立体定向开颅切除脑内病灶

报告56例立体定向开颅切除脑内病灶。这种最小侵袭性术式具有定位准确、并发症少的优点。详细介绍了手术方式,提出立体导向开颅术的适应证。     

脑深部及功能区囊性胶质瘤的立体定向组织间液放疗

目的探讨脑深部及功能区囊性脑胶质瘤的组织间液放疗效果.方法对33例星形胶质细胞瘤Ⅱ～Ⅳ级的病人行立体定向手术,在瘤内植入改良的Ommaya囊.7 d后经头皮穿刺注射131I 30 mCi进行组织间液内放疗,每10 d重复注射1次,4次为1个疗程,1个月后开始第2疗程,共2～3个疗程.结果术后3个月复查CT、MRI,示完全缓解9例,部分缓解15例,稳定6例,恶化3例;有效率72.7%.随访6～24个月,6个月存活率96.9%,1年存活率84.8%,2年存活率66.6%.结论CT引导立体定向瘤内置入改良Ommaya囊行胶质瘤组织间液近距离放疗,是符合抑制肿瘤生物学特性、操作简便、疗效确切的治疗方法.     

Awake craniotomy and electrophysiological mapping for eloquent area tumours

Objective

An awake craniotomy facilitates radical excision of eloquent area gliomas and ensures neural integrity during the excision. The study describes our experience with 67 consecutive awake craniotomies for the excision of such tumours.

Methods

Sixty-seven patients with gliomas in or adjacent to eloquent areas were included in this study. The patient was awake during the procedure and intraoperative cortical and white matter stimulation was performed to safely maximize the extent of surgical resection.

Results

Of the 883 patients who underwent craniotomies for supratentorial intraaxial tumours during the study period, 84 were chosen for an awake craniotomy. Sixty-seven with a histological diagnosis of glioma were included in this study. There were 55 men and 12 women with a median age of 34.6 years. Forty-two (62.6%) patients had positive localization on cortical stimulation. In 6 (8.9%) patients white matter stimulation was positive, five of whom had responses at the end of a radical excision. In 3 patients who developed a neurological deficit during tumour removal, white matter stimulation was negative and cessation of the surgery did not result in neurological improvement. Sixteen patients (24.6%) had intraoperative neurological deficits at the time of wound closure, 9 (13.4%) of whom had persistent mild neurological deficits at discharge, while the remaining 7 improved to normal. At a mean follow-up of 40.8 months, only 4 (5.9%) of these 9 patients had persistent neurological deficits.

Conclusion

Awake craniotomy for excision of eloquent area gliomas enable accurate mapping of motor and language areas as well as continuous neurological monitoring during tumour removal. Furthermore, positive responses on white matter stimulation indicate close proximity of eloquent cortex and projection fibres. This should alert the surgeon to the possibility of postoperative deficits to change the surgical strategy. Thus the surgeon can resect tumour safely, with the knowledge that he has not damaged neurological function up to that point in time thus maximizing the tumour resection and minimizing neurological deficits.     

立体定向放射外科治疗功能区顽固性癫(癎)的研究

目的 评价立体定向放射外科在功能区顽固性癫癎的治疗作用.方法 回顾性分析功能区顽固性癫(癎)85例.根据癫(癎)发作特点、脑电图及影像学检查综合评估和定位.采用Brainscan X-刀治疗系统实施治疗,中心剂量12-16Gy.周边剂量9-13Gy.随访3-118个月,平均70个月.结果 脑电图改变在术后12个月达到高峰,28.6%恢复正常,46.8%明显好转;发作频率在术后6个月明显降低,24个月降低达治疗谷峰;疗效在术后24个月达到高峰,有效率89.1%.术后影像学检查显示放射性脑水肿59例,其中出现症状需处理6例,经治疗后均恢复;短期内一过性癫(癎)发作频率升高8例,无致残和死亡病例.结论 立体定向放射外科治疗功能区顽固性癫(癎)效果良好,可作为无法手术病人的替代治疗方法.     

神经导航在大脑功能区皮层下小病灶手术中的应用

颅内占位性病变病灶大小不同,对于神经组织损害程度就不同,直径小于3cm的病灶通常被认为是小病灶.位于大脑功能区皮层下方的小病灶可造成皮层神经元损害,严重破坏皮层功能,以致发生显著致残性的临床症状.在施行功能区皮层下病灶切除手术中,传统的方法难以确定病灶的准确位置,仅凭借临床经验很难避免手术操作中伤及周围重要结构,有可能造成医源性损伤.近年来,神经外科导航技术获得了迅速发展,逐步改变了传统的颅脑手术模式,更加强调对病灶手术的精确定位和微创技术,避免了损伤大脑皮层重要功能区,手术并发症显著减少,术后恢复快.     

