Determination of risk factors for tuberculosis in children having contact with tuberculosis patients]

Analysis is given of the specific and nonspecific features in 100 tuberculosis patients and 500 children aged under 7 years having contact with tuberculosis patients. A complex of factors with a high prognostic value was defined from the set of the studied features and a scale for determining the tuberculosis risk in children was constructed. Estimating the risk degree by a prognostic table, allows one to define children at a high and maximal infection risk for the individual choice of preventive measures.     

药物性肝病的临床类型、特点及影响因素

美国急性肝衰竭中一半以上是药物引发的。在过去的五年中，因严重肝损害美国食品与药物监督局将两种药物撤离了市场，现重点论述药物中毒性肝损害和特异体质性肝损害。     

Genetic variants in immunoregulatory genes and risk for childhood lymphomas

To investigate whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in key cytokine and innate immunity genes influence risk for childhood lymphomas, we genotyped 37 children with Hodgkin’s (HL) and 48 with non‐Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL), aged (1 month–14 yr), along with their 85 age‐ and gender‐matched controls suffering from mild medical conditions. Genotypic analysis was performed for 10 SNPs from nine genes with important role in immunoregulatory pathways (IL4, IL4R, IL6, IL10, IL12, IL18, TNFα, IFNγ, CD14). Analysis of SNPs genotypes revealed that the CD14 ?159 C>T polymorphism was associated with significantly increased risk for HL regarding both the CC and CT genotypes (OR_CC: 5.36; 95% CI, 1.30–22.14; P = 0.02, OR_CT: 3.76; 95% CI, 1.00–14.16; P = 0.05). An indicative association between IL18?137 G>C polymorphism with the CC genotype and NHL did not reach, however, statistical significance (OR_CC, 3.78; 95% CI, 0.87–16.38; P = 0.08). In conclusion, our findings suggest that genetic variation in the CD14–159 loci may be associated with childhood HL risk; these preliminary findings need to be further confirmed in sizeable multi‐centre studies along with determination of cytokines, which could provide an insight on the biologic basis underlying these findings.     

系统性红斑狼疮患者结核菌感染的临床特点及相关因素分析

目的分析系统性红斑狼疮（SLE）患者结核菌感染的临床表现、特点以及相关危险因素。方法回顾分析了37例SLE结核感染住院患者和65例随机抽取的SLE对照组患者的临床资料．所有患者均有完整的病史、体格检查、实验室等辅助检查的资料。结果在37例SLE结核感染患者中．肺结核13例（35％），肺结核合并其他部位结核者7例，肺外结核17例。与对照组相比，结核感染组的日平均激素的剂量和细胞毒药物使用较高，存两组之间差异有统计学意义，而性别、年龄、病程、白蛋白／球蛋白、补体和激素冲击治疗等方面，两组问差异无统计学意义。讨论SLE患者发生肺外结核感染的机会较大，且日平均激素的剂量和细胞毒药物是SLE患者发生结核感染的危险因素。     

结核病在矽尘暴露人群中的流行情况及危险因素分析

目的：了解矽尘暴露者包括硅沉着病患者的结核病患病情况,并分析该人群中结核病发病的危险因素。方法对浙江温岭地区1227例矽尘暴露者进行现场调查,采集基本信息,行胸部 X 线片检查,收集痰标本行结核分枝杆菌培养及鉴定。在单因素分析中,连续变量比较采用两样本 t 检验;分类变量组间两两比较采用χ2检验。多因素分析采用二元 Logistic 回归计算优势比（OR）及95％可信区间（CI ）。结果共获得1204例矽尘暴露者完整的基本信息,其中男1201例（99．8％）,平均年龄（59．4±6．8）岁。其中硅沉着病0＋期（疑似患者）、Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ期的患者分别为172例（14．3％）、255例（21．2％）、160例（13．3％）和617例（51．2％）。该人群中结核病患病率约为7300／10万,发病危险因素有硅沉着病Ⅱ期（OR＝2．96,95％CI ：1．05～8．32,P ＝0．04）、硅沉着病Ⅲ期（OR ＝3．88,95％CI ：1．58～9．56,P ＜0．01）、接触结核病患者（OR＝4．14,95％CI ：1．91～8．98,P ＜0．01）。硅沉着病合并肺结核患者缺乏特异性症状,发热、体质量减轻较非肺结核患者多见。结论矽尘暴露者包括硅沉着病患者是结核病的高发人群,尤其是硅沉着病Ⅱ期及Ⅲ期、有结核病患者接触史的患者。     

