经胰管乳头括约肌预切开术在困难胆道插管中的临床应用

目的评价经胰管乳头括约肌预切开术在困难胆道插管中的安全性和疗效。方法回顾性分析2005年7月至2006年7月在我院行ERCP的患者。对常规胆管插管失败且导丝反复进入胰管（〉4次）者行经胰管乳头括约肌预切开，胆管插管成功后，导丝留置胆管内，继续完成胆管括约肌切开及相应的治疗。统计插管的成功率及并发症的发生率。结果在整个研究期间内共行ER—CP1576例次，需胆管深插管879例次，经胰管乳头括约肌预切开者30例。经胰管乳头括约肌预切开后，首次ERCP胆管深插管成功率为93．3％（28／30），2次ERCP插管成功率为96．7％（29／30）。2例（占6．7％）发生并发症，为轻型胰腺炎。无出血、穿孔或操作相关的死亡发生。结论在困难胆道插管中采用经胰管乳头括约肌预切开术是一种安全有效的方法。     

选择性胆管插管困难患者弓形刀胰管预切开和针状刀切开的联合应用

目的 探讨弓形刀胰管预切开联合针状刀补切开在经内镜逆行选择性胆管插管困难患者应用的价值及安全性.方法 对38例选择性胆管插管困难患者,创新性运用双刀联合进行插管,即先行弓形刀胰管预切开再行针状刀联合补切开.结果 双刀联合切开后38例患者插管成功33例,成功率86.8％;术后并发症9例,其中高淀粉酶血症4例,胰腺炎4例,胆管炎1例,保守治疗2～5d后痊愈,未发生出血和穿孔并发症.结论 应用弓形刀胰管括约肌预切开联合针状刀乳头切开,能够提高胆管插管困难者操作的成功率,也较安全,是一种行之有效的操作技法.     

十二指肠乳头插管困难时的操作策略

目的提高ERCP十二指肠乳头插管困难时的操作成功率。方法在常规插管方法失败时,采用超细导丝配合尖头导管插管技术、乳头预切开技术、导丝胰管占据技术、经皮经肝与ERCP对接技术等,来提高十二指肠乳头插管成功率。结果5年间内镜下行乳头插管5743例,插管成功5664例（98．6％）;其中发生乳头插管困难396例,分别采用以下技术：超细导管插管20例,胰管占据67例,预切开294例,对接法15例,共成功317例,成功率80．0％。结论根据乳头形态特点,合理运用各类特殊插管技术,注重操作配合技巧,可有效提高乳头插管困难者的操作成功率。     

内镜下乳头预切开3种方法的比较

目的 探讨内镜下乳头预切开3种方法的选择顺序.方法 比较3种预切开方法在操作难度、插管成功率、平均插管时间(从预切开到选择胆管插管成功所花费的时间)和并发症发生率的差异.结果 操作难度以针形刀预切开最大,犁状刀预切开次之,经胰管预切开难度最小.3种预切开方法的成功率没有显著性差异.平均插管时间以经胰管预切开最短,针状刀预切开与犁状刀预切开之间无明显差异.并发症风险的比较有待更大样本的临床研究.结论 临床上选择预切开,如果导丝能进入胰管,应首选经胰管预切开.如果导丝不能进入胰管,应根据乳头大小、形态、有无结石嵌顿及是否是毕Ⅱ氏术后等情况选择犁状刀预切开或针状刀预切开.     

