超声内镜对胆胰疾病诊断价值的探讨

目的 探讨超声内镜（EUS）对胆胰疾病的诊断价值。方法 采用超声胃镜（频率为7．5MHz和20Mnz），应用水囊法结合水充盈法，对54例临床疑为胆胰病变的患者进行EUS检查，并与腹部B超、CT及ERCP比较。结果 EUS、US、CT、ERCP对胆胰疾病诊断的阳性率分别为92．6％（50/54）、57．4％（31／54）、64．8％（35／54）及76．2％（32／42）。EUS对胰腺癌诊断的阳性率达100％。高于腹部B超、CT及ERCP；EUS对胆总管结石及慢性胰腺炎的准确率分别为100％和88．9％。结论 EUS对胆胰疾病的诊断率高于腹部B超，CT及ERCP影像检查，尤其对胆管扩张病因的定位及定性诊断均有较大的诊断价值。     

90岁及以上高龄患者治疗性经内镜逆行胰胆管术的临床分析

目的探讨治疗性经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术（ERCP）在90岁及以上高龄患者中的应用指征、疗效及安全性。方法回顾性分析2001年1月1日至2014年3月31日、年龄大于或等于90岁行ERCP患者的病史资料,对其临床特征、ERCP操作情况及术后并发症进行分析。结果97例90岁及以上高龄患者共进行113次ERCP操作,包括肝外胆管结石和／或胆道感染74例、胆胰恶性疾病18例及其他胆胰良性疾病5例,插管成功率96．5％（109例次）,操作成功率92．0％（104例次）。ERCP术后并发症发生率11．5％（13例次）,病死率3．1％（3例）,其余并发症程度均较轻,能较快缓解。结论90岁及以上高龄患者行ERCP术有效而安全,但仍需更多研究支持。     

磁共振胰胆管造影、超声内镜与逆行胰胆管造影诊断阻塞性黄疸的价值

目的：比较磁共振胰胆管造影（MRCP）、超声内镜（EUS）与内镜逆行胰胆管造影（ERCP）诊断阻塞性黄疸的价值。方法：39例阻塞性黄疸患者分别行MRCP、EUS和ERCP。MRCP采用重T2加权及超快速自旋回波水成像技术进行,EUS和ERCP按常规进行。结果：MRCP、EUS与ERCP诊断准确率分别为87．2％（34／39例）、94．9％（37／39例）和97．4％（38／39例）;对恶性狭窄的诊断准确率分别为61．5％（8／13例）、84．6％（11／13例）和92．3％（12／13例）;对胆总管结石的诊断准确率均为100．0％（21／21例）。结论：MRCP为无创性检查,在明确阻塞性黄疸病因时可作为首选方法,目前尚不能取代ERCP。EUS作为诊断胆、胰系统疾病的重要方法,与MRCP和ERCP结合,能提高阻塞性黄疸诊断 的准确率。     

经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术应用于儿童胆胰疾病的大样本研究

目的 探讨经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术（ERCP）在儿童胆胰疾病诊治中的疗效与安全性。 方法 回顾性分析2006年7月至2016年6月期间于杭州市第一人民医院消化内科住院接受ERCP诊治的共115例年龄在18岁以下的患儿的临床资料,总结分析其麻醉方式、治疗方法、成功率、术后并发症情况。 结果 115例患儿共接受221例次ERCP操作,其中,诊断为胆总管结石81例次,胆总管囊肿22例次,胆道蛔虫症3例次,慢性胰腺炎66例次,胰腺分裂症45例次,急性胰腺炎43例次。31例次在气管插管全身麻醉下进行,分别完成胆、胰管开口切开,胆、胰管取石,胆、胰管内支架置入,鼻胆管、鼻胰管引流等相关操作。操作成功率为98.6％（218／221）,操作相关并发症的发生率为7.2％（16／221）,包括7例次（3.2％）术后胰腺炎,5例次（2.3％）术后出血,4例次（1.8％）术后胆管炎,并发症均于治疗后缓解。 结论 儿童胆胰疾病中先天性解剖异常较为常见,早期儿童胆胰疾病由经验丰富的内镜医生进行ERCP诊治是有效和安全的。     

