Is endothelial microscopy necessary before cataract surgery?

Specular microscopy was performed before cataract surgery in approximately 3,500 patients. In 127 cases (approx. 4%), implantation of an intraocular lens (IOL) did not appear appropriate, in view of the condition of the cornea. Many of these patients had additional ocular pathology, such as retinal detachment, glaucoma, and intraocular inflammation. In 40 of the patients, IOLs were implanted in spite of the results of specular microscopy, while 48 patients underwent surgery without lens implantation. The incidence of postoperative corneal complications in the two groups was the same. The main problems were caused by cell polymorphism and severe cornea guttata. It is extremely difficult to assess cell polymorphism at the slitlamp. Especially in patients with other ocular diseases and corneal lesions visible at the slitlamp, it is recommended that specular microscopy be performed prior to cataract surgery with implantation of an IOL.     

急性闭角型青光眼并白内障手术方式的选择

目的:探讨原发性急性闭角型青光眼并白内障两种手术方式的适应证和初步临床疗效观察。方法:对32例急性闭角型青光眼并白内障患者,行眼压、房水流畅系数、缩瞳前后房角镜及超声生物显微镜检查,选择超声乳化吸除人工晶状体植入术或联合小梁切除术。术后择期检查视力、眼压、房角镜、UBM,观察至术后3mo。结果:患者32例中24例行超声乳化吸除人工晶状体植入术,8例行超声乳化吸除人工晶状体植入联合小梁切除术,各组均有1例术后眼压高,点降眼压药物控制。结论:房水流畅系数、缩瞳后房角镜及超声生物显微镜检查有助于选择急性闭角型青光眼并白内障的手术方式。     

New modified method of phacoemulsification in lenticular subluxation

A new method for cataract removal by phacoemulsification in impaired lenticular joints consists in fixation during surgery of the anterior lenticular chamber along the edge of the capsulorrhexis by 4 retractor hooks and subsequent implantation of a soft intraocular lens. The operation was performed in 6 patients with cataracts of different types complicated by subluxation of the lens. The operation did not involve such complications as vitreous prolapse or displacement of the incompletely dislocated lens. All operations were finished with complete evacuation of lenticular mass and implantation of soft silicone intraocular lenses. The proposed method widens the category of patients in whom modern phacoemulsification can be used.     

角巩膜穿孔伤伴外伤性白内障手术时机的临床研究

目的:探讨角巩膜穿孔伤伴外伤性白内障人工晶状体植入时机和初步临床疗效观察。方法:我院2000-01/2005-02共对60例(60眼)角巩膜穿孔伤合并外伤性白内障(除晶状体皮质大量进入前房者)患者进行研究,随机分成3组每组20眼。A组行角巩膜伤口修补同时行白内障囊外摘除联合人工晶状体植入;B组行角巩膜伤口修补白内障囊外摘除,3～10d内行人工晶状体植入;C组行角巩膜伤口修补后,3～10d内行白内障囊外摘除联合人工晶状体植入。随访6～18mo,结果均经统计学处理。结果:术后3组在随访期内均能获得满意的视力,术后视力较术前明显提高(3组P值均<0.05),3组均未见严重术中并发症,人工晶状体植入术后角膜水肿及虹膜炎症反应并发症A组高于B、C组,差别有统计学意义。结论:对于角巩膜穿孔伤伴外伤性白内障的患者,早期(3～10d)行人工晶状体植入是比较安全有效的。     

Capsular block syndrome associated with femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery

We report intraoperative capsular block syndrome occuring during the first 50 femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgeries performed in our facility. Two patients had uneventful combined laser fragmentation, capsulotomy, and corneal incision procedures. In both cases, following transfer to the operating room and manual removal of the laser-cut capsulotomy, posterior capsule rupture was noted during hydrodissection, resulting in posterior dislocation of the lens. Pars plana vitrectomy, removal of the crystalline lens, and sulcus implantation of an intraocular lens were performed in both patients with good visual outcomes. Femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery changes the intraoperative environment with the generation of intracapsular gas and laser-induced changes in the cortex. With awareness of the changed intraocular environment following laser lens fragmentation and capsulotomy and a modification of the surgical technique, no additional cases of intraoperative CBS have been seen in more than 600 laser-assisted cataract surgery procedures performed to date at our facility. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE: No author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned. Additional disclosure is found in the footnotes.     