针状刀乳头开窗术在ERCP困难插管中的应用

目的 探讨采用针状刀实施十二指肠乳头开窗术,在ERCP困难胆管插管中的应用价值及其安全性.方法 回顾性分析近年来接受ERCP治疗的患者中,当常规插管方法和（或）其他预切开技术无法进入胆管时,采用针状刀在主乳头背部选点进行电灼造口,完成胆管深插管及后续治疗.观察本方法的成功率和术后并发症,并对相关影响因素进行分析.结果 共有108例患者接受开窗术,其中97例（91.2%）成功插至胆管;11例胆管恶性梗阻患者虽经开窗仍无法进入胆管,其中远端恶性梗阻失败率（25.8%,8/31）,明显高于近端梗阻（5.3%,3/57）,（P=0.014,χ^2=5.983）.ERCP术后发生胰腺炎5例（4.6%）,其中插管失败组（18.2%,2/11）明显高于成功组（3.1%,3/97）（P=0.006,χ^2=7.418）;另有肠道穿孔1例、胆管炎4例,均经保守治疗控制.结论 在困难胆管插管的ERCP病例中,应用针状刀行乳头开窗术可以有效提高ERCP诊治的成功率,对于有经验的操作者该方法是较为安全的;但远端胆管恶性梗阻行乳头开窗术的成功率较低.     

乳头预切开术在内窥镜逆行胰胆管造影术中的应用

目的　对乳头括约肌预切开术在内窥镜逆行胰胆管造影术（ＥＲＣＰ） 诊断和治疗中的作用及其安全性作回顾性评价．方法　７３ 例患者在行ＥＲＣＰ 诊疗时,当常规操作不能使胆系显影或胆道深部插管困难时,即用犁状拉式刀行乳头预切开,观察预切开的效果和近期并发症．结果　全组胆道造影成功率９５－９ ％ , 胆管深部插管成功率７２－９ ％ ,其中第一次操作胆道显影率９３－２ ％ , 深部插管率６２－９ ％ ． 术后并发症５ 例（６－８ ％ ） ,包括轻度胰腺炎２ 例,发热３ 例．结论　乳头括约肌预切开术是ＥＲＣＰ 诊疗中成功进入胆道的一项极有效的方法,但需熟练的内镜医师操作． 采用犁状刀进行预切开安全性高,并发症少．     

弯头型造影导丝与超滑亲水性软头导丝在内镜胰胆管插管中的对比研究

目的评价弯头型血管造影导丝（泥鳅导丝）与超滑亲水性软头导丝（斑马导丝）在经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术（ERCP）插管中的效果优劣。方法196例患者随机分为泥鳅导丝组和斑马导丝组,均为98例,行导丝引导下的切开刀插管,首次插管如果10min未成功则交换导丝重新插管10min,如再次插管超过10min则视为插管失败,将采用其他辅助插管技术。观察插管时间、插管成功率,以及术后腹痛与淀粉酶情况。结果泥鳅导丝组首次插管成功率高于斑马导丝组（93．9％比86．7％,P〈0．05）,但插管时间差异无统计学意义;交换导丝后,泥鳅导丝插管成功率仍然高于斑马导丝（76．9％比0．0％,P〈0．05）。术后淀粉酶升高与胰腺炎发生率两组间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论泥鳅导丝ERCP插管优于斑马导丝,在困难插管时可以替代斑马导丝。     

3种辅助插管技术在ERCP胆管插管困难病例中的临床应用

目的对比双导丝插管技术、针状刀乳头预切开术与经胰管乳头预切开术3种辅助插管技术在ERCP胆管插管困难病例中的成功率和并发症发生率,探讨安全有效的辅助插管技术。方法将104例经内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)选择性胆管插管困难患者随机分成3组分别行3种不同辅助插管技术,即双导丝插管术组(A组)35例,针状刀乳头预切开组(B组)35例,经胰管乳头预切开组(C组)34例。对比3组患者辅助胆管插管的成功率、获得成功插管的时间与并发症的发生率。结果 A组辅助插管成功率为51.43%(18/35),B组为91.43%(32/35),C组为70.59%(24/34),3组成功率差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。3组成功插管时间分别为(7.83±1.08)min,(8.20±0.91)min和(7.91±1.20)min,3组成功插管时间无显著性差异(P>0.05)。3组患者术后胰腺炎发生率分别为:2.86%(1/35),22.86%(8/35)与8.82%(3/34),3组间术后胰腺炎发生率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。3组患者均无严重感染、大出血、穿孔等并发症发生。结论 3种辅助插管技术均可提高胆管插管成功率,其中针状刀乳头预切开术与经胰管乳头预切开术有更高的成功率,但术后胰腺炎等并发症发生率亦较高;双导丝插管术成功率较低,但安全性较高。     

