急性脑卒中436例心电图与心肌酶谱变化的临床意义

目的探讨急性脑卒中心电图与心肌酶谱变化的临床意义。方法对436例首次急性脑卒中患者（出血性脑卒中230例,缺血性脑卒中206例）进行心电图与心肌酶谱的检测,并与162例健康体检者做对照分析。结果（1）血性脑卒中组心电图异常发生率明显高于缺血性脑卒中组（P〈0．001）,发生在基底节、丘脑部位病变者的心电图异常发生率明显高于脑叶和小脑部位病变者（P均〈0．05）;（2）急性脑卒中组心肌酶谱水平明显高于对照组（P均〈0．001）,出血性脑卒中组心肌酶谱水平明显高于缺血性脑卒中组（P均〈0．001）。发生在蛛网膜下腔部位病变者心肌酶谱水平明显高于基底节丘脑、脑干、脑叶和小脑部位病变者（P均〈0．05）。结论对急性脑卒中患者要加强心电监护和心肌酶谱水平的检测,有异常者及早进行干预,对患者预后具有重要临床意义。     

出血性脑卒中致脑心综合征临床研究

目的探讨出血性脑卒中至脑心综合征早期心电图、心肌酶谱的变化及发病机制。方法回顾性分析136例确诊为出血性脑卒中的临床资料。结果出血性脑卒中患者脑心综合征总发生率为44.85%。其中86.9%的患者在发病第一周内发生。脑干6/7(85.71%),蛛网膜下腔14/27(51.85%),基底核区及丘脑31/64(48.43%),脑叶10/38(26.31%),心脏损害的主要表现为心肌缺血、各种心律失常。61例心电图异常的患者中32例心肌酶谱升高23.5%。结论出血性脑卒中患者急性期脑心综合征发生率高,与脑出血部位有一定关系。可能与脑出血直接或间接导致自主神经中枢功能失调,神经体液功能紊乱等有关。     

急性脑卒中患者心电图与心肌酶谱的变化

目的探讨急性脑卒中心电图与心肌酶谱变化的临床意义。方法对226例首次急性脑卒中患者（出血性脑卒中114例，缺血性脑卒中112例）进行心电图与心肌酶谱的检测，并与105例健康体检者做对照分析。结果（1）出血性脑卒中组心电图异常发生率明显高于缺血性脑卒中组（P〈0．001），发生在基底节、丘脑部位病变者的心电图异常发生率明显高于脑叶和小脑部位病变者（P均〈0．05）；（2）急性脑卒中组心肌酶谱水平明显高于对照组（P均〈0．001），出血性脑卒中组心肌酶谱水平明显高于缺血性脑卒中组（P均〈0．001），发生在蛛网膜下腔部位病变者心肌酶谱水平明显高于脑叶和小脑部位病变者（P均〈0．001）。结论对急性脑卒中患者要加强心电监护和心肌酶谱水平的检测，有异常者及早进行干预，对患者预后具有重要临床意义。     

脑心综合征160例临床分析

目的探讨脑心综合征的临床特点和发病机制。方法回顾性分析300例脑卒中急性期患者发生160脑心综合征的临床资料。结果急性期脑卒中的脑心综合征发生率为53.3%,大部分脑心综合征在脑卒中后2d之内发生,2周内恢复。心脏损害主要表现为心电图的复极异常及心律失常,以及心肌酶谱的增高。结论发病机制可能与特定部位受损致自主神经功能紊乱,引起冠状动脉的痉挛状态导致心血管功能障碍有关。     

急性脑出血268例脑心综合征临床特点

目的分析脑出血后脑心综合征的临床特点。方法对268例脑出血的患者按出血部位分为3组,对其临床资料进行回顾性地分析,急性期查血清心肌酶谱及心电图,对68例条件允许基底节出血的患者进行心肌酶谱及心电图动态监测。结果脑出血患者出血早期心肌酶水平显著高于对照组（均P<0.05）,脑出血组心电图异常率显著高于对照组（48%vs17%,P<0.05）,脑干和丘脑出血心电图异常率（81%）显著高于基底节出血（41%）和脑叶出血（35%,均P<0.05）。动态观察表明,3 d内心肌酶谱最高,2周后基本恢复正常。结论脑出血患者出血早期心肌酶水平显著升高,心电图异常率显著增加,其严重程度与出血部位有关。     

