Clinical studies on malignant ovarian tumor--with special reference to therapy and prognosis of epithelial ovarian tumor

Two hundred and ninety-two (75%) patients with common "epithelial" tumors of 391 patients with various kinds of malignant ovarian tumors treated at our hospital and other 14 hospitals between 1971 and 1981 were evaluated particularly to determine 1) the prognostic value of the disease stage and 2) results of therapy. Of the 292 patients, 49.8% were classified in Stage I, 12.8% in Stage II, 27.2% in Stage III and 10.1% in Stage IV. The 5-year survival rates for the various stages were: Stage I, 70.2%; Stage II, 50. 0%; Stage III, 3.4%; and Stage IV, 0%. Postoperative chemotherapy was given to 56.9% of the patients. The prognosis of patients with Stage Ia or Ic who received adjuvant chemotherapy improved, as compared to those who were treated with surgery alone. However, the role of chemotherapy in advanced stages (Stage III and IV) remains unclear.     

Immunotherapy--perspectives in therapy of ovarian carcinomas

OBJECTIVE: To summarise recent knowledge and clinical studies of immunotherapy in the treatment of malignant ovarian epithelial tumors. DESIGN: A literature review. SETTING: Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Charles University Prague, 2nd Medical Faculty, University Hospital Motol. Department of Immunology Charles University Prague, 2nd Medical Faculty, University Hospital Motol. ABSTRACT: Combination of surgery and chemotherapy has been the usual standard of therapeutic protocols in ovarian cancer patients. However, this therapy is still not sufficient to eliminate all of the tumour cells. Immunotherapy seems to be an effective approach in combination with surgery and chemotherapy. Immunotherapy includes three types of strategies: cytokine therapy, monoclonal antibody therapy and vaccine therapy, especially vaccines with dendritic cells. All of them are shortly reviewed in this article. IFNalpha, IFNgamma, IL-2, GM-CSF are examples of cytokine therapy. Representatives of monoclonal antibody therapy include trastuzumab (monoclonal antibody against HER-2/neu peptide, MAb B.43.13 (antibody against CA 125), or radiolabeled antibody--pemtumomab (90Yttrium-CC49). Cancer vaccination is used in experiments because it should be effective in presenting tumour cells as foreign cells to effector cells of the immune system. Otherwise, tumour cells are not usually recognised by the immune system as dangerous cells. The efficiency of immunotherapy depends on tumor size and previous therapy. It seems to be effective in potentiation of primary chemotherapy or as a consolidation treatment of minimal residual disease. Immunotherapy is still at the experimental level, but in the future it could be a useful part of protocols for the treatment of ovarian cancer.     

Severe prolonged gastroparesis after cytoreductive surgery in an advanced ovarian cancer patient

Number and type of complications after ovarian cancer surgery can vary greatly according to both the patient's characteristics, and the extension and type of surgery. Current literature lacks in mentioning specific gastrointestinal side effects, which could be evidenced during the early postoperative course of patients submitted to major gynecological oncologic surgery. A severe gastroparesis prolonged for 2 months after cytoreductive surgery in an advanced ovarian cancer patient was successfully treated with conservative multidrug therapy. Gastroparesis has to be enumerated as a rare but possible event after major gynecological oncologic surgery. A conservative management involving decompressive nasogastric tube, nutritional support, antiemetic drugs, prokinetic drugs is suggested, while surgical therapy is only recommended in a very small subset of unmanageable patients.     

244例卵巢上皮癌铂耐药情况及其对预后的影响

目的:分析卵巢上皮癌对铂类为基础的联合一线化疗的耐药情况,探讨初治化疗敏感性对预后的影响。方法:按初治后无瘤间期(DFI)长短将患者分为铂耐药、铂部分敏感、铂敏感3组,比较各组患者的临床特征、复发治疗及预后情况。结果:244例患者的中位发病年龄52岁,晚期占72.1%,61.1%为浆液性,67.2%为低分化,淋巴转移率31.2%,原发耐药比率23.36%,总5年生存率54.7%,中位总生存时间(OS)为70个月,中位无疾病进展时间(PFS)为29个月。晚期、未达到满意肿瘤细胞减灭术的患者铂耐药几率增高(P0.001,P0.001)。铂耐药患者的CA125及淋巴转移率高于铂敏感组(P=0.03,P=0.003)。3组患者中任意两组的OS及PFS均有显著差异(P0.001)。部分敏感患者复发后,更换化疗方案者中位OS较继续TC(TP)或CAP化疗者略长(P=0.196)。结论:中低分化的晚期患者,CA125超过1000U/ml,未达到满意肿瘤细胞减灭术,盆腔、腹主动脉旁淋巴结阳性,耐药或部分敏感的几率高,预后差。化疗敏感性不同的患者预后不同,复发后应选择不同的化疗方案。     

Meta-analysis of surgery in advanced ovarian carcinoma: is maximum cytoreductive surgery an independent determinant of prognosis?