脑功能区胶质瘤的现代手术策略

目的 探讨切除脑功能区胶质瘤手术新技术与方法.方法 112例胶质瘤患者在术中全麻唤醒状态下,通过术中B超或神经导航定位病灶,直接电刺激定位脑功能区结构,并在清醒状态下切除病变.术后随访时间3～84个月.结果 107例唤醒良好,术中有99例定位出运动区,61例定位出语言相关的功能区皮质,18例定位出感觉区.病变全切6...     

镇静清醒麻醉下手术切除语言功能区脑胶质瘤

目的探讨清醒麻醉下手术切除语言功能区胶质瘤并保全其语言功能的可行性及其治疗效果。方法选择位于语言功能区的脑胶质瘤患者10例,实施头皮神经干阻滞麻醉后全程清醒开颅手术,切除肿瘤中维持患者进行出声连续计数的语言功能监测,使尽可能全切肉眼可见肿瘤而保存功能脑区。结果清醒开颅手术全过程中麻醉满意,手术中患者能很好地完成语言监测配合,其中8例患者实现肿瘤的肉眼全切;术后未出现手术相关性语言障碍并发症;随访6～20个月,无肿瘤复发病例。结论局部阻滞麻醉下全程清醒手术能很好保障脑功能区病灶的开颅切除,术中出声连续计数的语言功能监测对安全切除语言功能区肿瘤有重要定位指导意义。     

Awake craniotomy versus surgery under general anesthesia for resection of intrinsic lesions of eloquent cortex--a prospective randomised study

OBJECTIVES: Complete removal of a brain tumor without inflicting neurological deficits is a desirable end result in neurosurgical practice. Currently no prospective randomized surgical series in the literature exists comparing tumor resection under general versus local anesthesia awake surgery may achieve more aggressive tumor resection and minimize postoperative neurological morbidity. PATIENT AND METHODS: We thence conducted a prospective randomized comparative study of results of surgery under awake versus surgery under general anesthesia for intrinsic eloquent area lesions. Fifty-three patients with intrinsic brain tumors in eloquent areas were prospectively randomized (26 patients in awake group and 27 for surgery under general anesthesia). At 3 months follow up, 23% patients in awake group had permanent deficits compared to 14.8% in GA group. RESULTS: More than 90% tumor excision was observed in 57% patients in awake group versus 73.7% in GA group. CONCLUSIONS: The mean operative time, blood loss was found to be was found to be less in GA group patients than in awake group. Better tumor cytoreduction, neurological improvement was seen in GA group (motor improvement in 35.7%, speech improvement in 62.5%) than in awake group patients (motor improvement in 18.7%, speech improvement in 14.3%).     

大脑功能区病变病人术前认知特点及其影响因素

目的探讨大脑功能区病变病人术前的认知特点及其影响因素,为研究手术中认知功能保护奠定基础。方法收集48例接受唤醒手术的大脑功能区病变病人作为实验组,28名健康成年人作为对照组。实验组术前和对照组分别接受《中国修订韦氏成人智力测验》,统计分析人口学因素、病变因素对功能区病变病人术前智力的影响。结果实验组术前言语智力(VIQ)、操作智力(PIQ)、总体智力(FIQ)皆显著低于对照组(均P0.01)。50岁以上的病人术前PIQ显著低于其他年轻者(均P0.05),文化程度低者VIQ、PIQ、FIQ显著低于文化程度高者(均P0.01)。病变侧位于优势半球者术前VIQ显著低于非优势半球侧(P0.05),病变位于额下区的病人术前VIQ、PIQ、FIQ均显著低于枕区病变病人(均P0.05)。结论脑功能区病变的病人术前多已存在认知功能损害,病人文化程度和年龄对智力测评影响较大,优势半球病变和额下区病变的病人术前认知功能受损更加明显,应在手术时加以重视。     

术中实时超声引导下穿刺针定位切除功能区深部病变

目的探讨术中实时超声引导下穿刺针定位切除功能区深部病变的临床应用价值.方法对12例经头颅CT、MRI证实功能区深部病变而需要手术治疗的病例进行术中实时超声引导。避开功能区皮质,确定皮层穿刺点,再在超声引导下建立进入病灶巾心的虚拟穿刺窦道,在定位器限制下将穿刺针沿虚拟窦道送入病灶中心.利用显微镜在穿刺窦道引导下切除病灶,并对其效果进行分析评价。结果12例术中实时超声引导下穿刺针定位病例均一次性穿刺到达病灶中心。所有病例均顺利完成手术。远期效果术后生活质量评估：Ⅰ级10例,Ⅱ级2例。结论术中实时超声引导下穿刺针定位进行功能区深部病变切除,能减少白质纤维的损伤,提高深部手术准确性,同时保留功能区皮质,明显降低手术并发症。     