急性脑卒中后脑心综合征的临床探讨

目的探讨急性脑卒中后脑心综合征（CCS）的发病率、临床特点、发病机制、防治措施、预后及其相关因素。方法对300例急性脑卒中后脑心综合征患者入院后作心电图（ECG），心肌酶谱动态观察并结合临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果CCS发生率为33．3％，95％的患者于脑卒中后数小时至1周内发生，出血性脑卒中CCS发生率远高于缺血性脑卒中（P〈0．05），非大脑半球（脑干、小脑、基底节）卒中者远高于大脑半球卒中者（P〈0．01）。CCS心电图主要表现为心律失常、心肌缺血和类心肌梗死；心肌酶谱异常率为47％，54％合并低钾血症和／或低钠血症。死亡率32％，主要死亡原因以心功能衰竭及心律失常为主。结论CCS发生与脑卒中类型及部位、低钾、低钠等因素有关。主要死亡原因以心功能衰竭及心律失常为主。发病机制可能为脑卒中直接或间接导致植物神经功能紊乱，神经体液功能紊乱有关。CCS患者须加强心脏功能监护，积极防治脑心综合征。     

缺血性脑卒中合并脑心综合征69例临床分析

目的探讨脑心综合征在进展性缺血性脑卒中的发病率、临床特点及预后。方法对210例急性缺血性脑卒中患者入院后的心电图,心肌酶谱等进行动态观察,并对临床资料进行分析。结果脑心综合征在急性缺血性脑卒中的发生率为32.86%,其中78.26%的脑心综合征患者呈进展性卒中发病,脑叶梗死明显高于其他部位梗死（P〈0.01）,有意识障碍患者100%发病。脑心综合征的心电图主要表现为心律失常、心肌缺血等,心肌酶谱异常率为40.74%。结论缺血性脑卒中常合并继发性心脏损害,故对临床表现为脑心综合征的急性缺血性卒中患者,要从各个环节尽早针对性干预卒中的进展,为早期康复提供有利条件。     

乙型肝炎合并心肌损伤临床分析

目的 探讨乙型肝炎合并心肌损伤的临床特点.方法 对438例急、慢性及重型乙型肝炎患者进行临床观察、心电图检查及对心电图异常者行心肌酶谱检测分析.结果 80例心电图异常,发生率18.2%,而其中16例(20.5%)心肌酶谱检测异常.结论 对于乙型肝炎合并心肌损伤临床要结合心电图及心肌酶谱的改变进行综合分析,心肌酶CK-MB升高对于合并心肌损伤的诊断有重要的价值.     

急性脑出血致脑心综合征的动态心电图及心肌酶学的改变

目的探讨急性脑出血致脑心综合征的动态心电图及心肌酶学的改变及其临床意义。方法对104例急性脑出血患者行Holter检查,测定77例患者磷酸肌酸激酶同工酶（CK-MB）及心肌肌钙蛋白I（cTn-I）,并与37例健康体检者进行对照。结果脑出血后心电图改变类型最常见的为ST-T改变,丘脑及基底节区、脑干及小脑与脑叶ST-T改变比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。脑出血患者,除病后7d时血清CK-MB与对照组比较无显著性差异外,血清cTn-I、CK-MB在病后3～48h、3d、7d均增高,与对照组比较均有显著性差异（P〈0.05,P〈0.01）。结论急性脑出血患者心电图及心肌酶谱异常发生率较高,对其测定可能有助于脑心综合征的防治及病情的判断。     

蛛网膜下腔出血致急性脑心综合征的发生机制探讨

目的探讨蛛网膜下腔出血（SAH）急性期脑心综合征的临床特征、发生机制和防治措施。方法对86例SAH病人的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果SAH急性期心电图（ECG）异常发生率为83％，心肌酶升高49％。ECG改变主要表现为ST-T改变、心律失常。意识障碍和颅内高压ECG异常发生率明显增高。结论SAH病人脑心综合征发病率较高。     

急性脑血管病合并脑心综合征92例分析

目的探讨脑心综合征的临床特点及发病机制。方法回顾分析92例急性脑血管病(ACVD)并发脑心综合征的临床资料。结果ACVD患者脑心综合征的发生率为63.01%,大部分脑心综合征患者在ACVD两天内发病,多数于两周内随病情改善而好转;心脏损害的表现主要为心电图的复极异常、心律失常以及心肌酶谱不同程度的升高。出血性卒中、近中线结构的损害及意识障碍的患者并发脑心综合征发生率更高。结论其发生机制可能与脑特定部位受损导致对心脏神经支配紊乱,神经、体液调节障碍,血管病变及血流动力学变化等有关。应对ACVD加强心脏监护,积极诊治脑心综合征。     

