运动想象疗法对后遗症期脑卒中患者下肢运动功能的影响

目的观察运动想象疗法对后遗症期脑卒中患者下肢运动功能的影响。方法将后遗症期脑卒中患者30例按随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组, 每组患者15例。2组患者均接受常规药物治疗和常规康复训练, 观察组患者在此基础上增加运动想象训练。常规康复训练和运动想象疗法均每日1次, 每周训练5 d, 连续训练8周。于治疗前和治疗8周后(治疗后)分别采用Fugl-Meyer运动功能评定(FMA)下肢部分、Holden步行能力分级(FAC)、"起立-行走"计时测试(TUGT)和10 m步行速度测试(10MWT)评估2组患者的下肢运动能力、步行能力、转移能力和最大步行速度。结果治疗后, 2组患者的FMA评分、TUGT和10MWT与组内治疗前比较, 差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组治疗后的FMA评分、TUGT和10MWT分别为(27.70±4.50)分、(21.05±11.03)s、(0.77±0.42)m/s, 均显著优于对照组治疗后, 差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论运动想象疗法结合常规康复训练可显著提高后遗症期脑卒中患者的步行效率, 改善其下肢运动功能。     

全身振动训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者平衡功能及运动功能的影响

目的:探讨全身振动训练(WBVT)对脑卒中偏瘫患者平衡功能及运动功能的影响。方法:选取脑卒中偏瘫患者140例作为研究对象,随机分为对照组和干预组组各70例。对照组患者进行常规个性化康复训练,干预组患者在对照组的基础上采用振动训练仪进行全身振动训练。2组患者治疗前及治疗4周后,分别接受平衡功能、运动功能以及步行功能评分。结果:治疗4周后,2组患者Berg平衡量表(BBS)、简化Fugl-Meyer运动功能量表(FMA)评分均高于治疗前(均P<0.05),且干预组高于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗后,2组患者Holden步行功能分级量表(FAC)评分均较治疗前提升(均P<0.05),且干预组高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:WBVT可有效地改善脑卒中患者平衡能力、运动能力及步行能力,值得临床推广使用。     

悬吊运动疗法结合功能性电刺激对脑卒中偏瘫患者下肢功能的影响

目的：探讨悬吊运动疗法结合功能性电刺激对脑卒中后偏瘫患者下肢功能的影响。方法：90例脑卒中恢复期患者随机分为FES组、SET组和结合组各30例。 3组患者均进行常规康复训练,FES组和SET组在此基础上分别进行功能性电刺激训练和悬吊训练,结合组在常规康复训练基础上再配合功能性电刺激训练和悬吊训练。治疗前后采用Berg平衡量表（BBS）、Fugl Meyer下肢运动功能量表（FMA）、威斯康星步态量表(WGS)评分进行评定。结果：治疗8周后,3组患者BBS、FMA评分较治疗前均明显提高（均P＜0.05）,WGS评分较治疗前明显降低（均P＜0.05）;结合组的BBS、FMA评分均明显高于FES组和SET组（均P＜0.05）,WGS评分均明显低于FES组和SET组（均P＜0.05）;FES组和SET组治疗后各项评分比较差异无统计学意义。结论：悬吊运动疗法结合功能性电刺激对脑卒中偏瘫患者下肢运动功能、平衡功能和步行能力改善效果显著,并且较单独使用悬吊运动疗法或功能性电刺激治疗更有利于脑卒中偏瘫患者下肢功能的恢复。     

