Construction of cavernosum smooth muscle using umbilical artery smooth muscle cells seeded on acellular corporal collagen matrices

The objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility of tissue engineering of corpus cavernosal smooth muscle. Acellular corporal collagen matrices (ACCMs) were obtained from the penis of adult rabbits by a cell removal procedure. ACCMs were implanted into the back muscles of allogenic rabbits to investigate the resulting immunological reaction. Human umbilical artery smooth muscle cells (HUASMCs) were isolated from human umbilical arteries through explant techniques and expanded in vitro . Subsequently, third and fifth passage HUASMCs were seeded to ACCMs at a concentration of 30 × 10⁶ cells/mL. Then, seeded ACCMs were implanted subcutaneously in athymic mice. The implants were retrieved at 10, 20 and 40 days after implantation. Histochemistry, immunohistochemistry and scanning electron microscopy were performed to analyse the morphological characteristics of the engineered tissues. Additionally, organ bath studies were performed to address the contractility of the engineered tissues. The decellularization process successfully extracted all cellular components while preserving the original collagen fibers. The immunological reaction to ACCMs consisted of only a transient nonspecific inflammatory response. Light and scanning electron microscopy demonstrated that HUASMCs extended onto the three-dimensional ACCMs scaffolds in vitro . Histological analyses of the explants from all time points demonstrated a progressive regeneration of smooth muscle, with structures very similar to native corpus cavernosum smooth muscle. The maximum contraction force induced by phenylephrine and electrical stimulation were 3.64 ± 0.18 g/100 mg and 2.50 ± 0.21 g/100 mg, respectively. Our study demonstrates that HUASMCs can be seeded on three-dimensional ACCM scaffolds and will develop tissues similar to that of the native corpus cavernosum smooth muscle.     

血管细胞外基质和膀胱平滑肌细胞的生物相容性研究

目的探讨血管细胞外基质(VECM)和膀胱平滑肌细胞的细胞相容性和组织相容性,为临床应用提供依据。方法制备兔VECM,分离培养兔膀胱平滑肌细胞,并以1×10~6个细胞/ml种植于VECM上,相差显微镜和扫描电镜观察细胞的黏附及生长。制备VECM和乳胶的提取液,分别作为实验组和阳性对照组,以培养基为阴性对照组,以无细胞的单纯培养基作为空白对照组。取2～4代对数生长期的膀胱平滑肌细胞,四甲基偶氮唑盐(MTT)法测定VECM浸提液对培养平滑肌细胞的细胞毒性；将VECM植入异体兔皮下,观察其组织相容性。结果兔膀胱平滑肌细胞能在体外培养扩增；接种1h后已有部分细胞黏附于VECM上,随时间推移,细胞逐渐增多,并伸展成梭形；培养第1、3、5天,实验组细胞增殖率分别为95．61%、98．34%、102．91%；阴性对照组为100．00%；阳性对照组分别为35．14%、38,95%、32．66%；实验组细胞增殖率明显高于阳性对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0．01),与阴性对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0．05)。动物皮下埋植实验无排斥反应发生。结论VECM具有良好的生物相容性,是一种较好的泌尿道修复支架材料。     

Identification of muscarinic receptor subtypes of cultured smooth muscle cells and tissue of human bladder body

BACKGROUND: Muscarinic receptor subtypes of cultured smooth muscle cells from the human bladder body were investigated by the receptor binding assay method. The result was compared with that obtained from the human bladder body tissue to confirm whether the receptor subtypes of the cells are not changed after several passages of cell culture. METHODS: Inhibitory effects of various muscarinic antagonists on the binding of [3H]-N-methylscopolamine ([3H]-NMS) to membrane preparations obtained from cultured smooth muscle cells from the fourth subculture of the human bladder body were compared with those prepared from the human bladder body tissue and cells expressing human muscarinic receptor subtypes. RESULTS: Binding-inhibition constants (pKi) for atropine, pirenzepine, methoctramine, 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine methiodide (4-DAMP), oxybutynin and propiverine obtained from membrane preparations of cultured smooth muscle cells were 8.91, 6.35, 8.24, 8.53, 7.29 and 5.61, respectively. pKi values of these muscarinic receptor antagonists against the membrane preparation of human bladder body tissue were 9.08, 6.66, 8.05, 8.79, 7.53 and 6.04, respectively. pKi values of cultured smooth muscle cells and tissue from human bladder body were correlated closely with those of insect cells expressing the cloned human M2 receptor subtype. CONCLUSION: The binding affinities for various muscarinic receptor antagonists of cultured human smooth muscle cells were maintained through the fourth subculture and it was suggested that the M2 receptor subtype is predominantly expressed in cultured smooth muscle cells of human bladder body as well as in tissue of the human bladder body.     