Primary IOL implantation in children: a risk analysis of foldable acrylic v PMMA lenses

BACKGROUND:/aims: To compare the relative risks of poly (methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) and soft acrylic (AcrySof) primary intraocular lens (IOL) implantation in paediatric cataract surgery. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of clinical data was performed on eyes of 61 infants and children who underwent cataract surgery with primary IOL implantation. Age at operation ranged from 3 weeks to 15 years. Mean follow up duration was 24.5 months (range 0.5-68 months). Factors examined included type of IOL (PMMA, acrylic), performance of a primary posterior continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis (PCCC) or capsulotomy with limited anterior vitrectomy, perioperative complications, and subsequent intervention for posterior capsule opacification (PCO). Risk factors for perioperative complications were examined with 2x2 tables to give odds ratios (OR) as measures of association. A survival analysis was performed to assess risk of subsequent intervention for PCO with different IOL types. Relative risks (hazards) and confidence intervals (CI) were calculated with Cox regression to adjust for potential confounding. RESULTS: Compared to acrylic, PMMA IOLs were significantly associated with perioperative complications (OR 5.2, 95% CI 1.4 to 19, p = 0.01). However, IOL and type of section were highly correlated factors, and this finding may reflect risks associated with larger scleral wounds used for PMMA IOLs. No statistically significant difference in risk of subsequent intervention for PCO was found between different IOL types. Mean times till intervention for PMMA and acrylic IOLs were 30.1 months (95% CI 22 to 38) and 19.8 months (95% CI 12 to 27) respectively (log rank test statistic 1.53, one degree of freedom, p = 0.22). At 12 months post-implant surgery, 76% (95% CI 59 to 93) of PMMA cases and 54% (95% CI 35 to 72) of acrylic cases had not required intervention for PCO; these proportions fell to 55% (95% CI 35 to 75) and 38% (95% CI 14 to 61) for PMMA and acrylic cases respectively at 2 years post-surgery. After adjustment for age at surgery, primary posterior capsulorhexis, and perioperative complications relative risk of intervention after acrylic IOL implantation was 1.6 (95% CI 0.66 to 3.9, p = 0.29). CONCLUSION: Primary implantation of foldable soft acrylic IOLs in paediatric eyes may allow fewer perioperative complications than rigid PMMA IOLs. Short term safety profiles of primary implantation in paediatric cataract surgery are otherwise comparable for PMMA and soft acrylic IOLs.     

晶状体前囊膜在青光眼白内障联合手术的应用研究

目的:评价晶状体前囊膜在青光眼白内障联合手术中的临床效果及降压作用。方法:采用随机对照的方法,将30例(30眼)闭角型青光眼合并白内障患者分为实验组和对照组各15眼,实验组行小梁切除联合小切口白内障囊外摘除+人工晶状体植入术,术中将自体前囊膜衬垫在巩膜瓣下,对照组行小梁切除联合小切口白内障囊外摘除+人工晶状体植入术,术中一次性应用MMC,浓度0.33g/L,根据结膜、筋膜的肥厚程度不同,时间1~4min不等,随访6~12mo。主要观察指标:视力、眼压、滤过泡、手术成功率、角膜内皮细胞密度、术后并发症等。结果:实验组与对照组在功能性滤过泡的累积存活率,手术成功率、术后视力改善、角膜内皮计数密度、术后并发症无显著性差异;两组形成的滤过泡类型有显著性差异。结论:晶状体前囊膜应用于青光眼白内障联合术中可有效降低眼压,长期有效保留功能性滤泡,保持滤过道开放,且并发症较少。     

白内障后囊破裂人工晶状体睫状沟固定与植入前房疗效比较

目的:比较睫状沟缝线固定人工晶状体术和前房人工晶状体植入术治疗白内障后囊破裂的疗效。方法:回顾性分析采用睫状沟缝线固定人工晶状体术、前房人工晶状体植入术治疗白内障后囊破裂45例45眼,比较两组手术的疗效。结果:睫状沟缝线固定人工晶状体术组和前房人工晶状体植入术组均能有效治疗白内障后囊破裂。但后者术后有2例6mo后出现虹膜睫状体炎及眼压升高,其余视力均改善。前者视力均改善,未见有明显的并发症。结论:睫状沟缝线固定人工晶状体术和前房人工晶状体植入术均能有效治疗白内障后囊破裂,改善视力,但前者更接近于生理位置,术后并发症更少。     

Endoillumination-assisted cataract surgery in a patient with corneal opacity

We present a technique to better visualize cataracts through corneal opacity. A 70-year-old Japanese woman with retinal detachment, cataract, and corneal opacity in the left eye was treated with phacoemulsification, 3-port vitrectomy, and intraocular lens implantation. To circumvent the difficulty of performing continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis (CCC) and subsequent cataract surgery through a hazy cornea, we used an endoilluminator as a light source outside the cornea for CCC and inside the anterior chamber for phacoemulsification. As a result, CCC and subsequent cataract surgery were successfully and easily performed despite potentially troublesome corneal opacity. The use of an endoilluminator can be an effective supportive measure for cataract surgery in patients with corneal opacity.     