预切开窗后插管失败再次胆管插管的体会

目的探讨对经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术（ERCP）预切开或开窗方法后胆管插管失败者,行第2次ERCP操作的价值。方法167例患者术前拟诊胆总管结石和／或良性乳头狭窄109例,胆胰占位性病变58例。第一次ERCP标准胆管插管均在20min以上,不能成功后作预切开或开窗术,再反复试插后仍未能成功;3～5d后,再次行ERCP;第2次ERCP大多数患者按胆胰管合流水平位、前位和后位顺序插管。结果133例（79．6％）经第2次ERCP获得成功,其中水平位插管成功85例,前位插管成功36例,后位插管成功12例。插管成功后顺利完成了内镜的相应治疗。1例发生乳头穿孔伴后腹膜感染,1例并发重症胰腺炎形成胰周脓肿,均经腹腔穿刺引流方法治愈。结论经过更缜密的准备,掌控好胆管插管技巧,再次ERCP仍有较高的成功率。     

内镜下十二指肠乳头预切术在恶性胆道梗阻诊治中的应用

目的 探讨内镜下十二指肠乳头预切术在恶性胆道梗阻诊治中的应用价值.方法 对46例插管困难的恶性胆道梗阻患者,根据十二指肠乳头及其周围结构、插管情况等采用不同预切方法对乳头括约肌施行内镜下预切术,观察ERCP诊治的完成情况,以及并发症发生情况.结果 应用弓形刀切开法4例、针状刀切开法24例、经胰管胆管切开法12例、联合方法6例,其中35例预切术后胆管插管成功,成功率达76.1%（35/46）.发生术后黏膜渗血3例、胰腺炎1例、高淀粉酶血症2例、胆管炎1例,未见穿孔发生.结论 内镜下乳头预切术可提高恶性胆道梗阻患者ERCP诊治的成功率,且适时、正确地应用可以降低并发症的发生率.     

Pancreatic duct guidewire placement for biliary cannulation in a single-session therapeutic ERCP

AIM: To investigate the technical success and clinical complication rate of a cannulated pancreatic duct with guidewire for biliary access. METHODS: During a five-year study period, a total of 2843 patients were included in this retrospective analysis. Initial biliary cannulation method consisted of single-guidewire technique (SGT) for up to 5 attempts, followed by double-guidewire technique (DGT) when repeated unintentional pancreatic duct cannulation had taken place. Pre-cut papillotomy technique was rese...     

Additional Biliary Cannulation Methods in Patients with Juxtapapillary Duodenal Diverticula

Background and Aims

Juxtapapillary diverticula (JPD) can increase the difficulty of biliary cannulation. A number of additional methods have been defined in case of failed cannulation attempt by standard technique. We aimed to investigate the more commonly preferred and practical additional methods among them.

Methods

A total of 1,205 endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographies (ERCP) performed during a study period of 14 months were prospectively entered into a database. Of these, 222 (18 %) had JPD (123 women, 99 men, mean age 69 years) and 983 had no diverticula (523 women, 460 men, mean age 57 years). Additional cannulation methods used in patients with JPD were recorded. Biliary cannulation time, total procedure time, use of pre-cut papillotomy, and therapeutic success of ERCP were compared between the groups as well.

Results

Biliary cannulation was performed by standard technique in 210 patients with JPD (94.5 %). Cannulation was achieved by placement of a guidewire into the pancreatic duct in 6 (2.7 %) and use of two devices in one channel in 2 (0.9 %) patients. There was no significant difference between the total procedure time and therapeutic success of ERCP between the groups. Cannulation time was significantly longer in patients with JPD. Pre-cut papillotomy was performed less in patients with JPD.

Conclusion

Presence of JPD does not decrease the therapeutic success of ERCP. Placement of a guidewire in the pancreatic duct or use of two-devices-in-one-channel are practical, successful, safe, and preferred methods which can be used in patients with failed cannulation by standard technique.     