人脐动脉平滑肌细胞复合脱细胞基质构建海绵体平滑肌的动物实验研究

目的 探讨脐动脉平滑肌细胞(HUASMC)与阴茎海绵体脱细胞基质(ACCM)复合构建海绵体平滑肌的可行性.方法 以1%的Triton-X100与0.1%NH3H2O混合液对兔阴茎海绵体进行脱细胞处理,制备ACCM.采用贴块法分离、培养、扩增HUASMC.HUASMC以30×10<'6>/ml密度接种ACCM,细胞-ACCM体外复合10 d后将复合物植入9只5周龄BALB/C裸鼠背部皮下,术后10、20和40 d分别对移植物进行HE染色、免疫组织化学染色和器官浴槽实验,评价其裸鼠体内构建情况.结果 ACCM为白色圆柱状,镜下为富含胶原的疏松多孔结构,不含细胞成分.HUA-SMC与ACCM相容性良好,HUASMC在与ACCM接触部位充分伸展,并沿ACCM窦隙活跃生长.9只裸鼠均存活,植入部位无感染,无植入物排斥发生.随培育时间延长,裸鼠体内ACCM逐渐降解,植入的HUASMC分化形成结构良好、交错排列的平滑肌组织.器官浴槽实验显示,构建组织对去氧肾上腺素和电刺激均表现出收缩功能,去氧肾上腺素和电刺激所诱导的最大收缩力分别为(3.64±0.18)和(2.50±0.21)g.结论 HUASMC作为种子细胞与ACCM复合可构建出具有一定形态和功能的组织工程海绵体平滑肌.     

Characterization of neuropathic bladder smooth muscle cells in culture

PURPOSE: Clinically bladder cells used in tissue engineering techniques will come from neuropathic bladders and not normal bladders. We determined if neuropathic bladder smooth muscle (SM) cells (SMCs) retain functional differences when cultured in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Primary cultures of SMCs were established from patients with a neuropathic bladder (5) and a normal bladder (5). Expression of alpha-SM actin and SM myosin heavy chain was determined using immunocytochemical staining and Western blot analysis. Baseline cell proliferation and the mitogenic response to angiotensin II was assessed by cell counting and cell viability assays. Cell contractility was determined for normal and neuropathic SMCs using an in vitro collagen lattice assay. Cell adherence was measured assessed using partial and complete trypsinization assays. RESULTS: Normal and neuropathic SMCs showed similar morphology in culture, and similar patterns of alpha-SM actin and SM myosin expression. Following 10 days of plating under optimal growth conditions the number of neuropathic SMCs was 170% more than normal SMCs. In response to angiotensin II neuropathic SMCs reached 54% of maximal growth capacity as opposed to 30% for normal SMCs (p <0.01). Neuropathic SMCs contracted significantly less in 10% serum and calcium ionophore (p <0.05), as determined by in vitro contractility assays. Neuropathic SMCs had 19% and 30% less adherent cells than normal SMCs (p <0.01) following isotonic solution washes and trypsinization, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that cultured neuropathic bladder SMCs possess and maintain different characteristics than normal SMCs in vitro. The potential clinical implications of using these cells in conjunction with tissue engineering techniques for the promotion of bladder regeneration requires further investigation.     

Partial outlet obstruction of the rat bladder induces a stimulatory response on proliferation of the bladder smooth muscle cells

Outlet obstruction of the ratbladder induces hypertrophy/hyperplasiacharacterized by increases in bladder mass,smooth muscle content, and collagen deposition.In order to understand the mechanism of theoutlet obstruction-induced hypertrophy andhyperplasia, we first determined the temporalpattern of changes in bladder mass afterinducing the outlet obstruction. Histologicalanalysis revealed that the smooth muscle cellswith hypertrophy and hyperplasia, fibroblastsand connective tissue were increased in atime-dependent manner, corresponding to thetemporal pattern observed in the changes inbladder mass, although the phase of changes inthese tissue components was somewhat different.In order to further determine whether anyproliferation-stimulatory factors were releasedfrom the bladder with obstruction incorrespondence with increased bladder mass,soluble fractions were prepared from thebladders with outlet obstruction for 3–30weeks, and their effects on proliferation ofsmooth muscle cells were examined. The solublefractions prepared from the bladders at 3 to 14weeks after obstruction slightly butsignificantly facilitated the proliferation ofcultured smooth muscle cells, while the solublefractions released after 20 weeks rathersuppressed the proliferation. These resultssuggest that the initial increase in bladdermass might be in part due to the facilitatedproliferation of smooth muscle cells of thebladder body induced by growth factors releasedinto the soluble fractions, and thathypertrophy might then play a role in theincreased bladder mass at later phases.     