Simultaneous penetrating keratoplasty, cataract extraction and artificial lens implantation ("triple procedure") 1981-1987

Between June 1981 and March 1987, the authors performed simultaneous penetrating keratoplasty, cataract extraction, and intraocular lens implantation in 90 eyes. The main indications were Fuchs's corneal endothelial dystrophy (38 cases), corneal cicatrization (33 cases) and corneal or scleral perforation (7 cases). Extracapsular cataract extraction with posterior chamber lens implantation was performed in 82 patients. The posterior capsule ruptured in nine eyes, necessitating an anterior vitrectomy in four of them. The corneal transplant was rejected in nine eyes (10%). The mean preoperative visual acuity of 9/100 in 89 patients improved to 39/100 six months after surgery in 59 patients who were followed up and to 50/100 in the 29 patients with Fuchs's corneal dystrophy. The authors believe that in cases presenting with both cataract and medically uncontrollable corneal disease, simultaneous penetrating keratoplasty with extracapsular cataract extraction and implantation of a posterior chamber lens represents the treatment of choice.     

老年心血管疾病患者白内障手术前综合因素评估的临床价值

目的探讨对老年心血管疾病患者进行白内障手术前综合因素评估的临床价值.方法回顾性分析近5年我科对218例（255只眼）老年心血管疾病患者施行白内障手术的相关临床资料.结果13例（14只眼）老年心血管疾病患者因术前评估发现手术禁忌证、无法耐受手术或手术后视力无法提高而放弃手术;205例（241只眼）老年心血管疾病患者安全施行白内障超声乳化或小切口白内障摘除联合人工晶状体植入术,其中56例有明显心脏疾病症状者经内科调整用药,在心电监护和持续低流量吸氧下施行手术.术后随访1～18个月（平均6.3个月）,术后最佳矫正视力：光感至＜0.05者8例（9只眼）,占3.9%;0.05至＜0.3者32例（39只眼）,占15.6%;≥0.3者165例（193只眼）,占80.5%.手术脱残率为78.1%,脱盲率为91.8%.手术中均无严重全身和局部并发症发生,达到预期效果,1例手术后因吸入性肺炎转入呼吸内科抢救治疗.结论老年心血管疾病患者施行白内障摘除联合人工晶状体植入术应加强术前综合因素评估,综合性医院应发挥其优势.对老年心血管疾病患者的围手术期处理,应严格掌握手术适应证和手术禁忌证;镇静类、肾上腺素类及糖皮质激素类药物的应用应个体化;特殊类型患者手术中采用心电监护和持续底流量吸氧,使手术风险降至最低;对于Ⅳ级及以上的晶状体核采用非超声乳化小切口白内障摘除联合人工晶状体植入术较白内障超声乳化联合人工晶状体植入术为佳.     

Management of iatrogenic crystalline lens injury occurred during intravitreal injection

To evaluate the approach to management of iatrogenic crystalline lens injury occurred during intravitreal injection (IVI). The patients who were managed operatively or followed-up without intervention after the iatrogenic lens injury due to IVI were included in the study. Capsular breaks remained either quiescent or resulted in cataract formation in the patients with inadvertent crystalline lens capsule damage. Phacoemulsification surgery was performed in patients with cataract formation with lower fluidic settings. A total of 9 cases included in the study. Seven cases underwent phacoemulsification with intraocular lens implantation. Two cases remained as quiescent lens injury during the follow-up. In 2 cases, dislocation of lens fragments occurred during phacoemulsification where pars plana vitrectomy was performed at the same session. After iatrogenic crystalline lens injury, capsular damage could remain quiescent or progress to cataract formation. Although phacoemulsification surgery can be performed with appropriate parameters, lens fragment dislocation can be observed in cases with traumatic lens damage secondary to IVI.     