经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术在儿童胆胰疾病诊治中的应用价值

目的 探讨经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术（ERCP）用于儿童胆胰疾病诊治的安全性和有效性。方法 收集2007年9月至2016年8月期间南京鼓楼医院行ERCP诊治的年龄≤14岁的胆胰疾病患儿41例,回顾性总结操作完成情况、并发症发生情况及诊治结果。结果 41例患儿共行68例次ERCP,均采用深度镇静方式,其中诊断性ERCP 6例次（8.8％）、治疗性ERCP 62例次（91.2％）。仅1例次胆胰管汇流异常的患儿胆管插管未成功,ERCP操作成功率达98.5％（67／68）。总体并发症发生率为11.8％（8／68）,均见于治疗性ERCP,包括7例次轻症胰腺炎和1例次发热,未出现出血、穿孔、死亡等严重并发症及麻醉相关并发症。32例（78.0％）患儿得到随访,随访时间2个月至6年,患儿生活质量良好,无不良后果。结论 ERCP对于有适应证的胆胰疾病患儿是一种安全、有效的诊疗方法。     

1158例高龄胰胆疾病患者临床特征及内镜诊疗效果分析

目的评价高龄（≥80岁）胰胆疾病患者行经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术（ERCP）诊疗的临床价值。方法回顾性总结2007年1月至2013年6月行ERCP诊疗的1158例高龄胰胆疾病患者的临床资料,对临床特征、内镜诊治情况进行分析。结果1158例高龄胆疾病患者共接受1315例次ERCP诊疗,成功率为98．5％（1295／1315）。术中诊断胆管结石554例（47．8％）,恶性胆道梗阻494例（42．7％）,良性胆管狭窄42例（3．6％）,Mirrizi综合征23例（2．0％）,胰管结石21例（1．8％）,未见异常24例（2．1％）。术后并发胰腺炎67例次（6．5％）,高淀粉酶156例次（13．5％）,死亡5例（0．4％）。结论高龄胰胆疾病患者行ERCP诊疗安全有效。     

10955例经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术患者临床总结分析

目的探讨经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术（ERCP）对胆胰疾病的诊疗价值。方法回顾性分析1995年1月至2013年7月间完成ERCP诊治的患者10955例,其中男6186例,女4769例,平均年龄（65．57±14．44）岁。总结并分析ERCP诊治病种、发病年龄、年度数量、麻醉方式及插管成功率等指标。结果10955例患者中,诊断性ERCP167例,治疗性ERCP10788例。2002年至2012年ERCP手术例数年平均增长率是19．58％。首次ERCP胆管插管成功率是97．23％,总ERCP胆管插管成功率是99．59％。常见的ERCP诊治疾病包括肝外胆管结石（40．85％）、肝门部胆管癌（10．53％）、化脓性胆管炎（10．44％）、胰头癌（10．04％）、慢性胰腺炎（8．24％）、肝外胆管癌（7．68％）、壶腹周围癌（6．96％）、胆源性胰腺炎（3．94％）、良性乳头狭窄（3．88％）、乳头癌（3．50％）。肝外胆管结石、化脓性胆管炎、良性乳头狭窄高发年龄是40～50岁,慢性胰腺炎高发年龄是50—60岁,胆源性胰腺炎、肝门部胆管癌、肝外胆管癌、胰头癌、壶腹周围癌、乳头癌的高发年龄是70—80岁。2011年至2013年中,98．74％患者行全凭静脉麻醉ERCP。结论ERCP已经成为胆胰疾病诊治的重要手段,适合于肝外胆管结石、化脓性胆管炎、恶性胆管梗阻等疾病,尤其是高龄患者的诊治。全凭静脉麻醉ERCP是安全、有效的。     