右美托咪定在成人脑功能区癫疒间手术开颅清醒期的镇静效果观察

目的：观察唤醒麻醉下行脑功能区癫疒间病灶切除术的成年难治性癫疒间病人,在术中清醒期连续泵注右美托咪定（dexmedetomidine,Dex）的镇静效果。方法拟在唤醒麻醉下行癫疒间病灶切除的成年病人48例,随机平均分为 LP、LD、MD、HD 组,术中清醒期分别泵注1.5μg/ml 丙泊酚、0.2μg/（kg·h）、0.4μg/（kg·h）和0.6μg/（kg·h）的 Dex 进行镇静。记录清醒时、开始镇静时（T0）、镇静后10 min （T1）、20 min （T2）、30 min （T3）、40 min （T4）、50 min （T5）、60 min （T6）各时间点的改良清醒镇静评分（OAA/S）、视觉模拟评分（VAS）、镇静深度指数（NI）、心率及不良事件。结果48例病人成功实施术中唤醒。镇静后Dex 各组心率明显低于 LP 组（P ＜0.05）。4组 NI 值均明显下降,镇静后各组均明显低于 T0（P ＜0.05）,T3后 HD 组显著低于其他各组（P ＜0.01）。OAA/S 在 LD、MD、LP 组随时间改变不明显,但 LP 组明显更低（P ＜0.05）。HD 组 OAA/S 始终低于 LD、MD 组,除 T1外各时间点均高于 LP 组（P ＜0.05）。LP、LD 组清醒期寒战发生率明显高于 MD、HD 组（P ＜0.05）。结论成年癫疒间病人在开颅手术清醒期使用 Dex 作为镇静药物,可提供满意的镇静效果,0.4~0.6μg/（kg·h）的剂量可明显降低寒战发生。     

Reoperations of patients with low-grade gliomas in eloquent or near eloquent brain areas

Background and purposeReoperations of patients with recurrent low-grade gliomas (LGG) are not always recommended due to a higher risk of neurological deficits when compared to initial surgery. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate surgical outcomes of patients operated on for recurrent LGG.Material and methodsSixteen patients who had surgery for recurrent LGG out of 68 LGG patients who underwent surgery at the Department of Neurosurgery in Sosnowiec, Poland between 2005 and 2011 were enrolled in the study.ResultsA large tumour volume prior to the initial surgery was the most significant parameter influencing LGG progression (96.6 cm³ vs. 47.9 cm³, p = 0.01). Increased incidence of epileptic seizures and decreased mental ability according to Karnofsky score were the most common symptoms associated with tumour recurrence. In the group of patients with malignant transformation, the relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV) was considerably increased (1.21 vs. 2.41, p < 0.01). No statistically significant difference was found in terms of the extent of resection between initial surgery and reoperation. Similarly, no significant difference was found in the number of patients with a permanent neurological deficit after initial surgery and reoperation.ConclusionsReoperations of the patients with recurrent LGG are not burdened with a higher risk of neurological sequelae when compared to initial surgery. The extent of resection during the surgery for LGG recurrence is comparable to initial surgery. The increase of rCBV seems to be a significant biomarker that indicates malignant transformation.     

颅内电极在功能区癫痫治疗中的应用

目的 探讨颅内电极在功能区癫痫治疗中致痫灶定位及功能区定位中的作用.方法 回顾性分析经我科治疗的涉及功能区的癫痫患者34例,经颅内电极植入明确致痫灶后,均行皮层电刺激定位功能区,根据致痫灶与功能区关系图决定治疗方案.结果 致痫灶与中央前后回相邻者10例,术中行单纯致痫灶切除术;与中央前后回部分重叠者14例,术中行非功能区致痫灶切除,功能区致痫灶皮层电凝热灼术;完全位于中央前后回皮层区域内者5例,术中行单纯皮层电凝热灼术.术后癫痫发作较术前明显减少,无明显术后功能缺失.结论 颅内电极植入是定位功能区癫痫致痫灶及功能区的有效方法.     

