老年急性髓系白血病预后影响因素的Cox分析

目的 探讨影响老年急性髓系白血病(AML)患者的预后因素.方法 回顾我院1997年～2008年收治的67例老年AML患者,就可能影响预后的因素进行单因素的Kaplan-Meier生存分析,对有意义的因素进行Cox 比例风险模型评估.结果 全部患者的中位生存期为4.2个月,完全缓解(CR)率为29.9%,获CR的中位生存期为7.5个月.单因素生存分析显示高年龄(＞70岁)、体能状况评分差(ECOG 2～4)、继发性AML、有并发症、初治时的白细胞数高(＞50×109/L)、骨髓原始细胞比率高(＞50%)、非标准化疗方案及白细胞CD34阳性取得相对较短的生存期(P＜0.05).多因素Cox模型分析显示年龄、有无并发症、体能状况(PS)、初治时的白细胞数及化疗方案为影响预后的独立因素(P＜0.05).结论 老年AML患者的预后受多因素影响,CR率低,长期生存率低,预后差.     

个体化小剂量HAG方案治疗老年急性髓细胞白血病的疗效观察

老年急性髓细胞白血病（AML）因对化疗的耐受性差,完全缓解（CR）率低,生存期明显低于非老年急性白血病患者,经强烈化疗后的的中位生存期不超过12个月。我们从2000年1月-2005年12月应用个体化的小剂量HAG方案治疗老年性AML（AML—M3除外）23例,现报告如下。     

经济型HAG/CAG方案治疗老年急性髓细胞白血病及高危骨髓增生异常综合征疗效比较

老年急性髓系白血病(AML)、骨髓增生异常综合征(MDS)伴原始细胞增多型(MDS-RAEB)以及由MDS转化的急性白血病(MDS-AL)患者,大部分为高龄和(或)合并严重并发症,常规剂量化疗难以耐受,相关病死率高,老年患者的完全缓解(CR)率不足年轻患者的一半,预后差。老年AML预后差的主     

老年CD+7急性髓系白血病生物学特征及其临床意义

目的 研究老年CD7抗原阳性急性髓性白血病（CD^＋7AML）的临床生物学特征。方法 对98便初治老年AML进行细胞形态学、免疫表型、多药耐药P糖蛋白（P120）、细胞遗传学核型分析，并采用常规AML方案诱导治疗，判定疗效。结果 老年AML中CD7阳性表达率28.57%（28/98）,28例CD^＋7老年AML（M/F，20/8）的FAB分型结果为：M03例、M13例、M2a6例、M4a2例、M4b1例、M5a1例、M5b9例。CD^＋7老年AML患者外周血白细胞计数（53.80 vs 25.21 P=0.001）、原始细胞比例（69.00% vs 41.02% P=0.001）及P-糖蛋白表达显著增高（67.85 vs 28.57 P=0.001）,肝脏肿大（46.10% vs 23.50% P=0.044）和髓外白血病易发（28.57% vs 2.78% P=0.001）,且对常规化疗反应差，预后不良，完全缓解率亚型，常提示预后不良，建议监测初诊AML患者CD7表达。     

MDR1在急性髓系白血病中的表达及其与预后的关系

目的检测初诊未治急性髓系白血病（AML）患者化疗前后骨髓单个核细胞多药耐药基因1（MDR1）的表达水平,探讨MDR1的表达对AML预后的评价作用。方法采用直接免疫荧光标记单抗流式细胞仪检测40例AML患者化疗前后血清及对照组血清MDR1的表达。结果实验组通透性糖蛋白（P．gP）阳性者的完全缓解（CR）率及CR持续时间均低于P—gp阴性者（P均〈0．01）;与对照组比较,实验组治疗前及治疗后未缓解患者P-gP均升高,治疗后未缓解者高于治疗前（P均〈0．01）;在各型白血病中,M3的P—gP表达最低,与其他亚型比较有统计学差异（P〈0．05）。性别、年龄、骨髓中白血病细胞比例对P-gP水平没有明显影响。结论P-gP可作为AML的独立预后因素。     