Diagnostic efficacy of ischemia modified albumin and its correlation with lipid profile,oxidative stress in acute myocardial infarct patients on admission

ObjectiveTo evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of ischemia modified albumin (IMA) and its correlation with lipid profile, oxidative stress in acute myocardial infarct (AMI) patients attending Cardiology Emergency Department (ED).MethodsAt presentation serum IMA in conjunction with electrocardiogram (ECG) and cardiac troponin T (CTnT) was evaluated in 35 AMI patients attending the ED within 6 hours of chest pain. These patients were subjected to standardized diagnostic procedures and treatment. Thirty five healthy volunteers were enrolled as control.ResultsIMA showed a higher level in ischemic patients than in control with the highest sensitivity (77%) in comparison to CTnT and ECG. With CTnT or ECG, IMA documented a sensitivity of 83% and 88%, respectively. Whereas with both CTnT and ECG, IMA identified 94% of AMI patients with the highest negative predictive value (90%).ConclusionsIMA has evolved as a cost effective, highly sensitive, early diagnostic marker of cardiac ischemia and an earlier rule out test in AMI patients.     

急性脑卒中患者的心电图变化

目的：探讨急性脑卒中患者心电图变化的临床意义。方法：对经颅脑CT及临床表现确诊的126例脑卒中（缺血性脑卒中40例,出血性脑卒中86例）患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。分析急性脑卒中患者心电图变化（ST-T变化、Q-T间期改变及心律失常等）、心肌酶谱的变化。结果：126例急性脑卒中患者中109例（86.5%）发生心电图异常。脑出血组发生心电图异常患者比例显著高于缺血性脑卒中组（90.7%比77.5%,P〈0.05）。靠近基底节及丘脑的病变,其心电图发生异常的几率较高,分别为96.4%、92.3%。急性脑卒中患者的心电图异常与出血量有关,出血量大者（〉40ml,20～40ml）心电图异常率（96.2%,92.3%）明显高于出血量小者（〈20ml,81.0%）,P〈0.05。结论：急性脑卒中多有心电图及心肌酶谱的改变,在治疗脑部病变的同时,应加强心脏检测,一旦出现心脏损害,及时调整治疗方案,以改善脑卒中患者的预后。     

心肌酶在重症肺炎的临床应用

目的研究肺炎患者心肌酶变化情况及心肌酶对重症肺炎的临床应用价值。方法以383例肺炎患者为研究对象,比较重症肺炎与普通肺炎心肌酶水平差异及不同病原体感染引起重症肺炎心肌酶异常率,并研究重症肺炎组中心肌酶异常患者与心肌酶正常患者心电图异常情况、心衰等并发症的发生率及死亡率。结果重症肺炎组、普通肺炎组心肌酶比较均有统计学差异(P<0.05);病毒性肺炎较易引起心肌酶异常;重症肺炎中心肌酶异常组与心肌酶正常组比较,心电图异常率及心衰发生率比较有统计学差异(P<0.05)。结论心肌酶对重症肺炎合并心肌损伤有重要监测作用,对重症肺炎病情评估有重要临床应用价值。     

Ischemic myocardial injury during cardiopulmonary bypass surgery

ECG's and serum levels of SGOT, LDH, and CPK were examined during the immediate postoperative period in 126 patients who had cardiac surgery during cardiopulmonary bypass. None had coronary disease and valve replacement was performed in 97 patients. Miscellaneous procedures not involving the coronary arteries were performed in 29. In surviving patients, ECG signs of acute myocardial infarction appeared in 8 (7 per cent) and changes compatible with acute ischemic injury were seen in 38 (30 per cent). Elevation of SGOT exceeding 90 units occurred in 32 per cent of patients and LDH levels over 900 units occurred in 37 per cent. In patients with ECG evidence of postoperative infarction or ischemia, 70 per cent had abnormal SGOT levels and 70 per cent had abnormal LDH levels. In 40 patients with SGOT levels exceeding 90 units, 80 per cent had ECG evidence of acute infarction or ischemia. In 80 patients without ECG changes, only 10 per cent had SGOT levels exceeding 90 units. CPK levels correlated poorly with ECG evidence of ischemia or infarction. Patients who demonstrated ECG and serum enzyme evidence of ischemic injury or myocardial infarction had longer total perfusion times during surgery (P < 0.001) but no relationship to aortic cross clamp time was observed. ECG evidence of acute myocardial ischemia with elevation of serum enzymes is frequently observed following cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. Serial ECG's and measurements of postoperative serum enzymes provide useful information regarding myocardial injury and the effectiveness of bypass perfusion in protecting the myocardium during cardiopulmonary bypass sugery.     

