影像导向立体定向开颅切除颅内病灶(12年临床经验总结)

目的探讨影像导向立体定向开颅切除颅内病灶的手术方法和术式特点。方法回顾性总结1991年5月～2003年5月完成的立体定向开颅术442例，病灶位于额叶225例，颞叶48例，顶叶96，枕叶33例，多发病灶40例。其中154例位于恼重要功能区。结果均成功切除病灶。术后一过性运动、语言、感觉障碍加重23例，癫痫发作3例，遗留永久性功能障碍2例。结论立体定向开颅术是一种定位精确、侵袭性小的手术方式，适用于功能区或皮质下病灶(直径≤5cm)的切除。     

唤醒麻醉结合皮层电刺激下切除皮层语言区病变21例临床分析

目的探讨唤醒麻醉结合皮层电刺激开颅手术切除语言功能区病变的价值。方法回顾性分析21例唤醒麻醉结合皮层下电刺激开颅手术术前准备、术中过程、术后康复等临床资料,所有病变均位于或紧邻语言功能区,病人均实施唤醒麻醉,术中先用双极电刺激器确定语言功能区,在确定的语言功能区外1cm,最大范围切除病变。结果病变全切17例(80.95%),次全切4例(19.05%)。术后短期运动性失语1例(4.76%),术中癫痫1例(4.76%),术后颅内血肿1例(4.76%)。远期复发2例,均为胶质瘤次全切除病人(9.52%),余患者恢复良好。结论唤醒开颅结合皮层电刺激手术可最大范围切除语言功能区病变,保护患者言语功能。     

T型切口在复杂颅脑损伤急诊开颅术中的应用

目的 探讨T型切口在复杂颅脑损伤急诊开颅手术中的应用效果。方法 回顾性分析2016年8月至2018年3月应用T型切口进行开颅手术救治的42例复杂颅脑损伤的临床资料。42例均急诊进行开颅探查+血肿清除术,根据术前头部CT表现均选择T型切口,其中第一次手术双侧T型切口15例,术中按照阶梯减压执行,双侧开颅采用双侧控制技术。结果 双侧硬膜下血肿7例,双侧硬膜外血肿2例,双侧脑挫裂伤伴脑内血肿5例,一侧硬膜外血肿合并对侧脑挫裂伤伴脑内血肿或硬膜下血肿9例,一侧硬膜下血肿合并对侧脑挫裂伤伴脑内血肿或硬膜外血肿19例。术后2例颅后窝开颅切口处因是直接着力点,愈合差,经重新缝合及换药处理均愈合;其他40例伤口愈合良好。术后1周神志好转25例,神志清楚6例,无变化11例;术后1个月神志好转18例,神志清楚14例。术后3个月按GOS评分评估预后:恢复良好11例,中残15例,重残2例,植物状态6例,死亡8例。结论 在复杂颅脑损伤急诊手术中,特别是需要双侧开颅手术时,以及可能出现进展、变化的病例,T型切口具有一定的优势,有助解决复杂颅脑损伤急诊开颅手术中的切口设计难题。     

Pediatric awake craniotomy and intra-operative stimulation mapping

The indications for operating on lesions in or near areas of cortical eloquence balance the benefit of resection with the risk of permanent neurological deficit. In adults, awake craniotomy has become a versatile tool in tumor, epilepsy and functional neurosurgery, permitting intra-operative stimulation mapping particularly for language, sensory and motor cortical pathways. This allows for maximal tumor resection with considerable reduction in the risk of post-operative speech and motor deficits. We report our experience of awake craniotomy and cortical stimulation for epilepsy and supratentorial tumors located in and around eloquent areas in a pediatric population (n = 10, five females). The presenting symptom was mainly seizures and all children had normal neurological examinations. Neuroimaging showed lesions in the left opercular (n = 4) and precentral or peri-sylvian regions (n = 6). Three right-sided and seven left-sided awake craniotomies were performed. Two patients had a history of prior craniotomy. All patients had intra-operative mapping for either speech or motor or both using cortical stimulation. The surgical goal for tumor patients was gross total resection, while for all epilepsy procedures, focal cortical resections were completed without any difficulty. None of the patients had permanent post-operative neurologic deficits. The patient with an epileptic focus over the speech area in the left frontal lobe had a mild word finding difficulty post-operatively but this improved progressively. Follow-up ranged from 6 to 27 months. Pediatric awake craniotomy with intra-operative mapping is a precise, safe and reliable method allowing for resection of lesions in eloquent areas. Further validations on larger number of patients will be needed to verify the utility of this technique in the pediatric population.     