OBJECTIVE: If maximum cytoreductive surgery benefits the survival of women with advanced ovarian cancer, the median survival time of groups of such women will improve as the proportion of women undergoing maximum cytoreductive surgery is increased. STUDY DESIGN: Fifty-eight suitable studies that encompass 6962 patients with advanced ovarian cancer were identified. Multiple linear regression was used to analyze the effects on median survival time of the following variables: the proportion of each cohort undergoing maximum cytoreductive surgery, the use of platinum-containing chemotherapy, the dose intensity of chemotherapy, the proportion of each cohort with stage IV disease, and the year of publication of the study. RESULTS: Maximum cytoreductive surgery was associated with only a small improvement in median survival time, but platinum-containing chemotherapy improved median survival time substantially. Increased dose intensity also conferred a useful survival benefit. CONCLUSION: Cytoreductive surgery probably has only a small effect on the survival of women with advanced ovarian cancer. The type of chemotherapy used is more important.     

Intestinal surgery in advanced ovarian cancer

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review examines the current role of intestinal surgery in advanced ovarian cancer. Institutions differ considerably in surgical procedures and therapeutic outcomes for this disease. Moreover, therapeutic outcomes are influenced by the inclusion criteria for surgical procedures and the degree of surgical completion. We discuss the role of intestinal surgery and suggest surgical indications for intestinal surgery in advanced ovarian cancer. RECENT FINDINGS: Prognosis in advanced ovarian cancer is better when there is a smaller postoperative tumor mass. However, it is necessary to investigate the effects of intestinal surgery on residual tumor mass and its prognostic benefits. Here, recent reports were reviewed to ascertain the usefulness and safety of intestinal surgery for advanced ovarian cancer and examine surgical indications and institutional requirements. SUMMARY: By performing aggressive intestinal surgery such as combined bowel resection, optimal cytoreductive surgery can be performed in 70-98% of cases. The morbidity associated with intestinal surgery is acceptably low. Prognostic benefits for intestinal surgery are clear in patients with operable ovarian cancer with no residual disease. Women with suspected ovarian cancer should therefore be referred to centers with experienced tumor surgeons.     

Results of cytoreductive surgery for advanced and recurrent ovarian neoplasms and papillary serous carcinomas of the peritoneum

The aim of our study was to review and show the long-term results of the cytoreductive surgery in the treatment of advanced primary and recurrent epithelial ovarian cancers and papillary serous carcinomas of the peritoneum. We wanted to find clinical factors and in this way to select patients who can benefit from this kind of treatment. The clinical data of 32 patients searched retrospectively are presented in our research work. In 29 patients was possible radical cytoreductive surgery. Neoadjuvant and early postoperative chemotherapy were applied in most of the patients. The median follow up after cytoreductive surgery was 50 months. The overall median survival after cytoreduction was 38.5 months. We consider the cytoreductive surgery to be effective only when combined with neoadjuvant or with early postoperative chemotherapy. The surgical approach without chemotherapy leads to bad results.     

Significance of intermittent CDDP therapy for improving long-term prognosis in patients with advanced ovarian cancer]

In cases of advanced ovarian cancer, intermittent CDDP therapy (ICDDPT) was applied after the first operation and induction chemotherapy, and its efficacy and limit were studied. One cycle of this therapy involved consecutive 5 day CDDP treatment (25-30mg/body/day). The therapy was repeated at intervals of 3 months. In many cases, ovarian cancer was histologically rated as epithelial adenocarcinoma. The study included 18 cases in total. ICDDPT was applied to 13 cases in which no tumor mass was detected by second look operation (SLO) or which showed clinical remission after operation. Only 3 of these 13 cases showed recurrence, and all these 13 are still living. Of the 5 cases in which SLO disclosed a tumor mass or which did not show remission after the first operation, 2 died. When the survival rate after ICDDPT was compared by the Kaplan-Meier method with that of controls without CDDP therapy, the effectiveness of ICDDPT was demonstrated. The survival rate could therefore be improved by ICDDPT. The therapy particularly improved the long term prognosis of SLO negative cases and cases in clinical remission. It seems necessary to repeat this therapy for a long period to achieve satisfactory results. In SLO positive cases and cases without clinical remission, the therapy had only a limited effect.     

cis-Platinum-hexamethylmelamine therapy of advanced ovarian cancer

Thirteen patients with advanced, previously treated ovarian cancer were given cis-platinum and hexamethylmelamine combination chemotherapy. Only two partial responses of brief duration were obtained. Because of a low response rate and toxicity obtained, this combination was poor palliation for patients failing initial therapy.     

Clinicopathological characteristics of ovarian carcinomas associated with endometriosis

Introduction  

Substantial histopathology data provide evidence that endometriosis might be viewed as a precursor lesion of endometrioid and clear cell carcinoma of the ovary, via intermediary atypical borderline lesions. Also, genes involved in both endometriosis and epithelial ovarian cancer have been shown to play a role in the pathogenesis of endometriosis-associated ovarian carcinoma.     

