管减压术治疗原发性三叉神经痛主要并发症的原因及处理方法。方法 回顾分析662例局麻下行乙状窦后入路微血管减压术治疗的三叉神经痛病人的临床资料。结果 均治愈出院，无死亡病例。术后发生颅内血肿3例（0．45％），脑脊液切口漏2例（0.3％），术侧小脑水肿致非交通性脑积水1例（0．2％）；及颅内低压症283例（42．7％），上下唇及口角庖疹268例（40.5％），发热82例（12．4％）。结论 及时发现和正确处理术后并发症，可最大限度地提高手术安全性，降低病死率。     

应用额眶-翼点入路急诊处理破裂性前交通动脉瘤

目的探讨应用改良额眶翼点入路处理前交通动脉瘤破裂导致颅内血肿的诊断和急诊手术治疗的经验。方法回顾性分析前交通动脉瘤破裂合并颅内血肿病人14例临床资料,术前均行CTA检查,采用该入路开颅,充分显露动脉瘤然后夹闭,并行血肿清除。结果本组无1例死亡,该入路可缩短手术操作距离,对深部结构的观察角度明显扩大,消除视路死角,牵拉性损伤明显减少。14例动脉瘤成功夹闭,清除血肿较完全。结论前交通动脉瘤导致颅内血肿,病情凶险,需尽早行CTA检查明确诊断,手术是首选,改良额眶翼点入路具有手术野暴露好,术中不需行复杂的骨切除,减少牵拉造成的脑血管痉挛及脑损伤。降低病残率,病死率。     

18例颅脑异物贯通伤临床分析

目的总结既往18例颅脑异物贯通伤病例资料并探讨其治疗经验。方法分析2006~2011年收治18例颅脑异物贯通伤的损伤原因、损伤类型、治疗方法和预后,对颅脑异物贯通伤常见部位,事故现场处理,入院后急救,影像学检查,手术方式,术中大出血如何预防及处理,术后并发症防治进行分析总结。结果 18例颅脑异物贯通伤病例中死亡3例,重度残疾2例,中度残疾3例,轻度神经功能损害10例。结论颅脑异物贯通伤应多学科合作,明确与颅内重要结构关系,尽早及时彻底清创,并注意围手术期处理。     

老年人外伤性颅内血肿的临床特点及治疗

目的　探讨老年人外伤性颅内血肿的治疗。　　方法　分析 60岁以上老年人外伤性颅内血肿 1 1 7例临床资料。致伤原因多为跌伤及交通事故 ,大多为对冲部位血肿 ( 55 6% )及多发血肿( 2 5 6% ) ,手术治疗 87例 ,非手术治疗 3 0例。　　结果　按GOS评定 :良好 46 1 % ,中残 1 2 8% ,重残 4 3 % ,植物生存 2 6% ,死亡 3 4 2 %。　　结论　指出意识状态、是否合并脑疝、颅内血肿大小和部位等对预后有直接影响 ,提出颅内血肿手术与非手术治疗的适应证 ,强调积极防治并发症是降低死亡率的有效措施     

Surgical treatment of acute subdural hygroma in children

During the years 1967–1984, 91 children were operated on because of acute compressive traumatic intracranial hematoma; 16 (17%) had traumatic acute subdural hygromas. These were unilateral in 12 cases and bilateral in 4. The causes of injury were traffic accidents in 11 children, a fall in 1, and acute deceleration injuries in 5. Nine children suffered multiple injuries to the thorax, inferior extremities, and pelvis. Clinical manifestations and evolution of clinical symptoms included changes in conscious level, palsy, high fever, nystagmus, maximum dilation of either pupil and spontaneous, irregular breathing. The diagnosis was made on the basis of the clinical picture and supplementary clinical investigations: CT, EEG, echoencephalography, isotope cisternography, and arteriography. Treatment was by simple trephination of the cranium and evacuation of hygromatous liquid. All children survived the surgical treatment; 1 child died after the operation and 2 developed hydrocephalus.     