Human prostatic smooth muscle cells in culture: Estradiol enhances expression of smooth muscle cell-specific markers

Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) constitute a major cellular component of prostatic stroma. SMC tension plays an important role in urethral obstruction secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). We have developed an in vitro procedure for the propagation of human prostatic SMCs. Tissue specimens from patients undergoing radical prostatectomy or cystectomy were enzymatically disaggregated and cultured in MCDB-131 medium supplemented with horse serum, insulin, conditioned medium from the tumor cell line CRL-5813, and steroid hormones. The medium was assembled on the basis of the effects these supplements have on the growth of SMC cultures and on the expression of the two markers desmin and smooth muscle myosin. Addition of 0.1 μM of estradiol to the growth medium dramatically increased expression of these SMC-specific markers. Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and hydrocortisone had a similar, albeit less pronounced effect. At three to five passages, about two thirds of the cells were immunohistologically positive for smooth muscle myosin or desmin. Almost all cells were positive for the myofibroblast marker smooth muscle α-actin throughout 10 passages and more. In SMC cultures, cells staining for smooth muscle myosin and desmin were found to seek direct contact to myofibroblasts. They grew in aggregates on a layer of myofibroblasts which adhered to the surface of the culture vessel. As revealed by transmission electron microscopy the cultured cells exhibited morphological features of myofibroblasts. Characteristics of smooth muscle cells, such as prominent bundles of microfilaments associated with dense bodies, basal laminae investing the cells, and numerous caveolae at the cell surfaces were regularly observed in cultures of low passages. After several passages, these features were markedly decreased and organelles of the biosynthetic system became more prominent. In summary, we present an in vitro model of prostatic SMCs and demonstrate that steroid hormones have characteristic effects on these cells. SMC cultures are expected to facilitate investigation of the functions and properties of human prostatic SMCs. Prostate 30:117–129, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

周期性张力对骨髓间充质干细胞分化的血管平滑肌细胞的表型调节

目的 探讨周期性张力对大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)诱导分化的血管平滑肌细胞(VSMCs)的表型的调节机制.方法 原代全骨髓法培养大鼠BMSCs,流式细胞术鉴定细胞.作成脂、成骨、成平滑肌细胞方向诱导,验证BMSCs的多向分化潜能.将细胞分为4组:A组用含10 μg/L转化生长因子-β1(TGF-β1)的完全培养基培养,B组用幅度10％、频率1 Hz周期性张力诱导,C组采用TGF-β1+周期性张力联合诱导,D组用含10％胎牛血清(FBS)的DMEM/F12培养基培养作对照.3d后观察诱导后的细胞形态,并行反转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测肌动蛋白(α-actin)、平滑肌肌球蛋白重链(SM-MHC)、钙调节蛋白1(calponin1)、钙调节蛋白3(calponin3)的mRNA表达水平,Western blot观察细胞内α-actin、SM-MHC、calponin1、calponin3蛋白表达水平.结果 经流式细胞术鉴定,所培养细胞为BMSCs.诱导3d后,A、B、C3组的VSMC标志物均较D组明显升高,以SM-MHC和calponin3增加为主.A组(0.919 2±0.028 1)较B组(0.823 6±0.024 6)的SM-MHC蛋白表达水平高,但低于C组(1.043 1±0.090 7),其差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).C组中calponin3 mRNA表达量比蛋白表达量变化更明显,而calponin1蛋白表达量和mRNA表达量同步增高.结论 周期性张力能够诱导BMSCs分化为VSMCs,对分化的VSMCs的表型调节还需要细胞因子的参与.     