Pre-cut papillotomy with a new papillotome

BACKGROUND: A new papillotome has been developed, an isolated-tip needle-knife papillotome (Iso-Tome) that has a semi-oval-shaped tip of epoxide adhesive to prevent electric leakage from the tip of the incising needle. The coated tip aids in keeping the papillotome tightly in the orifice of the ampulla of Vater and is believed to prevent unintentional deep cuts or perforations. This study was done to evaluate the clinical usefulness of the new papillotome for pre-cut papillotomy. METHODS: From June 2003 to November 2003, 115 patients underwent attempted ERCP. If biliary cannulation failed by the conventional method, pre-cut papillotomy was performed by using the Iso-Tome in the direction of the bile duct. After successful bile-duct cannulation, papillotomy was extended for therapeutic procedures, such as stone removal or stent insertion, in the majority of the cases. Post-ERCP complications were classified according to consensus guidelines. OBSERVATIONS: Pre-cut papillotomy with the Iso-Tome was done in 25 patients (21.7% of cases). Protective pancreatic stents were not used. Of these patients, 11 had common bile duct stones, 7 had pancreatitis, 5 had malignancies, one had sphincter of Oddi dysfunction, and one had bile-duct leak. After pre-cut papillotomy with the Iso-Tome, bile-duct cannulation was successfully achieved in 23 of 25 (92%) patients. Complications occurred in 7 of 25 patients (28%) and consisted of mild pancreatitis in 5 (20%), moderate bleeding in one (4%), and biliary pain in one (4%). All 7 patients with complications were managed medically, and there was no death. CONCLUSIONS: In this pilot study, the isolated-tip needle knife was found to be a clinically useful papillotome for pre-cut papillotomy. Further large comparative studies (with and without pancreatic protective stents) are needed to determine improved efficacy and safety compared with standard techniques.     

Application of needle-knife in difficult biliary cannulation for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

Introduction Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is widely used in the diagnosis and treatment of biliary disorders. Getting directly into the common bile duct (CBD) is the most important step for successful therapeutic endoscopy. The cannulation success rate depends on patient selection, the utilization of specialized catheters, and the skill and experience of the endoscopist. This improved significantly when the clever-cut knife with guidewire was introduced. However, i…     

Intramural incision technique

BACKGROUND: Therapeutic ERCP is technically complex. A variety of techniques can be used to achieve biliary access when direct cannulation is difficult. Pre-cut papillotomy can provide immediate access, but this technique is associated with an increased risk of complications. METHODS: An intramural incision technique is described that uses the false tract created with a guidewire to place a papillotome though the intramural portion of the papilla and unroof the biliary orifice. OBSERVATIONS: Biliary access was achieved in 6 consecutive patients in whom access could not be obtained with either a papillotome or guidewire. No major complication occurred. CONCLUSIONS: By virtue of the incision depth, the intramural incision technique offers a safer approach to biliary access than conventional pre-cut techniques. The technique is simple and will be useful when there is aberrant passage of a guidewire.     

经胰管弓式隔膜乳头预切开术和针式乳头预切开术在困难胆管插管中的应用研究

目的评价经胰管弓式隔膜乳头预切开术处理ERCP困难胆管插管的应用价值。方法回顾2006年1月至2008年7月109例ERCP胆总管插管困难患者进行经胰管弓式隔膜乳头预切开术（下称经胰管组,56例）和常规针式乳头预切开术（下称常规针刀组,53例）的临床资料,比较两种方法插管成功率及并发症发生率。结果109例患者中的97例在乳头预切开术后可成功插入胆管,经胰管组成功率96．4％（54／56）,常规针刀组成功率81．1％（43／53）,两者差异具统计学意义（P〈0．05）。109例中11例出现并发症,包括急性胰腺炎5例、出血4例、胆道感染2例。其中,经胰管组急性胰腺炎2例,常规针刀组急性胰腺炎3例,出血4例,胆道感染2例。两组比较,经胰管组总的并发症发生率低于常规针刀组（3．6％比17．0％,P〈0．05）,术后胰腺炎、出血、感染发生率也分别低于后者,但均无统计学意义。结论内镜经胰管弓式隔膜乳头预切开术超选胆总管成功率高于针式乳头预切开术,而且并发症较低,是处理选择性胆总管插管较困难患者的安全和有效的办法。     