老年人急性髓系白血病的治疗

<正>急性髓系白血病(AML)是一组异质性恶性血液病,其主要特点为白血病细胞的生长失控及分化受阻[1]。AML好发于老年人,发病年龄主要为65~70岁。随着年龄的增长,AML的发生可能与不良的细胞遗传学异常,体能状态(PS)下降及伴发其他疾病相关。老年AML患者的预后不佳,可能是由于伴有不良的染色体核型异常,对化疗药物产生抵抗或耐药。虽然40%~60%的老年AML患者在接受强烈化疗的情况下可达完全缓解(CR)[2-3],但总体生存期仍为4~6月[4-6]。在传统治疗观点上,老年AML患者一般采用阿糖胞苷(AraC)及蒽环类的标准诱导方案,或小剂量Ara-C的低强度诱导方案,或     

急性髓细胞白血病表达CD7抗原的临床意义以及与细胞遗传学的相关性

目的：了解急性髓细胞白血病（AML）表达CD7抗原的临床意义以及与细胞遗传学的相关性。方法：对我院诊治的52例AML患者的免疫表型、细胞遗传学以及临床特点进行分析。结果：15例（28．8％）患者的骨髓白血病细胞表达CD7抗原。根据FAB分型,M2（18．5％）和M。型（20％）的CD7^＋率较低。CD7^＋组早期细胞抗原CD34、HLA—DR、CD117的表达率以及老年患者（大于60岁）比例高于CD7^-组,白细胞计数、染色体异常率、肝脾肿大及髓外白血病发生率均低于CD7^-组。CD7^＋组完全缓解（CR）率高于CD7^-组,无病生存期（DFS）短于CD7组,但差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。70％以上的CD7^＋ AML患者分布在中等预后核型组。随着预后好、预后中等、预后差核型组的变化,AML所有病例、CD7^-组、CD7^＋组的CR率均呈逐渐下降趋势。结论：与CD7^- AML相比,CD7^＋ AML更容易获得CR,可能与低的白细胞计数、低的染色体异常率以及低的肝脾肿大与髓外白血病发生率有关;CD7^＋ AML患者年龄较大或同时表达早期细胞抗原,可能影响DFS。AML无论是否表达CD7抗原,染色体核型是判断预后最重要的因素。     

影响老年急性髓性白血病患者预后的因素

近几年,各种化疗药物的使用,使急性髓性白血病(AML)的治疗取得了很大进展,预后得到改善,患者的生存质量得到提高,无病生存逐渐延长。但老年(>60岁)AML患者治疗进展不大,预后仍差。故对影响老年患者预后的因素进行研究很有必要,本文将就这方面的问题进行探讨。 1 年龄     

老年急性髓系白血病的治疗现状

急性髓系白血病（AML）随着年龄的增长发病率逐渐升高。由于老年AML患者化疗完全缓解率低,治疗相关死亡率高,长期生存率低,预后差,尚缺乏统一有效的治疗策略。本文就目前老年AML治疗现状作简单综述,探讨传统化疗、造血干细胞移植及新的靶向药物在老年AML治疗中的应用。     

41例老年初治急性髓细胞白血病治疗研究

目的研究老年初治急性髓细胞白血病（AML）的治疗。方法入组患者为≥60岁的初治AML患者,急性早幼粒细胞白血病除外。入组患者的治疗采用IA或CAG方案。观察疗效和患者的耐受性。结果入组患者41例。男性24例,女性17例,中位年龄65岁（60～73岁）。12例采用IA方案,29例采用CAG方案。15例完全缓解（CR）,CR率为36．59％。其中CAG组CR率为37．93％;IA组CR率为33．33％;两组CR率比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。中位随访时间为8个月,所有患者中位总生存时间（OS）为7个月（0～19个月）。15例CR的患者随访疾病无进展生存时间（PFS）,中位PFS为8个月（4—16个月）。CAG组的血制品输注量和发热时间少于IA组（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）。结论大部分老年初治AML患者应采用积极的化疗,而CAG方案可能是一个较好的选择。     