全麻术中唤醒状态下定位切除额叶功能区致痫灶(附8例报道)

目的 初步探讨全麻唤醒状态下精确定位切除额叶功能区致痫灶的方法,为外伤性迟发性癫痫的微侵袭外科手术提供经验.方法 对8例明确由额叶功能区病灶引起的外伤性迟发性癫痫病人进行气管(或喉罩)插管、全麻下神经导航解剖定位开颅,术中麻醉唤醒,在清醒状态下,通过皮质脑电图及皮质电刺激等方法进行额叶运动区和(或)语言区定位,在保护脑功能区的前提下切除致痫灶,然后在全麻下关颅.结果 8例病人均顺利经过气管(或喉罩)插管下全麻-术中唤醒-再全麻手术过程,唤醒后额叶功能区均采用神经电生理技术得到精确定位,额叶致痫灶得到最大程度切除,无明显的术后神经功能障碍发生,外伤性癫痫得以治愈或显著改善.无手术并发症,病人术后无痛苦回忆.结论 全麻唤醒状态下进行皮质脑电图及皮质电刺激定位额叶功能区手术有助于安全准确地切除致痫灶,提高外伤性迟发性癫痫病人术后生活质量.     

术中皮质体感诱发电位与电刺激术定位脑功能区

目的探讨脑功能区手术中利用脑皮质体感诱发电位(SEP)及直接皮质电刺激定位脑功能区的方法及意义。方法对10例脑功能区病变病人在唤醒麻醉下进行手术，利用皮质SEP及皮质直接电刺激定位感觉区、运动区及语占区，住保护脑功能区的前提下，手术切除病变。结果7例病人利用SEP及皮质电刺激确定出运动感觉区，其中4例利用SEP位相倒置确定出中央沟，3例病变位于左侧额颞叶的病人通过皮质直接电刺激确定出语言区?术后功能均较术前明显好转。结论术中SEP及直接皮质电刺激可准确、实时确定脑功能区，最大程度地保护功能，切除病变。     

Neurosurgery with craniotomy and CT stereotactic guidance in the treatment of intracerebral space-occupying lesions

When intracerebral space-occupying lesions are small or located deeply within the brain parenchyma, it is sometimes difficult to localize them at surgery or to design the most direct and least hazardous surgical approach. Therefore, we have developed a method that combines conventional neurosurgical techniques with craniotomy using stereotactic guidance. We have used the Brown-Roberts-Wells (BRW) stereotactic system, which allows for computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) guidance and does not interfere with the absolute sterility mandatory each time a flap is created. Eleven patients were operated on using this method. The deep tumors were approached through a linear incision of the cerebral cortex. Then a needle, fixed in the right position on the arc system of the BRW, was inserted toward the surface of the lesion; the exposure was finally widened by inflation of a rubber balloon set on the stereotactic needle. This technique allows the two lips of the cortical incision to be glued at the end of the operation. Gluing with a fibrin glue avoids the postoperative subdural collections that often develop when the ventricle has been opened. Except for one case, the post-operative course was uncomplicated in these patients. No permanent postoperative neurological worsening was observed even after the removal of an intrathalamic tumor.Presented at the XVII Annual Meeting of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery, Bombay 1989     

术中全麻唤醒下定位切除脑功能区病变(附5例报告)

目的 初步探讨全麻唤醒状态下定位切除脑功能区病变的方法，为深入研究脑功能区微创手术提供经验。方法 对5例脑功能区脑内占位病变病人进行喉罩插管、全麻下神经导航解剖定位开颅，术中麻醉唤醒，在清醒状态下，通过皮质诱发电位及皮质电刺激等方法进行脑功能区定位，在保护脑功能区的前题下切除脑内病变后再在全麻下关颅。结果 5例病人均顺利经过喉罩插管下全麻一术中唤醒一再全麻，其中3例安全经历术中拔管和再插管。唤醒后脑功能区经采用神经电生理技术得到定位，脑内病变得到最大程度切除，无术后神经功能障碍发生，术前神经功能障碍均明显恢复，其中3例功能完全恢复正常。无手术并发症，病人术后无痛苦回忆。1例术前频繁发作癫痫唤醒后出现癫痫发作。结论 全麻唤醒状态下进行皮质电刺激及皮质诱发电位定位脑功能区手术有助于最大程度地切除脑功能区病灶，提高病人术后生存质量。     