十二指肠乳头旁憩室对诊疗性内镜逆行胰胆管造影术的影响

背景：临床上将十二指肠乳头旁2～3cm范围内的憩室称为十二指肠乳头旁憩室（JPD），约占十二指肠憩室的90％。JPD与胆胰疾病的发生密切相关，并对诊疗性内镜逆行胰胆管造影术（ERCP）的操作有一定影响。目的：探讨JPD与胆胰疾病的关系及其对诊疗性ERCP的影响。方法：回顾性分析JPD与十二指肠乳头的关系及其对造影成功率、治疗性ERCP及其并发症的影响。结果：本组行诊疗性ERCP患者中发现JPD67例，发现率为23、3％。JPD患者61．2％合并有胆管结石．ERCP造影成功率97．0％，胆管显影率91．0％．71．6％的患者行治疗性ERCP。结论：JPD患者易合并胆管结石，给诊疗性ERCP带来困难和风险，但只要操作者耐心、细心、小心，即使是治疗性ERCP也是安全的。     

瑞芬太尼复合丙泊酚静脉麻醉在老年人ERCP中的应用

目的观察瑞芬太尼复合丙泊酚静脉麻醉在老年人内镜下逆行胰胆造影（ERCP）中的麻醉效果。方法 112例接受ERCP的老年患者,随机分为P组（50例）、R组（62例）。两组均以丙泊酚1.5 mg/kg作为诱导,注药时间不少于2 min,R组诱导时即以瑞芬太尼0.025μg/（kg.min）微泵泵入,诱导后微泵持续泵入丙泊酚维持麻醉,两组均在睫毛反射消失、脑电双频指数（BIS）在50时开始进镜,术中调节丙泊酚速度使BIS维持在60左右,术中患者有肢体抖动时静注丙泊酚20 mg/次。结果两组麻醉效果优良率均为100%,丙泊酚用量R组少于P组（P〈0.01）,苏醒时间R组短于P组（P〈0.01）。结论丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼在老年人ERCP中的麻醉效果好,丙泊酚用量少,患者苏醒时间短。     

超声内镜与经内镜逆行胰胆管造影联合治疗胆胰疾病

经内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)作为消化内镜主要手段,在一些胆胰疾病的微创治疗方面起到重要作用,在胆管狭窄、胰管狭窄的减压治疗、胰瘘的治疗等方面,ERCP的胆管内引流术及外引流术、胰管支架植入术等起关键的作用。近年由于介入超声内镜(EUS)技术的进步,当ERCP插管未成功,或手术后解剖结构改变而传统ERCP无法完成胆管、胰管的减压时,还可以通过EUS引导下穿刺及支架植入术完成胆胰管的减压,为其治疗开辟新的领域,同时也体现EUS与ERCP在胆胰疾病治疗中起到的互补作用。     

Endoscopic and anesthetic feasibility of EUS and ERCP combined in a single session versus two different sessions

AIM:To discuss the feasibility of single session endoscopic ultrasonography(EUS) to discuss and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP) execution.METHODS:Retrospective endoscopic and anesthetic outcome comparison of performing both EUS and ERCP in a single endoscopic session(Group Ⅰ) versus performing each procedure in two different sessions(Group Ⅱ) was made.The following variables were evaluated:epidemiological variables,American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status Classification(ASA) level,procedural time,propofol dose,anesthetic complications,endoscopic complications and diagnostic yield,and therapeutic procedures on both groups.T-student,ChiSquare and Fisher test were used for comparison.RESULTS:We included 39 patients in Group Ⅰ(mean age:69.85 ± 9.25;27 men) and 46 in Group Ⅱ(mean age:67.46 ± 12.57;25 men).Procedural time did not differ significantly between both groups(Group Ⅰvs Group Ⅱ:93 ± 32.78 vs 98.98 ± 38.17;P >0.05) but the dose of propofol differed(Group Ⅰ vs Group Ⅱ:322.28 ± 250.54 mg vs 516.96 ± 289.06 mg;P = 0.001).Three patients had normal findings on both explorations.Three anesthetic complications [O2 desaturation(2),broncoaspiration(1)] and 9 endoscopic complications [pancreatitis(6),bleeding(1),perforation(1),cholangitis(1)] occurred without significant differences between both groups(P > 0.05).We did not find any significant difference regarding age,sex,ASA scale level,diagnostic yield or therapeutic maneuvers between both groups.CONCLUSION:The performance of EUS and ERCP in a single session offers a similar diagnostic and therapeutic yield,does not entail a higher complication risk and requires a significantly smaller dose of propofol for sedation compared with performing each exploration in a different session.     