老年急性早幼粒细胞白血病的临床及预后

目的探讨老年急性早幼粒细胞白血病（APL）与年轻APL患者的临床表现、对治疗反应性及长期生存情况,明确老年患者在现有砷剂联合维甲酸及化疗的治疗模式下的有效性和安全性。方法收集北京大学人民医院血液病研究所的247例APL病例,其中老年组21例、年轻组226例,统计临床资料并分析缓解率、复发率、死亡率、存活时间。结果（1）老年APL在性别、白细胞、血红蛋白、血小板、弥散性血管内凝血（DIC）、中枢神经系统白血病（CNSL）及免疫表型上与年轻患者未见明显差异。（2）老年组完全缓解（CR）率、诱导期死亡率稍优于年轻组（100.0%vs 95.1%,0.0%vs 4.4%）,但差异均无统计学意义（P＝0.301,P＝0.325）;复发率及CR期死亡率稍高于年轻组（19.0%vs 16.3%,4.8% vs 1.9%）,差异亦无统计学意义（P＝0.744,P＝0.095）。（3）4年、6年和7年总存活率及无事件存活率与年轻组比较均无显著差异（P＞0.05）。结论老年APL与年轻APL在临床特点、对治疗的反应性及长期生存上无明显差异,现有治疗模式对老年患者安全、有效。     

How high can we increase complete remission rate in adult acute myeloid leukemia?

Unequivocally, complete remission (CR) is a prerequisite for the cure for acute leukemia. The history of drug therapy for acute leukemia has taught us that only after CR rates exceed 90% can a satisfactorily high cure rate be obtained, as is observed in acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children and acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). In multicenter studies of adult acute myeloid leukemia (AML), CR rates hardly exceed 80% with currently available cytotoxic drugs, except for a small fraction of patients having AML with t(8;21) or inv(16). CR rates and survival of adult patients with AML in 4 studies by the Japan Adult Leukemia Study Group from 1987 to 1997 do not improve at all when appropriately adjusted. The remarkable effects of all-trans-retinoic acid in APL and STI571 in chronic myeloid leukemia have shown us the direction of cancer therapy in the 21st century. We should shift the paradigm from nonspecific cytotoxic chemotherapy to therapy that specifically targets the genes or gene products that are responsible for leukemogenesis.     

MDR 1 expression is an independent prognostic factor for response and survival in de novo acute myeloid leukaemia

The Multidrug Resistance gene (MDR 1) is frequently expressed in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). MDR 1 is associated with resistance to chemotherapy in vitro and with a poor response rate in AML. We have investigated the prognostic value of MDR 1 expression in relation to other patient characteristics with respect to response and survival.
One hundred and thirty patients aged 0–88 years were treated for de novo AML with standard induction and consolidation chemotherapy. MDR 1 expression was determined by immunocytochemistry. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to identify prognostic factors for reaching complete remission (CR) and for overall survival from diagnosis, in order to compare MDR 1 with known prognostic factors. Univariate analysis showed that higher MDR 1 expression was an adverse prognostic factor for CR ( P  < 0.001), as was higher age ( P  < 0.001) and unfavourable karyotype ( P  < 0.01). These factors were also negative prognostic factors for overall survival ( P  < 0.001, P  < 0.05 and P  < 0.005, respectively). In the multivariate analysis MDR 1 ( P  < 0.001), higher age ( P  < 0.001) and karyotype ( P  < 0.01) were independent adverse prognostic factors for CR as well as for overall survival ( P  < 0.001, P  < 0.005, P  < 0.001, respectively). Our data indicate that MDR 1 expression is a disease-related unfavourable prognostic factor which has a significant impact on complete remission and overall survival in AML. Analysis of MDR 1 may be used to determine prognosis in individual patients.     