晚期卵巢上皮癌耐药分析及复发后治疗

目的:分析晚期卵巢上皮癌的耐药情况及复发后治疗,探讨化疗敏感性对预后的影响。方法:按初治后的无瘤间期(disease free interval,DFI)将176例患者分为R组(铂耐药,DFI<6个月)和S组(铂敏感,DFI>6个月)两组,S组再分为S1组(铂部分敏感,DFI为6～12个月)和S2组(铂敏感,DFI>12个月)两组,分析各组患者的临床特征、复发情况、复发后治疗及预后。结果:176例晚期卵巢上皮癌,平均发病年龄54.01±10.19(23～77)岁,69.3%为浆液性,71.6%为低分化,淋巴转移率42.8%,30.1%原发耐药,总5年生存率45.4%,中位OS为56个月,中位PFS为24个月。R组(铂耐药)和S2组(铂敏感)的中位OS和PFS有显著差异,S1组的中位OS及中位PFS分别为40和17个月,介于铂耐药、铂敏感之间。S1组的肿瘤、术前CA125、盆腔腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移率也介于铂耐药以及铂敏感患者之间,其初次手术达满意肿瘤减灭的比例为13.8%,显著低于铂敏感者(29.8%)(P=0.047)。铂部分敏感患者复发后,更换化疗方案者中位OS较继续使用TC/TP或CAP化疗者略长,但无统计学意义(P=0.081)。结论:将铂部分敏感患者单独分类有意义,此类患者复发后的治疗措施尚无定论,有待进一步研究。     

Minimizing tumor burden by extensive cytoreductive surgery decreases postoperative venous thromboembolism in ovarian clear cell carcinoma

Purpose  

A venous thromboembolism (VTE) is prevalent in patients with ovarian clear cell carcinoma (OCCC). Tumor burden and extensive cytoreductive surgery are well-known risk factor for a VTE. The purpose of this study was to define the incidence of VTE after extensive cytoreductive surgery and to clarify the relationship between VTE and extensive cytoreductive surgery in patients with OCCC.     

Interval debulking surgery in advanced epithelial ovarian cancer

Cytoreductive surgery and chemotherapy are the mainstay for the treatment of advanced epithelial ovarian cancer. In order to minimize the tumour burden before chemotherapy, cytoreductive surgery is usually performed first. The importance of the amount of residual disease as the main prognostic factor for patients suffering from advanced disease has been almost universally accepted even in the absence of prospective randomized trials addressing the benefit of cytoreductive surgery. In the last decade, the value of debulking surgery after induction chemotherapy - interval debulking surgery, IDS - has been widely debated, especially after the completion of a prospective randomized study from the EORTC addressing the introduction of a surgical procedure with debulking intent preceded and followed by cytoreductive chemotherapy. The rationale of such a strategy in the context of the primary treatment of advanced ovarian cancer lies in a higher cytoreductibility to the 'optimal' status forwarded, and possibly facilitated, by chemotherapy. The results demonstrated a prolongation of both progression-free survival and median survival in favour of patients randomized to IDS (5 and 6 months, respectively). Multivariate analysis revealed IDS to be an independent prognostic factor which reduced the risk of death by 33% at 3 years and by 48% in subsequent re-evaluation after more than 6 years of observation. Despite the above, results have been questioned by many, leading the GOG to perform a similar study which has been concluded very recently. Nevertheless, the main concern regarding the application of IDS in all instances relates to the morbidity of two major surgical procedures integrated within a short period during which cytotoxic chemotherapy is also administered. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy has been recently proposed to avoid a non-useful surgical procedure in patients considered 'optimally unresectable' after diagnosis of advanced ovarian cancer. Whether or not this newer approach will translate into a longer survival with a better quality of life is going to be addressed by a novel EORTC study. Finally, the concept of a 'chemical' cytoreduction preceding and facilitating a subsequent 'surgical' effort has been recently introduced also in the treatment of recurrent disease. The EORTC has recently initiated a prospective randomized study (LOROCSON - Late Onset Recurrent Ovarian Cancer: Surgery or Not) to validate the importance of such an approach to be balanced with medical treatment alone not only in terms of survival but also as far as quality of life is concerned.     

Cytoreductive surgery in primary advanced epithelial ovarian cancer

Epithelial ovarian cancer is one of the most common malignancy and one of the principal causes of death among gynaecological neoplasm. The majority of patients (about 70%) present with an advanced International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics stage disease. The current standard treatment for these patients consists of complete cytoreduction and combined systemic chemotherapy (CT). An increasing proportion of patients undergoing complete cytoreduction to no gross residual disease (RD) is associated with progressively longer overall survival. As a counterpart, some authors hypothesized the improving in survival could be due more to a less diffused initial disease than to an increase in surgical cytoreduction rate. Moreover the biology of the tumor plays an important role in survival benefit of surgery. It’s still undefined how the intrinsic features of the tumor make intra-abdominal implants easier to remove. Adjuvant and hyperthermic intraperitoneal CT could play a decisive role in the coming years as the completeness of macroscopic disease removal increases with advances in surgical techniques and technology. The introduction of neo-adjuvant CT moreover will play a decisive role in the next years Anyway cytoreduction with no macroscopic residual of disease should always be attempted. However the definition of RD is not universal. A unique and definitive definition is needed.