Prognosis of severe head injuries in childhood and adolescence

In a retrospective, non-random study, the effect of supplementary medical treatment (Dexamethasone, barbiturates) was investigated upon the prognosis of severe head injuries. Of 107 children and adolescents up to 16 years of age, 51 were treated with Dexamethasone; 56 received only standard therapy. Evaluation of the results shows that Dexamethasone therapy in high doses clearly reduced mortality in cases of severe head injuries (from 33.3% to 13.6%) without causing any noteworthy neurological defects. Among the individual types of injury, the effect was most evident in cases of intracranial hematoma (drop in mortality from 36.8% to 11.8%). On the other hand, definitive effects of therapy could not be established in the most severely injured patients with extreme brain damage and those with milder forms of trauma without substantial cerebral edema. Barbiturates were given only when severe intracranial pressure could not be alleviated by other means. Remission was successful in a few cases but the total number is not yet sufficient for a conclusive evaluation. Further important factors for prognosis are: depth and length of the initial disturbance of consciousness, age, concomitant injuries as well as some peculiarities of childhood and adolescence (tendency to develop severe cerebral edemas, clustering of atypical intracranial hematomas).     

老年人重型颅脑损伤的特点及治疗

报告７７例老年人重型颅脑损伤的临床特点及诊治结果：Ｇｌａｓｇｏｗ昏迷计分均在８分以下，４９例（６３．６４％）合并颅内血肿。全组均有不同程度意识障碍及局灶神经征，癫发生率１８．１８％。对广泛性脑挫裂伤、脑肿胀和颅内血肿４９例采用手术治疗，余２８例脑挫伤较局限，行保守治疗。４５例（５８．４５％）恢复良好，４例（５．１９％）重残，２８例（３６．３６％）死亡。     

Our experience with surgically treated epidural hematomas in children

Objective

Traumatic epidural hematomas (EDHs) in children are a relatively unusual occurrence. The cause and outcome vary depending on period and region of study. The aims of this analysis were to review the cause and outcome of pediatric EDHs nowadays and to discuss outcome-related variables in a large consecutive series of surgically treated EDH in children.

Methods

This is a retrospective review of 29 patients with surgically treated EDHs between Jan 2000 and February 2010. Patients'' medical records, computed tomographic (CT) scans, and, if performed, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were reviewed to define variables associated with outcome. Variables included in the analysis were age, associated severe extracranial injury, abnormal pupillary response, hematoma thickness, severity of head injury (Glasgow Coma Scale score), parenchymal brain injury, and diffuse axonal injury.

Results

The mean (SD) age of the patients was 109 months (0-185 months). Most of the injuries with EDHs occurred in traffic accident (14 cases, 48.2%) and followed by slip down in 6 cases and falls in 6 cases. There were one birth injury and one unknown cause. EDHs in traffic accidents occurred in pedestrians hit by a motor vehicle, 9 cases; motorbike and car accidents, 5 cases and bicycle accidents, 1 case. The locations of hematoma were almost same in both sides (left side in 15 cases). Temporal lobe is the most common site of hematomas (13 cases, 44%). The mean size of the EDHs was 18 mm (range, 5-40 mm). Heterogeneous hematomas in CT scans were 20 cases (67%). Two patients were referred with unilateral or bilateral dilated pupil(s). There was enlargement of EDH in 5 patients (17%). All of them were heterogeneous hematomas in CT scans. Except for 4 patients, all EDHs were associated with skull fracture(s) (87%). There was no case of patient with major organ injury. CT or MRI revealed brain contusion in 5 patients, and diffuse axonal injury in one patient. The mortality was zero, and the outcomes were excellent in 26 and good in 2 patients. None of the tested variables were found to have a prognostic relevance.

Conclusion

Regardless of the EDH size, the clinical status of the patients, the abnormal pupillary findings, or the cause of injury, the outcome and prognosis of the patients with EDH were excellent.     

Pediatric head injuries caused by traffic accidents

In an unselected series of 488 patients with head injuries referred to a general surgical department, there were 126 children aged 0–19 years whose head injuries were a result of traffic accidents. In age group 0–4 years, only 23% of the head injuries were due to traffic accidents. In age groups 5–9, 10–14, and 15–19 years, however, traffic accidents were the main cause of the injuries, being responsible for 47%, 65% and 82% of the cases respectively. Both age groups 5–9 and 10–14 years had an unusually high proportion of bicycle injuries, while motorcycle and automobile accidents were the leading causes of injury in age group 15–19 years. Eight children (6%) died as a result of head trauma. Furthermore, among the survivors there were 8 children with severe head injuries (post-traumatic amnesia lasting 24 h), the rest being minor head injuries. All the survivors but one returned to school and achieved reasonable performances. Repeated follow-up studies at 3 months, 1 and 5 years, including interviews with the parents, disclosed that several of the children had headache, dizziness and other complaints. These subjective complaints subsided with time, but with different patterns, in the younger and older age groups. It is concluded that the postconcussional syndrome is not uncommon in children, but it may be better tolerated and resolves more completely with time than in adults. Eight children (7%) had one seizure or more during the 5-year follow-up period.     