下肢康复机器人训练在脑卒中偏瘫患者康复中的应用

目的分析下肢康复机器人训练在脑卒中偏瘫患者康复中的应用。方法前瞻性将68例脑卒中偏瘫患者作为研究对象,随机分为对照组给予传统康复训练,观察组在对照组治疗基础上给予下肢康复机器人康复训练,两组各34例,共治疗8周。比较两组患者Holden步行功能分级、Fugl-Meyer平衡量表(FMA-B)、Fugl-Meyer下肢运动量表(FMA-L)及改良Barthel指数评定量表(MBI)以评估患者治疗前后步行能力、平衡功能、运动功能及日常生活活动能力的情况。结果两组治疗后Holden步行功能分级较治疗前均显著改善(P0.05),且观察组改善程度较对照组显著升高(P0.05)。两组治疗后FMA-B和FMA-L量表评分较治疗前均显著升高(P0.05),且观察组评分较对照组显著升高(P0.05)。两组治疗后MBI量表评分较治疗前均显著升高(P0.01),且观察组评分较对照组显著升高(P0.05)。结论脑卒中偏瘫患者采用下肢康复机器人康复训练可明显提高其步行能力、平衡功能、运动功能及日常生活活动能力,有助于改善机体各项功能,因此具有良好的临床应用价值。     

复合空间模式下踝背屈训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者下肢功能的影响

目的:探讨髋-膝关节空间位置组合多模式下的踝关节背屈训练对改善脑卒中患者偏瘫下肢功能的影响。方法:选取病程≤3个月首次脑卒中偏瘫患者40例,按随机数字表法分成对照组(n=20)和观察组(n=20)。对照组进行常规康复训练,观察组采用常规康复训练结合髋-膝关节空间位置组合多模式下的踝背屈训练,疗程为8周。采用下肢简式Fugl-Meyer运动评分(FMA)、Berg平衡量表评分(BBS)、Holden步行能力分级(FAC)和改良Barthel指数(MBI)分别对两组患者治疗前后下肢运动功能、平衡功能、步行能力和ADL能力进行评定。结果:治疗前两组简化FMA评分、BBS评分和MBI评分比较,差异均无显著性学意义(P0.05)。治疗后两组上述指标评分较治疗前明显提高(P0.01),以观察组提高幅度更为显著(P0.05)。治疗前两组Holden步行能力分级评定比较差异无显著性意义(P0.05)。治疗后两组Holden步行能力分级均较治疗前改善(P0.05),以观察组改善幅度更为显著(P0.05)。结论:髋-膝关节空间位置组合多模式下踝关节背屈训练能有效地改善脑卒中偏瘫患者踝背屈功能,促进下肢运动、平衡功能、步行和ADL能力的恢复。     

运动想象疗法结合下肢康复机器人训练对脑卒中亚急性期偏瘫患者下肢运动功能的影响

目的:探讨运动想象疗法结合下肢康复机器人训练对脑卒中亚急性期偏瘫患者下肢运动功能的影响。方法:选取亚急性期脑卒中偏瘫患者50例,随机分为对照组和观察组各25例。两组患者均采用常规康复治疗(45min/次,每周6次)和下肢康复机器人的功能训练(20min/次,每周6次),一共6周。观察组在常规康复治疗的基础上,在训练结束后进行运动想象疗法(15min/次,每周6次)。两组患者均在治疗前、治疗6周后采用下肢FuglMeye(rFMA)运动功能量表、Berg平衡量表(BBS)、功能性步行量表(FAC)进行评估。结果:治疗前对照组和观察组在Fugl-Meyer(FMA)运动功能量表、Berg平衡量表(BBS)、功能性步行量表(FAC)的评分无显著差异(P0.05)。治疗6周后,两组患者FMA,BBS,FAC的评分较治疗前均有明显改善(P0.05),且观察组较对照组提高更明显(P0.05)。结论:运动想象疗法结合下肢康复机器人对亚急性期脑卒中患者下肢的运动功能、平衡功能及步行能力有所提高。     

综合干预对缺血性脑卒中患者运动功能、日常生活能力及焦虑抑郁情绪的影响

目的 探讨综合干预对缺血性脑卒中患者运动功能、日常生活能力及焦虑抑郁情绪的影响.方法 将72例缺血性脑卒中患者随机分为观察组和对照组各36例,两组均常规予以神经内科药物治疗,观察组在此基础上实施综合干预措施,时间为6 w.采用Fugl-Meyer运动功能评价量表(FMA)、Barthel指数(BMI)、Zung焦虑自评量表(SAS)及Zung抑郁自评量表(SDS)对两组患者分别于干预前及干预6 w末进行评定.结果 干预前,FMA、BMI、SAS及SDS评分两组间比较,差异均无显著性意义(P>0.05);但经过为期6 w的综合干预后,观察组FMA及BMI评分均显著高于对照组,而SAS及SDS评分则均显著低于对照组(P＜0.01).结论 综合干预不仅有助于缺血性脑卒中患者运动功能的恢复和日常生活活动能力的提高,而且有助于改善患者的焦虑抑郁情绪.     