Clinicobiological features and outcome of acute promyelocytic leukemia occurring as a second tumor: the GIMEMA experience

We analyzed the clinicobiological features and treatment outcome of a series of acute promyelocytic leukemias (APLs) occurring as a second tumor (APL-st's, n = 51) and compared these with a large group of de novo APL cases (n = 641), both observed by the Italian cooperative group GIMEMA. In the APL-st group, 37 patients had received radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy for their primary malignancy (PM), while 14 had been treated by surgery alone. Compared with de novo APL patients, APL-st patients were characterized by a predominance of females (P <.003), higher median age (P <.05), and worse performance status (P <.005). The median time elapsed between PM and APL-st was 36 months, with a longer latency for patients treated with surgery alone. No significant differences were found with regard to karyotypic lesions or type of promyelocytic leukemia/retinoic acid receptor alpha (PML/RARalpha) fusion in the 2 cohorts. A high prevalence of PMs of the reproductive system was observed among the female APL-st population (24 [71%] of 34 patients in this group had suffered from breast, uterine, or ovarian cancer). Thirty-one APL-st and 641 de novo APL patients received homogeneous APL therapy according to the all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and idarubicin regimen (the AIDA regimen). The complete remission (CR), 4-year event-free survival (EFS), and 4-year overall survival (OS) rates were 97% and 93%, 65% and 68%, and 85% and 78% in the APL-st and de novo APL groups, respectively. In spite of important clinical differences (older age and poorer performance status), the APL-st group responded as well as the de novo APL group to upfront ATRA plus chemotherapy, probably reflecting genetic similarity.     

Prognosis of elderly patients with acute myelogenous leukemia: analysis of 126 AML cases

We retrospectively analyzed 126 acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) patients aged > or =60 years who had all been referred to the same hematological department between 1989 and 1999. In 76 de novo AML cases, 53 patients (median age, 72 years) were treated with combination chemotherapy (CT) for remission induction. Complete remission (CR) rate was 57.1%. The median overall survival (OS) was 16 months, and the rate of 3-year OS was 28%. The favorable prognostic factors were performance status < or =2, cholinesterase > or =100 IU, and intermediate or favorable karyotype (P < .01). Seventeen patients (median age, 78 years) with hypocellular bone marrow or poor general condition were treated with low-dose cytosine arabinoside (LDAraC). In these patients, the CR rate was 50% and the median OS was 11 months, with an OS estimate at 3 years of 14%. All patients with hypocellular bone marrow who received LDAraC for 21 days achieved CR. In 50 patients who developed AML following a myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS/AML), 22 patients (median age, 74 years) were treated with CT, and 14 (median age, 74 years) patients were treated with LDAraC. The CR rates were 22.7% and 21.4%, respectively, and the median OS durations were 8 months and 11 months, respectively. There were no significant factors that would indicate a good prognosis in MDS/AML patients.     

Characterization and prognostic features of secondary acute myeloid leukemia in a population‐based setting: A report from the Swedish Acute Leukemia Registry

Patients with secondary acute myeloid leukemia (AML) often escape inclusion in clinical trials and thus, population‐based studies are crucial for its accurate characterization. In this first large population‐based study on secondary AML, we studied AML with an antecedent hematological disease (AHD‐AML) or therapy‐related AML (t‐AML) in the population‐based Swedish Acute Leukemia Registry. The study included 3,363 adult patients of which 2,474 (73.6%) had de novo AML, 630 (18.7%) AHD‐AML, and 259 (7.7%) t‐AML. Secondary AML differed significantly compared to de novo AML with respect to age, gender, and cytogenetic risk. Complete remission (CR) rates were significantly lower but early death rates similar in secondary AML. In a multivariable analysis, AHD‐AML (HR 1.51; 95% CI 1.26–1.79) and t‐AML (1.72; 1.38–2.15) were independent risk factors for poor survival. The negative impact of AHD‐AML and t‐AML on survival was highly age dependent with a considerable impact in younger patients, but without independent prognostic value in the elderly. Although patients with secondary leukemia did poorly with intensive treatment, early death rates and survival were significantly worse with palliative treatment. We conclude that secondary AML in a population‐based setting has a striking impact on survival in younger AML patients, whereas it lacks prognostic value among the elderly patients. Am. J. Hematol. 90:208–214, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Intensive induction chemotherapy with regimen containing intermediate dose cytarabine in the treatment of de novo acute myeloid leukemia