脑功能区胶质瘤的手术策略

目的探讨唤醒麻醉状态下切除脑功能区胶质瘤的手术方法及意义。方法13例脑功能区胶质瘤经神经导航病灶定位术中唤醒麻醉,皮层诱发电位及皮层电刺激定位脑功能区,在清醒状态下切除脑功能区病变。结果全部病例均在术中获得安全可靠的麻醉唤醒,清醒状态下脑功能区的定位和最大限度地肿瘤切除,其中6例获得皮层体感诱发电位检测确定中央沟;9例经皮质刺激术明确运动区;4例通过皮质刺激术基本确定语言运动中枢。肿瘤全切11例,次全切除2例。术后出现暂时性神经功能障碍或功能障碍加重有11例,神经功能完全恢复正常10例。1例术中出现癫痫发作,1例在唤醒过程中出现一过性脑肿胀;全部患者术后无痛苦回忆。结论对脑功能区胶质瘤运用唤醒麻醉,神经导航病灶定位,皮层电刺激和皮层诱发电位定位脑功能区技术能较为可靠地明确脑功能区与肿瘤切除范围的关系,在清醒状态下切除肿瘤实时监测脑功能状态,能够最大限度地切除脑功能区病变和最大程度地保护脑功能。     

影像学引导的立体定向脑活检手术

目的探讨现代神经成像技术(CT、MRI)引导的立体定向脑病变活检术对组织病理学诊断的可靠性和正确性,总结手术操作方法和技术要点。方法采用CT、MRI与立体定向技术相结合,进行脑部病变的活检手术共605例,其中450例用CT或MRI片目测靶点坐标定位,155例采用计算机辅助的立体定向手术(CAPN)工作站,自动计算靶点和规划活检入路。结果522例确诊为各种脑肿瘤,39例为炎性病理,23例为寄生虫或先天性囊肿,16例未能提供可供确诊的病理,阳性诊断率为97.36%。并发症15例,其中2例死亡。结论先进影像技术引导下的立体定向脑病变活检术是神经内、外科脑部病变获得定性诊断安全、可靠的手术方法。术中应注意改进操作方法,以提高病理诊断的阳性率,并达到微侵袭性手术的要求。     

立体定向显微手术摘除脑内海绵状血管瘤

目的脑内海绵状血管瘤病灶多较小,位置较深,传统手术或难以准确定位或可造成较大的脑损伤。本将探讨定向开颅术在脑内海绵状血管瘤的应用。方法以立体定向显微脑手术除了９例位于脑深部的小型（直径０．８－１．４ｃｍ）海绵状血管瘤。手术技术主要包括计算机体层摄影（ＣＴ）立体定位,小骨窗开颅和标准显微外科病灶切除。结果９例病人的海绵状血管瘤得以全切,而未造成术后严重神经功能障碍。全部病人在６－１７个月的术后随     

镇静清醒麻醉下手术切除语言功能区脑胶质瘤

目的探讨清醒麻醉下手术切除语言功能区胶质瘤并保全其语言功能的可行性及其治疗效果。方法选择位于语言功能区的脑胶质瘤患者10例,实施头皮神经干阻滞麻醉后全程清醒开颅手术,切除肿瘤中维持患者进行出声连续计数的语言功能监测,使尽可能全切肉眼可见肿瘤而保存功能脑区。结果清醒开颅手术全过程中麻醉满意,手术中患者能很好地完成语言监测配合,其中8例患者实现肿瘤的肉眼全切;术后未出现手术相关性语言障碍并发症;随访6～20个月,无肿瘤复发病例。结论局部阻滞麻醉下全程清醒手术能很好保障脑功能区病灶的开颅切除,术中出声连续计数的语言功能监测对安全切除语言功能区肿瘤有重要定位指导意义。     

Frameless stereotactic brain biopsy procedures using the Stealth Station: indications, accuracy and results

This study presents the results of 57 stereotactic brain biopsies using a frameless neuronavigation system, the Stealth Station. The supratentorial lesions had a mean diameter of 33 mm and a mean distance of 32 mm from the entry point at brain surface. In all cases the stereotactic procedure was planned in the preoperative 3-D magnetic resonance data set. In seven cases additional data for identification of eloquent brain areas was integrated from magnetoencephalography or functional magnetic resonance imaging. During surgery the samples were sent to neuropathological examination and the operation completed after the confirmation of pathological tissue. Using this method, in 56 cases a pathological tissue was obtained and a diagnostic yield of 98% was achieved. In two cases (3.5%) a new neurological deficit remained (hemiparesis and visual field deficit). The mean operation time was 92 minutes including examination of frozen sections. The results of our series demonstrate, that frameless stereotactic systems can also be reliably applied for biopsy of supratentorial lesions larger than 15 mm. Frameless stereotaxy in combination with intraoperative pathological confirmation is a safe and reliable method for stereotactic brain biopsy with a diagnostic yield comparable to frame-based stereotaxy.     