运动想象联合优化运动技能训练对脑卒中患者上肢运动功能的影响

目的:探讨运动想象联合优化运动技能训练对脑卒中患者上肢运动功能改善的影响。方法:将45例脑卒中患者按随机数字表分为联合组、运动想象组(MI)和优化运动技能组(OMP),每组各15例。三组患者均接受常规康复训练,30min/次,2次/d,5d/周,共4周。MI组常规康复训练的同时进行4周的运动想象疗法,20min/次,1次/d,5d/周;OMP组常规康复训练的同时进行4周的优化运动技能训练,20min/次,1次/d,5d/周;联合组则在常规康复训练的同时进行4周的运动想象疗法20min/次和优化运动技能训练20min/次,均1次/d,5d/周。于治疗前及治疗4周后对患者进行功能评定,采用简Fugl-Meyer运动功能评分(FMA)和手臂动作调查测试量表(ARAT)评价上肢运动功能;改良Barthel指数量表(MBI)评价日常生活活动能力,比较三组的疗效。结果:①治疗前,三组患者上肢FMA评分、ARAT评分和MBI评分无显著性差异(P0.05);治疗4周后,三组患者的上肢FMA评分、ARAT评分和MBI评分与治疗前比较均明显提高(P0.01)。②治疗4周后联合组上肢FMA评分、ARAT评分和MBI评分均明显优于MI组和OMP组(P0.05);而MI组和OMP组之间评分的差异无显著性意义(P0.05)。结论:在常规康复治疗的基础上,运动想象和优化运动技能训练均能提高脑卒中患者上肢运动功能和日常生活活动能力,两者联合治疗效果更加显著。     

电刺激联合肌电生物反馈对脑卒中偏瘫患者步行能力的影响

目的:探讨使用电刺激联合肌电生物反馈治疗对脑卒中偏瘫患者步行能力的影响。方法:将脑卒中后偏瘫患者53例分为观察组28例和对照组25例,2组患者均予常规康复训练,观察组在此基础上配合肌电生物反馈治疗;分别于治疗前后对患者采用Fugl-Meyer运动功能量表(FMA)评价患侧下肢功能,Berg平衡量表(BBS)评价平衡功能,Holden步行功能分级评价步行能力。结果:治疗4周后,2组患者的FMA、BBS和Holden评分均提高(P<0.01),但观察组更高于对照组(P<0.01或P<0.05)。结论:使用电刺激联合肌电生物反馈配合常规康复训练,能更有效地改善脑卒中偏瘫患者步行能力。     

悬吊运动联合姿势控制训练对亚急性期脑卒中患者运动功能的影响

目的:观察悬吊系列运动联合姿势控制训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者运动功能的影响。方法:将100例脑卒中偏瘫患者随机分成观察组和对照组各50例,2组均接受常规康复训练,包括肌力训练、神经发育疗法、本体神经肌肉促进技术、平衡训练等,观察组在此基础上增加悬吊系列运动以及姿势控制训练。分别于治疗前和治疗后,采用Sheikh评定量表、Holden步行功能分级(FAC)、改良Barthel指数(MBI)、简式Fugl-Meyer运动功能评定量表(FMA)、Berg平衡量表(BBS)进行评估。结果:治疗6周后,2组Sheikh、MBI、BBS、FAC和FMA评分均较治疗前明显提高(均P0.05),且观察组高于对照组(均P0.05)。结论:以悬吊系列运动和姿势控制训练为基础的核心肌群控制训练可促进亚急性期脑卒中偏瘫患者的运动功能的恢复。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.