联合手术治疗青光眼合并白内障的临床观察

目的:探讨治疗青光眼合并白内障的手术方法及临床效果。方法:对45例45眼青光眼合并白内障患者施行白内障超声乳化及人工晶状体植入联合隧道内小梁切除术。结果:术前视力<0.1者32眼,0.1～0.3者13眼。术后视力<0.1者6眼(13%),0.1～0.5者22眼(49%),>0.5者17眼(38%)。术前眼压26～60mmHg,术后42例眼压降至正常范围,3例经局部按摩、滴药后降至正常,平均眼压12.78±2.70mmHg。随访6～12mo,无1例眼压再升高。3例视力下降,经戴镜矫正视力提高。并发症主要是角膜水肿和虹膜炎症反应。结论:白内障超声乳化人工晶状体植入联合隧道内小梁切除术是治疗青光眼合并白内障的理想方法。     

小切口非超声乳化白内障摘除人工晶状体植入术的临床分析

目的:探讨小切口非超声乳化白内障摘除及人工晶状体植入术的临床疗效。方法:老年性白内障285例285眼行小切口非超声乳化白内障摘除及人工晶状体植入术,术前充分散瞳,在手术显微镜下完成手术,对术中、术后情况进行观察。结果:术后视力都有不同程度的提高。术后1d裸眼视力>0.3者265眼(93.0%),≥0.5者245眼(86.0%)。结论:小切口非超声乳化白内障摘除术有切口愈合快、术后反应小、减少术后散光,易于防止和处理术中发生的暴发性脉络膜上腔出血,其并发症少等优点。     

Toric Intraocular Lens Implantation for Correction of Astigmatism in Cataract Patients with Corneal Ectasia

Our purpose was to examine the long-term efficacy of toric intraocular lens (IOL) implantation in cataract patients with high astigmatism due to corneal ectasia, who underwent phacoemulsification cataract surgery. Five eyes of 3 cataract patients with topographically stable keratoconus or pellucid macular degeneration (PMD), in which phacoemulsification with toric IOL implantation was used to correct high astigmatism, are reported. Objective and subjective refraction, visual acuity measurement and corneal topography were performed in all cases before and after cataract surgery. In all cases, there was a significant improvement in visual acuity, as well as refraction, which remained stable over time. Specifically, in subjective refraction, all patients achieved visual acuity from 7/10 to 9/10 with up to −2.50 cyl. Corneal topography also remained stable. Postoperative follow-up was 18–28 months. Cataract surgery with toric IOL implantation seems to be safe and effective in correcting astigmatism and improving visual function in cataract patients with topographically stable keratoconus or PMD.Key words: Phacoemulsification, Keratoconus, Pellucid marginal degeneration, Toric intraocular lens, Intraocular lens, Astigmatism     

The cornea in cataract and intraocular lens surgery

Advances in cataract surgery and intraocular lens implantation techniques continue to allow improved safety for the cornea. Complications can include mechanical or toxic injury of the endothelium, stripped Descemet's membrane, epithelial toxicity and disruption, infectious keratitis, or epithelial ingrowth. Most of the recent work has addressed endothelial cell survival after cataract extraction and lens implantation or in cases following secondary lens implantation. A great deal of controversy has been raised over the past year as to whether flexible open-loop anterior chamber lenses, iris-fixated posterior chamber lenses, or transsclerally sutured posterior chamber lenses are safest for the cornea. Even with additional data accumulating, it still is not clear which type of implant provides the best degree of safety in cases requiring secondary implantation. Certainly, both flexible open-loop anterior chamber lenses and bag-fixated posterior chamber lenses placed at the time of cataract surgery have a good record of safety for the cornea. Patients with keratoconjunctivitis sicca require extra lubrication to prevent epithelial toxicity at the time of surgery and also postoperatively. Methylcellulose-containing lubricants appear to be most protective of the corneal epithelium. Overall, cataract surgery and intraocular lens implantation is extremely safe with modern techniques.     

超声乳化治疗特殊类型白内障技术分析

目的：探讨超声乳化术治疗特殊类型白内障的安全性和有效性。

方法：回顾性分析临床资料,研究超声乳化吸出(联合)人工晶状体植入术治疗青光眼术后白内障、小瞳孔白内障、葡萄膜炎并发白内障和外伤后并发白内障等特殊类型白内障的技术要领。

结果：进行治疗的73例84眼特殊类型白内障患者中,单纯行超声乳化术27例28眼,植入后房型人工晶状体52眼,植入前房型人工晶状体4眼; 术后1mo平均眼压12.72±2.63mmHg,脱盲率99%,脱残率96%; 并发症发生率4%。

结论：特殊类型白内障手术难度大,超声乳化术切口小,可保留晶状体后囊膜和植入人工晶状体,是摘除特殊类型白内障的理想术式。     

Combined strabismus and lens surgery.