小剂量氯胺酮复合异丙酚对老年患者内镜逆行胰胆管造影术应激反应的影响

目的探讨小剂量氯胺酮复合异丙酚对于内镜逆行胰胆管造影术（ERCP）老年患者应激反应的影响。方法 38例ASA分级Ⅰ～Ⅲ级需行ERCP的老年患者,随机分成异丙酚组（19例）和小剂量氯胺酮加异丙酚复合组（19例）,观察两组麻醉诱导前后、进镜前后、术毕的平均动脉压、呼吸频率、脉搏血氧饱和度、不良反应、以及清醒时间和手术时间,检测血浆皮质醇、血糖浓度。结果两组患者诱导前后平均动脉压差异显著（P〈0.05）,组间比较见单用组平均动脉压、呼吸频率在诱导后、进镜前后、术毕时点明显低于复合组（P〈0.05）;两组患者平均手术时间、不良反应发生率有明显差异（P〈0.05）,平均清醒时间、脉搏血氧饱和度未见统计差异（P〉0.05）,血浆皮质醇、血糖浓度结果有显著差异（P〈0.05）。结论小剂量氯胺酮复合异丙酚能有效维持ERCP术中的血流动力学稳定、降低围术期应激反应,对行ERCP术的老年患者是较安全的麻醉方式。     

Safety and Utility of Single-Session Endoscopic Ultrasonography and Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography for the Evaluation of Pancreatobiliary Diseases

Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) are essential for diagnosing and treating pancreatobiliary diseases. Single-session EUS and ERCP are considered to be essential in reducing the duration of hospital stays; however, complications are a primary concern. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of single-session EUS and ERCP. Sixty-eight patients underwent single-session EUS and ERCP at a tertiary referral center between June 2008 and December 2012. We retrospectively reviewed patient data from a prospectively maintained EUS-ERCP database and evaluated the procedural characteristics and complications. Thirty-eight patients (56%) underwent diagnostic EUS, and 30 patients (44%) underwent EUS fine-needle aspiration, which had an overall accuracy of 100%. Sixty patients (89%) underwent therapeutic ERCP, whereas the remaining eight procedures were diagnostic. Thirteen patients underwent biliary stone extraction, and 48 underwent biliary drainage. The median total procedural time was 75 minutes. Complications were observed in seven patients (10%). Six complications were post-ERCP pancreatitis, which were resolved using conservative management. One patient developed Mallory-Weiss syndrome, which required endoscopic hemostasis. No sedation-related cardiopulmonary complications were observed. Single-session EUS and ERCP provided accurate diagnosis and effective management with a minimal complication rate.     

治疗性ERCP在老年胆胰疾病患者中的临床价值

临床上高龄胆胰疾病患者日益增多,而传统手术治疗的风险较大。目的:探讨治疗性ERCP在老年胆胰疾病患者治疗中的临床应用价值。方法:对2006年1月～2009年10月兰州军区兰州总医院诊断为胰胆疾病的343例患者行治疗性ERCP,并按年龄将其分为老年组和非老年组,分析原发疾病、ERCP操作、治疗成功率以及并发症发生率。结果:老年组胆管癌的发生率高于非老年组。除胆管塑料支架置入术(ERBD)外,两组内镜十二指肠乳头括约肌切开术(EST)、胆总管取石术、胆道金属支架置入术(EMBE)、胰管支架置入术(ERPD)、鼻胆管引流术(ENBD)操作频率无明显差异。两组ERCP治疗成功率(82.5%对87.0%)和并发症发生率(3.3%对4.6%)无明显差异。所有并发症经内科保守治疗和内镜下治疗后痊愈。结论:治疗性ERCP是一项安全、有效的治疗技术,尤其适用于老年胆胰疾病患者,其并发症多数可经内科保守治疗联合内镜下治疗治愈。     