MRI立体定向活检术在颅内病变诊断中的应用

目的 探讨MRI引导下立体定向活检术在颅内病变诊断中的作用价值。方法 自2009年1月至2015年3月应用立体定向系统与手术计划软件对25例颅内病变诊断不明确的患者行MRI定位下立体定向活检术。结果 除1例活检阴性外,病理诊断与最后诊断（结合临床和其他检查结果）一致20例,不一致4例;最后诊断与术前MRI诊断相符合8例,不符合9例,影像未诊断6例;切除术后病理与影像相符合1例,无明确关系1例。术后6例病变内少量出血,保守治疗;1例左额叶出血30 ml,行开颅血肿清除+去骨瓣减压术。结论 MRI立体定向活检术对颅内多发、深部病变的诊断具有重要价值,其安全性较高,但仍需进一步避免脑出血的风险。     

Intraoperative wake-up procedure with propofol and laryngeal mask for optimal excision of brain tumour in eloquent areas.

This is the first thesis describing a new technique for awake craniotomy using a laryngeal mask. Awake craniotomy with propofol infusion has become increasingly popular for the optimal excision of brain tumours located in eloquent areas. During awake craniotomy, tracheal intubation is not performed and propofol infusion is limited to within doses which render the patient just sedated. This asleep-awake procedure is occasionally associated with difficulty in controlling brain volume, especially in patients with a significant mass effect of their brain tumours, since sufficient sedation with propofol tends to cause hypercapnea. We report an intraoperative wake-up procedure employing a laryngeal mask, which enables general anaesthesia to be performed at a sufficient dose of propofol and with control of the brain volume under mechanically assisted ventilation. Before the beginning of cortical mapping, propofol infusion is completely terminated, so allowing the patient to wake up within 5-15 min. Following completion of the tumour excision, general anaesthesia is re-induced at a sufficient dose of propofol. The laryngeal mask can be temporarily removed and repositioned with ease, if necessary. In our experience, this technique is applicable for the optimal excision of brain tumours, especially in patients who are very obese or those who have very large lesions.     

The role of the superciliary approach in the surgical management of intracranial neoplasms

OBJECTIVE: The authors present and evaluate the experiences with 76 frontolateral keyhole craniotomies performed for supratentorial intracranial tumors via superciliary skin incisions.METHOD: The exploration is a modification of the generally used pterional approach. Out of a series of 302 cases operated on with frontolateral keyhole craniotomies via superciliary skin incisions, 76 had various tumors at the frontal base, intra-, supra-, parasellar and intraorbital regions. The operations were carried out through a approximately 2.5 x 3 cm frontolateral miniaturized craniotomy following a skin incision at the upper edge of the eyebrow.CONCLUSION: Despite the small size of craniotomy the superciliary approach is a suitable technique for resection of skull base tumors in the anterior fossa, orbit, sellar, parasellar and suprasellar regions. The exploration allows enough room for intracranial surgical manipulation with maximal protection of normal brain, vessel and nerve structures. The presented patients did not have any craniotomy-related complication.     

Complications in 622 cases of frame-based stereotactic biopsy, a decreasing procedure

BACKGROUND: Frame-based stereotactic brain biopsy has played an important role in the management of patients with suspected neoplastic intracranial lesions over the last three decades. We reviewed the surgical experience of one surgeon to determine the nature and frequency of complications associated with this procedure. METHODS: Records were reviewed for 858 patients undergoing frame-based stereotactic procedures from January 1986 to May 2006. Data on each case were prospectively collected by the senior author. Procedures for Ommaya reservoir placement, brachytherapy, stereotactic craniotomy flap localization, shunt placement, or treatment of previously-diagnosed intracranial cystic lesions were excluded, leaving 614 patients in whom a total of 622 procedures were performed for purely diagnostic purposes. Complication rates and their association with clinical variables were sought. RESULTS: Morbidity and mortality rates were 6.9% (43/622) and 1.3% (8/622), respectively. The risk of symptomatic hemorrhage (intracerebral hemorrhage [ICH], subarachnoid hemorrhage [SAH], intraventricular hemorrhage [IVH]) was 4.8%. The risks of transient or permanent neurological deficits were 2.9% (18/622) and 1.5% (9/622), respectively. Biopsy of deep-seated lesions was associated with increased overall complication rate, while biopsy of Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) was associated with perioperative mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, complication rates were comparable with those in previous reports. The subgroup of patients with deep-seated lesions or a histologic diagnosis of GBM may possess an elevated risk of overall complications or mortality, respectively, compared to other patients undergoing frame-based stereotactic brain biopsy.     