功能区胶质瘤的术中直接电刺激判断核心手术技术

目的分析术中直接电刺激判断大脑功能区的手术技术。方法回顾性分析25例大脑半球胶质瘤手术切除技术,及fMRI与DTI在辅助判断肿瘤与功能区的作用。通过术中直接电刺激判断大脑功能区,最大程度切除肿瘤,提高病人术后Karnofsky生活状态(KPS)评分。结果19例术前KPS 80~90分的病人(术前平均85.8分)术后恢复至平均95.3分,6例KPS 40~70分病人术后恢复至平均73.3分;MRI示肿瘤全切23例,肿瘤大部切除2例。结论术中直接电刺激有助于判断大脑功能区位置,从而以最小的损伤,最大程度切除胶质瘤。     

脑功能区病变继发癫癎的外科治疗

目的 探讨脑功能区病变继发癫痫的外科治疗方法。方法 对30例重要功能区病变继发癫痫病人在术中全麻唤醒下应用皮质体感诱发电位及电刺激定位脑重要功能区．通过皮质脑电图及深部电极脑电图定位癫痫灶，采用神经导航或术中B超监测，行显微手术病变切除加扩大切除或热灼．术后常规应用抗癫痫药物。结果 本组切除病变前均可记录到癫痫波：扩大切除后22例未再发现癫痫波，5例胶质瘤病人虽经多次皮质热灼仍可见偶发棘波，3例颞叶海绵状血管瘤病变切除（未加海马及杏仁核切除）后反复热灼仍可见少量棘波。术后癫痫疗效评价：Ⅰ级23例，Ⅱ级3例，Ⅲ级2例，Ⅳ级2例；总有效率86．7％。结论 联合应用神经导航、术中超声技术、诱发电位及电刺激技术、皮质脑电图监测及微创技术等．切除引起癫痫的病变并同期切除和（或）热灼癫痢灶。对继发性癫痫极为有效。颞叶继发性癫痫应考虑同时进行前颞叶切除。     

枕下骨瓣开颅术治疗后颅窝病变

目的 应用枕下骨瓣开颅术治疗后颅窝病变，与传统的枕下骨窗开颅术比较探讨其优越性。方法92例后颅窝病变，枕下骨瓣开颅48例，骨窗开颅44例。分别采用乙状窦后、后正中和旁正中三种手术入路。结果 骨瓣开颅组术后CT显示骨瓣复位良好，术后无脑脊液漏，皮下积液6例，颅内感染5例。骨窗开颅组术后脑脊液漏3例，皮下积液9例，颅内感染4例。两组比较无统计学意义。骨窗开颅组有不同程度的创口凹陷。结论 虽然骨瓣开颅组术后无脑脊液漏，但是尚不能说明骨瓣复位能减少脑脊液漏的发生，是否骨瓣复位与术后皮下积液和颅内感染亦无明显关系。骨瓣复位保持了解剖层次的完整性，避免了术后颅骨缺损对患者的不良心理影响。     

立体定向引导切除颅内小病灶

目的探讨立体定向技术在精确定位切除颅内小病灶时的优越性。方法采用立体定向仪手术计划系统,对28例颅内小病灶行术前精确定位后,在显微镜辅助下切除病灶。结果直视下全切除小胶质瘤10例,转移瘤5例,脑膜瘤4例,结核瘤3例,脑脓肿4例,金属弹头2例。无手术并发症及死亡病例。结论采用立体定向技术引导并在显微镜辅助下切除颅内小病灶,具有定位精确,手术损伤小,手术成功率高的优点。     

脑功能区胶质瘤手术中的新技术

目的探讨切除脑功能区胶质瘤手术新技术与方法。方法48例脑功能区胶质瘤经术前常规MRI、弥散张力成像(DTI)和fMRI定位大脑皮层功能区及功能投射纤维束,以神经导航为前导,在术中全麻唤醒状态下,通过术中B超定位脑内病灶,皮层体感诱发电位(Co-SEP)及皮层直接电刺激术(Co-ST)脑功能区定位,并在清醒状态下切除病变。术后随访时间3-42个月。结果16例Co-SEP确定中央沟,42例Co-ST明确运动区,16例Co-ST确定语言运动区;肿瘤全切35例,次全切除9例,部分切除4例。术后1个月神经症状好转44例,术后出现暂时性局部神经症状36例;长期局部神经症状加重4例,无手术死亡。全部患者无手术痛苦回忆。结论术中全麻唤醒、皮层-皮层下电刺激术和脑超声技术是切除功能区胶质瘤必备的三项基本技术;术前fMRI与DTI为脑功能区手术提供十分重要信息,神经功能导航为术中功能区定位提供重要前导,综合使用这些现代技术能够在术中明确脑功能区与肿瘤切除范围的关系,做到最大限度地切除脑功能区病变和保护脑功能。