The characteristic risk factors of tuberculosis infection in newly detected patients

Medical records of 366 new cases of pulmonary tuberculosis were studied and it was revealed that the overwhelming majority of the patients were registered in risk groups. Chronic alcoholism, everyday drinking unfavourable labor conditions and chronic nonspecific diseases of the lungs were the most important risk factors. A procedure for involving persons from socially unfavourable risk groups in fluorographic examinations was developed.     

Determination of risk factors for isoniazid monoresistance and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in treatment failure patients

India has a high number of drug-resistant tuberculosis cases. Patient records were screened to determine risk factors possibly associated with monoresistance and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) in comparison with patients with susceptible TB. We retrospectively screened and selected 250 patient records from a tertiary care centre, in which detailed clinical histories were provided. Of the 250 patients, 10 had isoniazid monoresistant TB, 184 patients had MDR-TB, and 56 patients had TB susceptible to first-line drugs. Binary regression analysis revealed that previous treatment with a fluoroquinolone and an injectable other than streptomycin (odds ratio (OR) 3.889, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.828-8.272) was associated with MDR-TB. Previous history of TB (OR 0.697, 95% CI 0.363-1.338) and the presence of cavities on radiographs (OR 0.371, 95% CI 0.160-0.862) did not show any association. None of these reported risk factors were associated with isoniazid monoresistance. In conclusion, a history of previous treatment with a fluoroquinolone and an injectable other than streptomycin was found to be a risk factor for MDR-TB.     

腹腔结核并发肠穿孔危险因素分析

目的: 探讨腹腔结核患者并发肠穿孔的危险因素。方法: 回顾性分析2013年1月至2020年12月成都市公共卫生临床医疗中心收治的腹腔结核并发肠穿孔患者37例(肠穿孔组),采用随机数字表法选取同期腹腔结核未并发肠穿孔患者39例(对照组)。采用单因素和多因素logistic回归分析腹腔结核患者并发肠穿孔的危险因素。结果: 肠穿孔组有2例患者因感染性休克未接受手术治疗,35例患者接受手术治疗。肠穿孔组8例患者死亡,病亡率为21.6%(8/37)。对照组39例患者经治疗后病情好转出院。肠穿孔组结核病病史≤3个月者占54.1%(20/37),并发艾滋病者占29.7%(11/37),并发贫血者占64.9%(24/37),并发低蛋白血症者占86.5%(32/37),CD4⁺ T淋巴细胞计数<150个/μl者占51.4%(19/37),并发肠梗阻者占45.9%(17/37),腹部症状为首发症状者占73.0%(27/37);对照组结核病病史≤3个月者占79.5%(31/39),并发艾滋病者占5.1%(2/39),并发贫血者占33.3%(13/39),并发低蛋白血症者占43.6%(17/39),CD4⁺ T淋巴细胞计数<150个/μl者占7.7%(3/39),并发肠梗阻者占20.5%(8/39),腹部症状为首发症者占46.2%(18/39),两组比较差异均有统计学意义(χ²值分别为5.564、8.104、6.541、15.263、17.565、5.564、5.650,P值均<0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析显示,腹部症状为首发症状(OR=23.828,95%CI:2.946~192.744)、并发肠梗阻(OR=10.292,95%CI:1.607~65.899)、低蛋白血症(OR=43.455,95%CI:3.697~510.796)和CD4⁺ T淋巴细胞计数<150个/μl(OR=25.706,95%CI:2.231~296.223)是肠穿孔的独立危险因素,而结核病病史≤3个月(OR=0.026,95%CI:0.003~0.247)为保护因素。结论: 肠梗阻、低蛋白血症、CD4⁺T淋巴细胞计数<150个/μl、腹部症状为首发症状是腹腔结核患者并发肠穿孔的危险因素,当腹腔结核患者出现上述危险因素时要警惕发生肠穿孔的可能。     