轻度血尿酸升高对大鼠肾小球内皮细胞及血管平滑肌细胞功能的影响

目的 通过观察轻度血尿酸升高对大鼠肾小球内皮细胞功能损伤及血管平滑肌细胞增殖的影响,探讨轻度血尿酸升高是否能导致肾脏损害及降尿酸治疗对肾脏的保护作用.方法 用雄性SD大鼠为研究对象,随机分为4组:对照组(n=15)、氧嗪酸组(n=15)、别嘌呤醇组(n=12)和氧嗪酸+别嘌呤醇组(n=12).予以低盐饮食,每隔10天监测各组大鼠的动脉血压.于试验后20 d及40 d用ELISA法分别测定各组大鼠内皮细胞功能受损的指标[一氧化氮(NO)、内皮素(ET)1、纤溶酶原激活物(PAI)1]、血管平滑肌细胞增殖的指标[血小板衍生因子(PDGF)、环氧化酶(COX)2、单核细胞趋化蛋白(MCP)1的含量]以及炎性反应指标[白细胞介素(IL)18、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)α];同时观察各组大鼠肾功能及肾脏组织病理变化;免疫组化法检测各组大鼠肾组织中PDGF、一氧化氮合酶(NOS)的表达.结果 与对照组相比,氧嗪酸组大鼠血浆NO浓度显著降低(P＜0.05),ET-1、PAI-1、PDGF、MCP-1、COX2、TNF-α、IL-18浓度均显著升高(均P＜ 0.05).光镜下,各组大鼠肾组织均未见尿酸结晶形成,氧嗪酸组肾小血管管壁增厚,内膜增生,管腔狭窄;免疫组化结果显示,与对照组相比,氧嗪酸组NOS的表达显著减少(7.33％±2.11％比25.75％±2.33％,P＜0.05),PDGF的表达显著增多(31.18％±2.83％比8.09％±1.81％,P＜ 0.05).经别嘌呤醇降尿酸干预治疗后大鼠血清中内皮细胞损伤指标NO上调(P＜0.05),而ET-1及PAI-1均下调(均P＜0.05);而血管平滑肌增殖指标及炎性指标均下调(均P＜ 0.05).结论 轻度血尿酸升高可导致肾小球内皮细胞功能受损、血管平滑肌细胞增殖;降尿酸治疗能改善内皮细胞功能,减轻血管平滑肌细胞的增殖.     

诱导骨髓基质细胞成血管平滑肌细胞的研究

目的 探讨体外诱导犬骨髓基质细胞(SMSC)为血管平滑肌细胞(VSMC)及其成血管的能力.方法 用含血小板源性生长因子(PDGF-BB)10ìg/L的内皮细胞培养液-2(EGM-2)诱导,无PDGF-BB的EGM-2培养液为对照,检测a-平滑肌肌动蛋白(a-SM actin)与肌钙结合蛋白(calponin)的表达并接种于聚羟基乙酸(PGA)培养4周后取材.结果 诱导组(n=5)细胞逐步呈平滑肌样转变,表达a-SM actin与calponin,流式细胞仪阳性率分别为(45.16±0.97)%、(37.54 4±1.15)%,可成血管样结构,对照组(n=5)变化不明显,阳性率(7.92±1.04)%、(6.37±0.83)%,成血管样结构能力差.结论 体外可诱导犬BMSC为VSMC并有成血管样结构的能力.     

A new enzymic method for the isolation and culture of human bladder body smooth muscle cells

Cultured cells of the human urinary bladder smooth muscle are useful for investigating bladder function, but methods for culturing them are not well developed. We have now established a novel enzymic technique. The smooth muscle layer was separated out and incubated with 0.2% trypsin for 30 min at 37 degrees C. The samples were then minced and incubated with 0.1% collagenase for 30 min and centrifuged at 900 g. The pellets were resuspended in RPMI-1640 medium containing 10% fetal calf serum (FCS) and centrifuged at 250 g. The smooth muscle cells from the supernatant were cultured in RPMI-1640 containing 10% FCS. The cells grew to confluence after 7-10 days, forming the "hills and valleys" growth pattern characteristic of smooth muscle cells. Immunostaining with anti-alpha-actin, anti-myosin, and anti-caldesmon antibodies demonstrated that 99% of the cells were smooth muscle cells. To investigate the pharmacological properties of the cultured cells, we determined the inhibitory effect of muscarinic receptor antagonists on the binding of [3H]N-methylscopolamine to membranes from cultured cells. The pKi values obtained for six antagonists agreed with the corresponding values for transfected cells expressing the human muscarinic M2 subtype. Furthermore, carbachol produced an increase in the concentration of cytoplasmic free Ca2+ an action that was blocked by 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine methiodide, an M3 selective antagonist. This result suggests that these cells express functional M3 muscarinic receptors, in addition to M2 receptors. The subcultured cells therefore appear to be unaffected by our new isolation method.     