Awake craniotomy and electrophysiological mapping for eloquent area tumours

Objective

An awake craniotomy facilitates radical excision of eloquent area gliomas and ensures neural integrity during the excision. The study describes our experience with 67 consecutive awake craniotomies for the excision of such tumours.

Methods

Sixty-seven patients with gliomas in or adjacent to eloquent areas were included in this study. The patient was awake during the procedure and intraoperative cortical and white matter stimulation was performed to safely maximize the extent of surgical resection.

Results

Of the 883 patients who underwent craniotomies for supratentorial intraaxial tumours during the study period, 84 were chosen for an awake craniotomy. Sixty-seven with a histological diagnosis of glioma were included in this study. There were 55 men and 12 women with a median age of 34.6 years. Forty-two (62.6%) patients had positive localization on cortical stimulation. In 6 (8.9%) patients white matter stimulation was positive, five of whom had responses at the end of a radical excision. In 3 patients who developed a neurological deficit during tumour removal, white matter stimulation was negative and cessation of the surgery did not result in neurological improvement. Sixteen patients (24.6%) had intraoperative neurological deficits at the time of wound closure, 9 (13.4%) of whom had persistent mild neurological deficits at discharge, while the remaining 7 improved to normal. At a mean follow-up of 40.8 months, only 4 (5.9%) of these 9 patients had persistent neurological deficits.

Conclusion

Awake craniotomy for excision of eloquent area gliomas enable accurate mapping of motor and language areas as well as continuous neurological monitoring during tumour removal. Furthermore, positive responses on white matter stimulation indicate close proximity of eloquent cortex and projection fibres. This should alert the surgeon to the possibility of postoperative deficits to change the surgical strategy. Thus the surgeon can resect tumour safely, with the knowledge that he has not damaged neurological function up to that point in time thus maximizing the tumour resection and minimizing neurological deficits.     

Application of magnetic resonance tractography in the perioperative planning of patients with eloquent region intra-axial brain lesions

We aimed to assess the role of preoperative diffusion tensor tractography (DTT) in the surgical planning and prognostication of the postoperative outcome of patients with lesions in the eloquent areas of the brain. From 2006 to 2009, 50 patients were preoperatively evaluated with DTT and image-guidance studies. Three-dimensional (3D) color trajectory maps of white-matter tracts adjacent to the lesions were reconstructed. The usefulness of tractography in perioperative planning was graded on a scale of 1 to 4. The postoperative outcomes were studied in relation to the pattern of tract involvement. The lesions included brain tumors in 40 patients, vascular malformations in five patients and other lesions in five patients. An awake craniotomy was performed in 19 patients. The tracts were only displaced in 72% of patients, completely infiltrated in 14% and had a combined pattern in 14%. DTT significantly altered the planning (score ?3) in 62% of patients. Patients with pure displacement had the best outcome, while those with infiltration had a poorer outcome. We conclude that tractography improves surgical safety and aids prognostication in surgery of patients with eloquent cortex lesions.     

Accuracy and diagnostic yield of stereotactic biopsy in the diagnosis of brain masses: Comparison of results of biopsy and resected surgical specimens

The aim of this retrospective study was to investigate the diagnostic yield and accuracy of stereotactic biopsy in patients harboring brain mass. Stereotactic biopsy was performed in 130 patients between 1995 and 2000 in an educational and research hospital in Turkey. The results of histological analysis were compared to the resected specimens in 23 patients. The lesions were lobar in 62% of cases and deep‐seated in 38% of cases. During the biopsy procedures, the pathologist was in the operating theatre and a very small fragment was used for cytological examination. No frozen section was used in any of the cases. Samples were diagnostic in 122 cases. The overall diagnostic yield of the procedure was 94%. A definitive histological diagnosis was not made in eight patients. The histological diagnoses of the two procedures were identical (complete agreement) in 16 cases. In three cases, the histological diagnoses between the two procedures were slightly different without impact on patient care (minor disagreement). The diagnosis of the stereotactic biopsy was completely changed after craniotomy in four cases (major disagreement). The accuracy of the histological diagnosis was 83%. There was only one major complication, which involved intracerebral hemorrhage. Despite the limited number of patients who underwent resection, our data suggest that stereotactic biopsy of brain masses is a safe and accurate technique that can obtain adequate tissue for histological diagnosis, thus providing the best avaible treatment for patients. Cytological evaluation of the streotactic biopsy also is a highly effective tool for obtaining sufficient material during the procedure in many cases.