BACKGROUND: Simultaneous eye muscle and lens surgery in patients with strabismus and lens abnormalities offers the advantage of avoiding staged surgery. METHODS: Thirty-three combined strabismus and lens surgeries were performed on 30 patients who ranged in age from 22 months to 91 years. Fifteen of the strabismus procedures were performed for esotropia, 12 for exotropia, 4 for vertical deviations, and 2 for combined vertical-horizontal deviations. Surgical amounts often were reduced to lessen the risk of overcorrection, to minimize anesthetic requirements (when using topical rather than general anesthesia), or to avoiding additional surgery on the contralateral or ipsilateral eye. The intraocular surgeries included cataract extraction without or with posterior chamber intraocular lens, secondary intraocular lens implantation, and YAG laser posterior capsulotomy. In 28 cases, muscle and intraocular surgery was performed on the same eye, and in 5 cases the strabismus surgery was performed on the eye opposite the intraocular surgery. RESULTS: The average length of postoperative follow-up was 23.2 months (range, 1-94 months). Surgical, anesthetic, and postoperative complications, other than unsatisfactory ocular alignment, were limited to one retinal detachment in a patient with persistent fetal vasculature. Strabismic undercorrections (>12(Delta) of horizontal deviation or >5(Delta) of vertical deviation) occurred in 11 cases (37%). There were no overcorrections. A poor visual response (<20/50) to the intraocular surgery was encountered in 6 patients, all as the result of amblyopia or preexisting vitreoretinal pathology. CONCLUSIONS: Simultaneous extraocular muscle and lens surgery is an option for patients with strabismus and lens abnormalities. Standard strabismus surgical amounts are recommended.     

Prospective intrapatient comparison of extracapsular cataract extraction and lens implantation with and without trabeculectomy

PURPOSE:To determine whether extracapsular cataract extraction and posterior chamber lens implantation combined with trabeculectomy provides better long-term results than extracapsular cataract extraction and lens implantation alone in a group of patients with primary open-angle glaucoma and cataract.METHODS:In a prospective, randomized clinical trial, 35 patients with bilateral, symmetric, primary open-angle glaucoma and visually disabling cataracts were randomly selected to undergo surgery with trabeculectomy in one eye and without in the other. All procedures were performed by a single surgeon in a private practice setting with follow-up for more than 5 years in all cases.RESULTS:After an average of 87 months of follow-up, extracapsular cataract extraction and posterior chamber lens implantation reduced intraocular pressure by 4.4 +/- 3.3 mm Hg, reduced the number of medications by 1.28 +/- 0.86, increased diopter vector of astigmatism by 1.49, and was associated with visual field loss in six of 35 eyes. After an average of 80 months of follow-up, extracapsular cataract extraction and posterior chamber lens implantation with trabeculectomy reduced intraocular pressure by 8.2 +/- 4.6 mm Hg (P =.0001), reduced the number of medications by 1.76 +/- 0.82 (P=.0002), increased diopter vector of astigmatism by 1.14, and was associated with visual field loss in one eye (P =.05). Both groups had similar improvement in visual acuity and perioperative complications.CONCLUSIONS:Extracapsular cataract extraction and posterior chamber lens implantation with trabeculectomy was beneficial in the long-term control of intraocular pressure and in prevention of visual field loss. This procedure should be considered for patients in whom long-term pressure control at a lower level would be beneficial in preventing further optic nerve damage.     

儿童外伤性白内障角膜缝合及人工晶状体植入

目的　评价儿童角膜穿孔伤修补 ,外伤性白内障摘出和后房型人工晶状体植入联合手术的疗效。方法　 1 6患者均给予降眼压处理 ,然后在全麻下行角膜缝合及白内障摘出人工晶状体植入手术。结果　脱盲率 1 0 0 % ,脱残率 81 .2 5 % ,矫正视力 >0 .5者占 62 .5%。结论　儿童外伤性白内障早期进行联合手术效果良好 ,可以防止弱视并促进双眼视功能的恢复