Frequency of cardiac troponin-t elevation after successful direct stenting

Direct stenting (stenting without balloon predilation) is a novel approach in percutaneous treatment of coronary artery lesions.This approach may also significantly lower the rate of procedural ischaemic complications by reducing aggression to the vessel wall and immediately sealing the dissections created due to balloon inflation by the endoprosthesis. However, the incidence of minor myocardial infarction after direct stenting is unknown.The purpose of this study was to measure cTnT, creatine kinase and its isoform, CK-MB after apparently successful elective stent implantation without balloon predilation. Enzyme levels were measured just before and 16 hours after the procedures. A second-generation commercial ELISA cTnT assay (Boehringer Mannheim Corporation) was used to measure cTnT with a cutoff of 0.1 ng/dl. There was no abnormality in all three enzymes before the procedure. CTnT was elevated in 6 patients (13.6%), CK and CK-MB were elevated in 1 (2.3%) patient at 16 hours after the procedure. Both CK and CK-MB elevation were observed in the patient with side branch occlusion. In all others cTnT measurements in addition to CK-MB measurements are needed to detect this minor myocardial damage.To the best of our knowledge this is the first report evaluating the incidence of myocardial injury after direct stenting. Direct stenting by avoiding balloon-induced complications may decrease procedural myocardial necrosis. Randomized studies with larger patient populations should be conducted to compare this approach with conventional stenting. CTnT measurements in addition to CKMB measurements are essential in detecting this minor myocardial damage.     

脑卒中病人的心脏损害

目的 探讨脑卒中病人的心脏损害。方法 全部病人均行心电图、心电监护，怀疑心梗者行心电图及心肌酶追踪观察。结果 全部病人均有心电图异常，5例并急性心肌梗死，2例并神经源性肺水肿。结论 脑卒中病人的心脏损害形式多样，轻重不一，差异很大，需引起临床注意。     

急性卒中患者并发心脏异常的监测

目的探讨急性卒中患者并发心脏的异常改变。方法发病≤7d的卒中患者127例,分为重症组:格拉斯哥昏迷评分(GCS)≤12分,77例;非重症组:GCS>12分,50例。连续对患者行心电实时监测及连续心电图、心肌损伤标志物、心率变异性(HRV)、急性心脏不良事件监测,共14d。结果127例患者中,125例(98.4%)监测结果异常。①心电实时监测:心律失常发生率为72.4%(92/127)。其中重症组为85.7%(66/77),非重症组为52.0%(26/50),两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。②连续心电图:心电图异常的占54.3%(69/127)。其中重症组类心肌梗死样ST-T改变和QT间期延长为23.4%(18/77),明显多于非重症组的2%(1/50),差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。③心肌损伤标志物:血清磷酸肌酸激酶(CK)同工酶(CK-MB)和全血心肌钙蛋白I异常者29例,其中重症组28例(36.4%,28/77),非重症组1例(2%,1/50),两组比较差异有统计学意义(χ2=20.314,P<0.01)。④HRV:重症组31例患者行HRV分析。时域指标全部窦性心搏RR间期标准差(SDNN)...     

重症脑血管意外致ECG和心肌酶谱异常的分析

目的 探讨脑血管意外对心脏的影响,并讨论其发病机理.方法 对于52例急性期脑血管意外的昏迷病人进行心电图(ECG)及心肌酶谱监测和分析.结果 大多数患者有不同程度的ECG改变和心肌酶谱异常,其中9例发生类似心肌梗塞的表现.结论 脑血管意外昏迷患者在急性期大多存在对心脏的影响,导致ECG和心肌酶谱异常,目前发病机理为综合因素所致,同时应与急性心肌梗塞相鉴别,并积极防治.     

A counterpoint paper: Comments on the electrocardiographic part of the 2018 Fourth Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction endorsed by the International Society of Electrocardiology and the International Society for Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardiology

The Fourth Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction (FUDMI) focuses on the distinction between nonischemic myocardial injury and myocardial infarction (MI), along with the role of cardiovascular magnetic resonance, in order to define the etiology of myocardial injury. As a consequence, there is less emphasis on updating the parts of the definition concerning the electrocardiographic (ECG) changes related to MI. Evidence of myocardial ischemia is a prerequisite for the diagnosis of MI, and the ECG is the main available tool for (a) detecting acute ischemia, (b) triage, and (c) risk stratification upon presentation. This review focuses on multiple aspects of ECG interpretation that we firmly believe should be considered for incorporation in any future update to the Universal Definition of MI.