多种内镜检查方法联合应用对胆管狭窄性疾病的诊断价值

目的评估多种内镜检查方法联合应用对胆管狭窄性疾病的诊疗价值。方法回顾性分析36例胆管狭窄性疾病患者的诊断情况。36例患者均进行了超声内镜检查术（EUS）、经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术（ERCP）、胆管内超声检查术（IDUS）,胆道靶向刷检行细胞学涂片、液基薄层细胞学检查,并结合临床资料及组织学病理检查,综合诊断。结果最终诊断胆管恶性病变21例,其中胆管细胞癌9例、十二指肠乳头癌4例、胰腺癌侵犯胆总管4例、肝癌侵犯胆总管4例;胆管良性病变15例,其中胆总管结石9例、肝吸虫感染所致胆管狭窄4例、单纯胆管炎性狭窄1例、外部压迫所致胆管狭窄1例。EUS、ERCP、IDUS及ERCP＋IDUS对胆管狭窄性疾病鉴别诊断的准确率分别为77．8％、88．9％、91．7％、94．4％,ERCP、IDUS及ERCP＋IDUS均明显高于EUS（P均〈0．05）;ERCP＋IDUS对胆管狭窄性疾病鉴别诊断的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值与阴性预测值分别为95．2％、93．3％、95．2％、93．3％,均高于EUS、ERCP及IDUS单独检查。胆道刷检细胞学、液基薄层细胞学或组织病理学检查,19例诊断为恶性狭窄,17例诊断为良性狭窄,对鉴别胆管狭窄性质诊断的敏感度为90．5％、特异度为100．0％、准确率为94．4％。结论对于胆管狭窄性病变,ERCP＋IDUS可使诊断准确率得到明显提高;联合应用ERCP＋IDUS＋病变胆管的靶向刷检等多种内镜检查方法,诊断准确率更高。     

The clinical impact and cost implication of endoscopic ultrasound on use of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in a Canadian university hospital.

BACKGROUND: Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is a safe alternative to endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) for diagnostic biliary imaging in choledocholithiasis. Evidence linking a decline in diagnostic ERCP with the introduction of EUS in clinical practice is limited. OBJECTIVE: To assess the clinical impact and cost implications of a new EUS program on diagnostic ERCP at a tertiary referral centre. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective review was performed of data collected during the first year of EUS at the University of Alberta Hospital (Edmonton, Alberta). Patients were referred for ERCP because of suspicion of choledocholithiasis based on clinical, biochemical and/or radiological parameters. If they were assessed to have an intermediate probability of choledocholithiasis, EUS was performed first. ERCP was performed if EUS suggested choledocholithiasis, whereas patients were clinically followed for six months if their EUS was normal. Cost data were assessed from a third-party payer perspective, and cost savings were expressed in terms of ERCP procedures avoided. RESULTS: Over 12 months, 90 patients (63 female, mean age 58 years) underwent EUS for suspected biliary tract abnormalities. EUS suggested choledocholithiasis in 20 patients (22%), and this was confirmed by ERCP in 17 of the 20 patients. EUS was normal in 69 patients, and none underwent a subsequent ERCP during a six-month follow-up period. One patient had pancreatic cancer and did not undergo ERCP. The sensitivity and specificity of EUS for choledocholithiasis were 100% and 96%, respectively. A total of 440 ERCP procedures were performed over the same 12-month period, suggesting that EUS resulted in a 14% reduction in ERCP procedures (70 of 510). There were no complications of EUS. The cost of 90 EUS procedures was $42,840, compared with $108,854 for 70 ERCP procedures. The cost savings for the first year were $66,014. CONCLUSION: EUS appears to be accurate, safe and cost effective in diagnostic biliary imaging for suspected choledocholithiasis. The impact of EUS is the avoidance of ERCP in selected cases, thereby preventing the risk of complications. Diagnostic ERCP should not be performed in centres and regions with physicians trained in EUS.     