Frizzled-related protein variants are risk factors for hip osteoarthritis

OBJECTIVE: To examine the association of the Arg200Trp and Arg324Gly variants of FRZB with the risk and phenotype of radiographic osteoarthritis (OA) of the hip and serum levels of Frizzled-related protein (FRP) in a prospective cohort of elderly Caucasian women. METHODS: Radiographic hip OA status of patients was defined by the presence of severe joint space narrowing (JSN) (feature grade>or=3), a summary grade>or=3, or definite osteophytes (grade>or=2) and JSN (grade>or=2) in the same hip. Genotypes were obtained in 569 patients with radiographic OA of the hip and in 1,317 and 4,136 controls for the Arg200Trp and Arg324Gly variants, respectively. Serum FRP levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Multivariate logistic regression was performed. RESULTS: The minor allele frequency for the Arg200Trp polymorphism was 0.12 in the control group compared with 0.14 in the group with radiographic OA of the hip (P=0.12), and the minor allele frequency for the Arg324Gly variant was 0.083 in the control group compared with 0.088 in the group with radiographic OA of the hip (P=0.63). The multilocus genotypes available in 1,886 subjects suggested that inheritance of both minor alleles was a risk factor for developing OA characterized by JSN (P<0.01). Patients with radiographic OA of the hip who were homozygous for the Arg200Trp minor allele had higher serum FRP levels than controls who were homozygous for the major allele. CONCLUSION: Our data confirm findings of another study, that a rare haplotype with both Arg200Trp and Arg324Gly FRZB variants contributes to the genetic susceptibility to hip OA among Caucasian women, and that these polymorphisms may contribute to increased serum levels of proteins as biomarkers of OA.     

Recurrent tuberculosis and its risk factors: adequately treated patients are still at high risk.

Recurrent tuberculosis (TB) poses significant threats, including drug resistance, to TB control programs. However, recurrence and its causes, particularly in the era of epidemic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), have not been well described. We systematically searched published material for studies reporting on recurrent TB following completion of standard treatment regimens to provide data on the issue. A total of 32 studies were reviewed. Among controlled trials, the overall recurrence rates (per 100,000 person-years) were respectively 3,010 (95%CI 2,230-3,970) and 2,290 (95%CI 1,730-2,940) at 6 and 12 months after treatment completion. Recurrence rates were higher among observational studies compared to controlled trials and in countries with high versus low background TB incidence. TB recurrence (%) was higher among HIV-infected (6.7, 95%CI 5.9-7.6) than non-HIV-infected individuals (3.3, 95%CI 2.8-3.9). Factors independently associated with recurrence in the literature included residual cavitation, greater area of involved lung tissue, positive sputum culture at 2 months of treatment and HIV infection. Among those with HIV infection, recurrent TB was associated with a low initial CD(4) count and receiving less than 37 weeks of anti-tuberculosis treatment. We argue that adequately treated patients are still at high risk for recurrent disease and should be considered in case-finding strategies. Moreover, those with multiple risk factors may benefit from modification of standard treatment.     