Epidemiology, prevention and countermeasures against severe traumatic brain injury in Japan and abroad.

On the basis of accurate statistical reports in regard to traffic accidents and safety in Japan, it is clear that traffic accidents on the road, injured victims and all other losses due to these accidents have been increasing since around 1980. Nevertheless, the number of deaths due to traffic accidents has been gradually declining over the last six years. More detailed analysis of data revealed that the most significant factor for the recent reduction of traffic accident deaths was the marked reduction of deaths related to head injury. From the neurosurgical viewpont, the Japanese Data Bank Committee for Traumatic Brain Injury began its formal activity in 1998. Although the registered number of severe head injuries is statistically too small at present to arrive at conclusions, some interesting points draw our attention. As for intracranial pathology diagnosed by the image of cranial CT scans, two thirds of nontraffic cases have focal brain lesions alone. On the other hand, in traffic cases one third of patients have focal lesions alone and one fourth have diffuse brain lesion exclusively. In this study, in 23% of traffic accidents and 12% of nontraffic accidents, consumption of alcohol led indirectly to head injuries. The schedule and details of countermeasures taken against traffic accidents are discussed from an international viewpoint.     

Surgery for Bilateral Large Intracranial Traumatic Hematomas: Evacuation in a Single Session

Objective

Management guidelines for single intracranial hematomas have been established, but the optimal management of multiple hematomas has little known. We present bilateral traumatic supratentorial hematomas that each has enough volume to be evacuated and discuss how to operate effectively it in a single anesthesia.

Methods

In total, 203 patients underwent evacuation and/or decompressive craniectomies for acute intracranial hematomas over 5 years. Among them, only eight cases (3.9%) underwent operations for bilateral intracranial hematomas in a single session. Injury mechanism, initial Glasgow Coma Scale score, types of intracranial lesions, surgical methods, and Glasgow outcome scale were evaluated.

Results

The most common injury mechanism was a fall (four cases). The types of intracranial lesions were epidural hematoma (EDH)/intracerebral hematoma (ICH) in five, EDH/EDH in one, EDH/subdural hematoma (SDH) in one, and ICH/SDH in one. All cases except one had an EDH. The EDH was addressed first in all cases. Then, the evacuation of the ICH was performed through a small craniotomy or burr hole. All patients except one survived.

Conclusion

Bilateral intracranial hematomas that should be removed in a single-session operation are rare. Epidural hematomas almost always occur in these cases and should be removed first to prevent the hematoma from growing during the surgery. Then, the other hematoma, contralateral to the EDH, can be evacuated with a small craniotomy.     

颅脑损伤致双瞳散大90例救治体会

目的　回顾性分析颅脑损伤致双瞳散大的抢救治疗结果 ,进一步加深认识并总结经验。方法　收集我院自 1998-0 8～ 2 0 0 3 -0 7以来因颅脑损伤致双瞳散大的病人 90例 ,分析抢救治疗结果及体会。结果　本组 90例 ,存活 2 9例 ( 3 2 2 %) ,死亡 61例 ( 67 8%) ;手术治疗 5 8例 ,存活 2 8例 ( 4 8 3 %) ,非手术 3 2例 ,仅有 1例存活 ( 3 1%) ;3 4例以脑挫裂伤、硬膜下薄层血肿、脑肿胀为主 ,存活 9例 ( 2 6 5 %) ,2 4例以硬膜外血肿为主 ,存活 19例 ( 79 2 %) ,15例 ( 78 9%)恢复良好。结论　颅脑损伤致双瞳散大尽管病情极为危重 ,死亡率高 ,但并非等于不治 ,及时术前抢救 ,早期手术充分减压 ,适时气管切开 ,正确处理复合伤及并发症是成功的关键