急性梗阻性化脓性胆管炎患者胆汁及血清中肿瘤坏死因子α、白细胞介素-6水平分析

目的通过研究急性梗阻性化脓性胆管炎（AOSC）患者胆汁及血清中肿瘤坏死因子（TNF）α和白细胞介素（IL）-6的含量,探讨二者在此病中的表达水平及临床意义。方法经内镜逆行胰胆管造影（ERCP）检查确诊AOSC30例,采用双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附测定（ELISA）试剂盒检测胆汁和血清中TNFα、IL-6的含量,同时与40例非AOSC病例对照。并于术后第4d经鼻胆管引流测定30例AOSC患者胆汁中TNFα、IL-6的含量。结果AOSC组术中胆汁中TNFα、IL-6含量分别为（179．25±26．50）、（207．00±42．05）pg／ml,血清中TNFα、IL-6含量为（189．14±28．89）、（420．18±89．04）pg／ml。对照组胆汁中TNFα、IL-6含量为（4．02±2．17）、（7．48±3．89）pg／ml,血清中TNFα、IL-6含量为（8．16±2．29）、（14．92±4．73）pg／ml。AOSC组胆汁和血清TNFα、IL-6含量高于对照组（P〈0．01）,AOSC组患者术后第4d与术中胆汁TNFα、IL-6比较明显下降（P〈0．01）。结论AOSC组患者胆汁和血清中TNFα、IL-6含量高于对照组,TNFα、IL-6可能参与了AOSC的病理生理过程且可作为诊断AOSC的参考指标。     

Comparison of EUS and ERCP in the investigation with suspected biliary obstruction caused by choledocholithiasis: a randomized study

BACKGROUND: EUS may be used to reduce the need of diagnostic ERCP. OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to investigate the benefits and safety of an EUS-guided versus an ERCP-guided approach in the management of suspected biliary obstructive diseases caused by choledocholithiasis, in whom a US study is not diagnostic. DESIGN: A randomized study. SETTING: A university medical unit. PATIENTS: Patients with clinical, biochemical, or radiologic suspicion of biliary obstruction. INTERVENTIONS: In the EUS group, therapeutic ERCP was performed at the same EUS session if a lesion was found. In the ERCP group, therapeutic treatment was carried out at the discretion of the endoscopist. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: The number of ERCPs avoided, procedure-related complications, and recurrent biliary symptoms on follow-up at 1 year. RESULTS: Thirty-three patients were randomized to EUS and 32 to ERCP. Three patients (9.4%) had failed ERCPs, whereas all EUS procedures were successful. Nine (27.3%) patients in the EUS group were found to have biliary lesions that were all treated by ERCP. In the ERCP group, 7 (22%) patients had biliary lesions detected that were treated in the same session. More patients had serious complications (bleeding, acute pancreatitis, and umbilical abscess) in the ERCP group. One patient in each group had recurrent biliary symptoms during follow-up. With EUS used as a triage tool, diagnostic ERCP and its related complications could be spared in 49 (75.4%) patients. CONCLUSIONS: In patients suspected to have biliary obstructive disease, EUS is a safe and accurate test to select patients for therapeutic ERCP.     

内镜超声在非胰岛素瘤胃肠胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤定位诊断中的作用

背景：准确的定位诊断是胃肠胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤（GEP-NETs）患者手术成败的关键。内镜超声（EUS）可在近距离内对胃肠壁、胰腺及其毗邻结构行超声检查。目的：评价EUS在非胰岛素瘤GEP-NETs定位诊断中的作用。方法：对1996年6月～2007年6月北京协和医院诊断的非胰岛素瘤GEP-NETs患者进行回顾性分析，总结其EUS表现．并与其他影像学检查方法的敏感性进行比较。结果：共纳入11例非胰岛素瘤GEP-NETs患者，检出原发病灶16个，EUS的敏感性为75．0％（12／16）。如剔除一例因有胃大部切除史而干扰检查者，EUS的敏感性可达90．9％（10/11）。腹部CT平扫＋增强、腹部B超、生长抑素受体显像和血管造影的敏感性分别为56．2％（9／16）、37．5％（6，16）、66．7％（8／12）和57．1％（4／7）。EUS显示的12个病灶中，低回声者8个（66．7％），回声不均匀者7个（58．3％），边界清晰者11个（91．7％）。EUS显示的最小病灶直径为0．5cm。结论：EUS对非胰岛素瘤GEP-NETs的定位诊断具有较高敏感性．优于腹部CT、腹部B超、生长抑素受体显像等传统定位方法。