Early institution of pre-cutting for difficult biliary cannulation: a prospective study comparing conventional vs. a modified technique

BACKGROUND: Pre-cutting techniques have been used to gain biliary access at the expense of an increased complication rate. This may be because of the multiple attempts to achieve cannulation by using standard methods before pre-cutting and causing excess edema and papillary trauma. There are limited data on the early use of pre-cutting techniques. METHODS: We performed a prospective study of the early introduction of needle-knife techniques in patients with difficult biliary cannulation. Standard biliary cannulation was attempted with a sphincterotome and a guidewire. If this failed within 10 minutes or if there were more than 5 pancreatic cannulations, the needle-knife technique was used. Either a standard method of pre-cutting (below-upward) from the papillary orifice or the modified technique of pre-cutting (above-downward), stopping short of the papillary orifice, was adopted, as per the discretion of the endoscopist. If pre-cutting failed, the cannulation was reattempted 24 to 48 hours later. RESULTS: A total of 346 therapeutic biliary ERCP procedures were performed between April and August 2003. Of these, 70 patients (20%) (mean age, 54 years; 38 men) underwent needle-knife pre-cut sphincterotomy (16 with the standard technique). In 58 patients (83%), the procedure was successful with the initial pre-cutting, making the total success at initial ERCP 334/346 (96.5%). Nine patients in whom pre-cut failed, returned for a second-attempt ERCP, with 7 completed successfully. The total success rate of pre-cutting was 65/70 (93%). The overall success rate of biliary cannulation, after two ERCP attempts, was 341/346 (98.5%). Six patients had mild bleeding, and one had mild pancreatitis. There was no difference in these complications between the two types of pre-cut techniques. CONCLUSIONS: The early use of needle knife for difficult biliary cannulation is safe and effective, irrespective of the technique used.     

Selective biliary cannulation techniques for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography procedures and prevention of post- endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis

Numerous endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) techniques have been reported to achieve selective biliary cannulation success. For standard biliary cannulation procedures, the wire-guided cannulation technique has been reported to reduce the rate of post-ERCP pancreatitis (PEP) and increase the biliary cannulation success rate, although conflicting reports exist. The pancreatic or double-guidewire technique and several precut techniques have been reported as useful techniques in difficult biliary cannulation cases. Although ERCP is a useful endoscopic procedure, the risk of adverse events, particularly post-ERCP pancreatitis, is inevitable. Previous studies and analyses have revealed the risk factors for PEP. The efficacy of prophylactic pancreatic duct stent placement and the administration of rectal nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for preventing PEP has also been reported. Herein, we reviewed reports in the literature regarding the current status of selective biliary cannulation techniques and PEP prevention.     

临时性胰管支架在ERCP胆管插管困难病例中的应用价值

目的 探讨通过留置临时性胰管支架选择性胆管插管对提高胆管插管困难者的造影成功率及并发症发生率.方法 内镜下逆行性胰胆管造影(ERCP)以胆管插管为目的时,因为十二指肠乳头偏位、柔软易移动、胆总管下端过度弯曲、乳头狭窄、憩室旁乳头等存在一些胆管插管困难病例,导丝反复进入胰管,且双导丝技术2～3次后导丝仍不能进入胆管者,我们采用在胰管内临时留置胰管支架,再试行胆管插管造影或预切开.结果 43例留置胰管支架者,42例胆管插管造影成功,1例失败,1例轻症胰腺炎发生结论.结论 ERCP选择性胆管插管困难时采用临时胰管支架能提高成功率,可能降低胰腺炎发生率.