To improve long‐term outcome of de novo acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients by intermediate dose of cytarabine integrated in induction therapy and to explore the impact of cytogenetic abnormalities on the prognosis. Eighty‐seven AML patients were treated with HAD regimen containing intermediate dose cytarabine (IDAra‐C) as induction therapy, 83 from which with karyotype results were divided into three cytogenetic groups according to SWOG criteria. Complete remission (CR) rate, disease‐free survival (DFS), and overall survival (OS) among different groups were evaluated. The CR rate of the 87 cases was 80/87 (92%). Median DFS and OS have not reached (NR). DFS rates at 1 and 3 years were 76.3% and 63.4%, respectively. OS rates at 1 and 3 years were 86.0% and 58.7%, respectively. According to SWOG criteria, CR rate, median DFS, and OS were 100%, NR and NR for the favorable group; 88.9%, NR, and 16 months for the intermediate group; 83.3%, 4.5 months, and 7.5 months for the adverse group. The differences among the three groups were statistically significant excepting for CR rate between adverse and intermediate groups. HAD regimen containing IDAra‐C as induction chemotherapy regimen is effective in de novo AML of adult patients and can achieve higher CR rate and longer survival than standard dose of cytarabine (SDAra‐C) regimen. Most of the patients were able to endure the therapy. Cytogenetics is still an important prognostic factor despite of the incorporation of IDAra‐C in induction chemotherapy. The differences among the three groups were statistically significant. Am. J. Hematol., 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Therapy-related myelodysplastic syndrome-acute myelogenous leukemia in patients treated for acute promyelocytic leukemia: an emerging problem.

The use of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) in combination with chemotherapy has markedly improved the prognosis for patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL); the higher complete remission (CR) and survival rates now reported in this disease almost approach those obtained for other highly curable hematologic malignancies. Of 77 patients with APL who were consecutively treated at a single institution and who achieved CR after induction and consolidation therapy, 5 (6.5%) acquired therapy-related myelodysplasia (tMDS), acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), or both (tMDS-AML). Of these, 3 of 46 (6.5%) patients received front-line chemotherapy with or without ATRA and acquired tMDS-AML while in first remission of APL. Two underwent repeated chemotherapy cycles with ATRA because of APL relapse and acquired tMDS-AML while in the second or third remission of APL. In 2 patients, clinical and biologic characteristics of tMDS-AML were as expected for postalkylating forms (long latency, MDS phase preceding AML, karyotypic aberrations involving chromosomes 5 or 7), even though one of them had not previously received alkylating drugs. Three of the 5 patients died shortly after tMDS-AML diagnosis, one is alive with tMDS, and one is alive and in CR after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. The occurrence of tMDS-AML after successful therapy for APL is an emerging problem. The availability of prognostic score systems at initial diagnosis and monitoring of residual disease by polymerase chain reaction might allow better tailoring of treatment intensity in APL to spare unnecessary toxicity and to minimize the risk for tMDS-AML in patients who are presumably cured.     

Incidence and prognostic value of FLT3 internal tandem duplication and D835 mutations in acute myeloid leukemia

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Cytogenetics is the most important prognostic factor in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). However, a high proportion of patients show normal or intermediate-risk karyotypes. In these patients, other determinants could help to identify those with a higher risk of relapse. Recently, internal tandem duplications (ITD) and D835 mutations in FLT3 tyrosine kinase receptor have been shown to confer a bad prognosis in AML. DESIGN AND METHODS: We analyzed the incidence of these mutations in a total of 208 patients of different AML subsets and their prognostic relevance in non-promyelocytic de novo AML. RESULTS: FLT3 mutations were detected in 24% of de novo AML, 42% of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) and 17% of secondary AML. Four patients showed both ITD and D835 mutations. Ninety-four per cent of the patients with FLT3 alterations were classified into the intermediate-risk group. There was no association between the presence of FLT3 alterations and response to induction while the alterations were associated with a worse disease-free survival and event-free survival in both the overall and intermediate-risk patients. INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS: Our data confirm that any of the mutations in FLT3 confer a bad prognosis in AML. Because of the high prevalence of these mutations within the intermediate-risk group, their detection could be useful to identify patients with a poor prognosis.