血管平滑肌细胞凋亡在腹主动脉瘤发病中的作用

目的：探讨腹主动脉瘤（AAA）中膜血管平滑肌细胞（VSMC）密度降低的机制。方法：选取人体肾下AAA及正常腹主动脉组织（NA）标本,采用免疫组化及原位末端DNA标记技术,测定中膜VSMC,凋亡细胞及其相关蛋白,计算机图像分析并计算VSMC密度及凋亡指数。结果：与NA相比,AAA中膜VSMC密度降低,VSMC凋亡指数及其相关蛋白P53,P21明显增加,而bcl-2无显变化。结论：VSMC凋亡在细胞水平参与腹主动脉结构损伤与重构,促进AAA形成。     

联合培养的成纤维细胞对平滑肌细胞增殖和形态的影响

目的:观察体外联合培养的成纤维细胞对平滑肌细胞形态和增殖的影响,为研究成纤维细胞和平滑肌细胞生物学特性和相互关系以及体外构建含此两种细胞的组织工程皮肤提供理论和实践基础。方法:在体外分别分离培养成纤维细胞和平滑肌细胞并常规传代培养。模拟组织工程皮肤的结构及成纤维细胞和平滑肌细胞间的相互影响途径,按照不同比例(平滑肌细胞:成纤维细胞=1:1,1:2,1:3)建立以胶原凝胶为基质的成纤维细胞与平滑肌细胞联合培养模型。应用荧光标记、组织学观察和MTT法对平滑肌细胞的形态和代谢进行研究。结果:联合培养模型法可以有效地建立起成纤维细胞和平滑肌细胞的相互影响模式。1:1组的成纤维细胞对联合培养的平滑肌细胞增殖有促进作用,1:3组的促增殖作用则不明显。结论:1:1联合培养的成纤维细胞对平滑肌细胞增殖有促进作用,对它们体外培养和扩增以及相互关系的研究对阐明这两种细胞组合作为真皮替代物种子细胞具有重要的意义。     

骨髓间充质干细胞复合脱细胞血管基质构建组织工程血管的初步研究

目的：探讨骨髓间充质干细胞复合脱细胞血管基质构建组织工程血管的可行性。方法：采用胰蛋白酶、乙二胺四乙酸和曲拉通X-100对兔主动脉进行脱细胞处理，制备成脱细胞血管基质；体外分离和扩增人骨髓间充质千细胞，并将其作为种子细胞种植于脱细胞血管基质上，复合构建组织工程化人工血管。结果：制备的脱细胞血管基质由胶原、弹力纤维等组成，未见细胞成分残留；体外扩增的人骨髓间充质干细胞种植于脱细胞血管基质上可生长增殖。结论：骨髓间充质干细胞与脱细胞血管基质支架材料复合可成功构建组织工程血管，有望为血管缺损的修复提供一种全新的技术方法和手段。     

不同大小仿膀胱生理牵张力对膀胱平滑肌细胞生物学特性的影响

目的 探索不同牵张力对膀胱平滑肌细胞形态和增殖活性的影响. 方法 膀胱平滑肌细胞复合硅胶材料后对材料施加5％、10％、15％、20％及25％等不同大小的牵张力,共聚焦显微镜下观察细胞形态变化.CCK-8酶标法检测细胞增殖能力,流式细胞仪分析细胞周期并计算细胞增殖指数. 结果 在牵张力作用下膀胱平滑肌细胞呈现“收缩型”形态学改变,由无序的星形舒展状态向相对规则的纺锤状细胞形态迁移变化.CCK-8所测对照组吸光值度A为0.471 ±0.027,各牵张组分别增至1.320±0.094(5％组,P＜0.0001)、1.001±0.029(10％组,P＜0.0001)、0.821 ±0.032(15％组,P＜0.0001)、0.621 ±0.032(20％组,P=0.0004)及0.591±0.056(25％组,P=0.0268).与对照组(29.35±0.55)％相比,细胞增殖指数增加到(55.55±1.05)％(5％组,P＜0.0001),(47.70±0.20)％(10％组,P＜0.0001),(35.40 ±2.10)％(15％组,P＜0.0001),与20％组的(34.85±0.55)％(P =0.1372)和25％组的(30.35 ±0.45)％(P =0.5234)比较差异均无统计学意义. 结论 适当强度牵张力可以调节膀胱平滑肌细胞形态并促进细胞增殖活性,5％形变率的牵张力下细胞增殖最活跃.