Pneumoconiosis and liver cirrhosis are not risk factors for tuberculosis in patients with pulmonary infection

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: It is unclear whether patients with liver cirrhosis and coal miners with pneumoconiosis are at increased risk of developing pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). Furthermore, little is known of the likelihood of pneumonia in patients with bronchiectasis, haemodialysis, diabetes mellitus or advanced lung cancer being due to TB. To answer these questions, patients with these clinical comorbidities were analysed. METHODS: The study was retrospective and included 264 TB patients, 478 non-TB pneumonia patients, and as negative controls, 438 subjects without pneumonia. The parameters analysed were age, gender and the presence of pneumoconiosis, bronchiectasis, liver cirrhosis, haemodialysis, diabetes mellitus and advanced lung cancer. RESULTS: Male gender was the only significant factor increasing the risk of pulmonary TB. When compared with non-TB pneumonia and control patients, the odds ratios were 1.862 and 2.182, respectively. Patients with liver cirrhosis did not show an increased risk of pulmonary TB after regression analysis. Pneumoconiosis resulted in a 2.260 (P = 0.003) odds ratio for pulmonary TB, compared with the controls. However, there was no difference in pneumoconiosis between TB and non-TB pneumonia patients. Patients with bronchiectasis, lung cancer and those receiving haemodialysis had a lower risk for pulmonary TB in lower respiratory tract infection, with odds ratios of 0.342, 0.311 and 0.182, respectively. CONCLUSION: Physicians should first consider non-TB bacterial infection rather than Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in pneumonia in patients with bronchiectasis, lung cancer or those receiving haemodialysis.     

Genetic risk factors in diabetic retinopathy

Summary Diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of blindness in adults aged 30 to 65 years. However, 20% of the diabetic population does not develop significant retinopathy. To examine the influence of immune-related genetic factors on the development of diabetic retinopathy, we studied immunoglobulin allotypes in 102 subjects aged 8 to 20 years, who had had Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus for 4.5 to 11 years (mean 7.3 years). HLA had been previously typed on 59 of these subjects. Retinopathy was assessed by expert review of retinal photographs. Among the 44 patients who had evidence of retinopathy, 33(75%) were G2m(23 +), while among the 58 patients without retinopathy but with similar duration of disease, only 28(48%) were G2m(23 +) (p = 0.006). The HLA-DR types of patients with and without retinopathy were not significantly different. We conclude that there is significant evidence of an association between G2m(23) at the locus encoding IgG2 subclass heavy chains and susceptibility to the development of diabetic retinopathy early in the clinical course of the disease. Our findings provide important independent confirmation of a previous report of association between Gm allotypes and predisposition to diabetic retinopathy. We are unable to determine if the Gm effect on development of retinopathy is due to the G2m(23) allotype itself, or due to genes that are closely linked to, and in linkage disequilibrium with, the locus encoding the G2m(23) allotype.     

脊柱结核术后未愈的影响因素分析

目的探讨脊柱结核患者术后未愈的影响因素。方法收集2012年1月至2016年12月成都市公共卫生临床医疗中心收治的312例脊柱结核患者作为研究对象,其中,经手术治疗未愈者24例,治愈者288例。收集研究对象性别、年龄、营养状况、发病至就诊间隔时间、手术入路、抗结核药物治疗方案、患者依从性、脊柱病变节段、是否并发其他部位结核、耐药情况、病灶清除情况、内固定稳定性、术前规范抗结核时间、全程随访情况、抗结核药物治疗效果评定等信息,分析导致患者术后未愈的影响因素。结果未愈组不规范抗结核药物治疗者、脊柱病变>2个节段者、耐药结核病者、病灶清除不彻底者、全程未进行规律随访者、抗结核药物治疗效果评定为无效者、发病至就诊间隔时间>12个月者、行后路手术者分别占75.0%(18/24)、66.7%(16/24)、41.7%(10/24)、66.7%(16/24)、58. 3%(14/24)、58. 3%(14/24)、41. 7%(10/24)、66. 6%(16/24),均明显高于治愈组[分别占27.4%(79/288)、35. 8%(103/288)、12. 1%(35/288)、35.8%(103/288)、26.4%(76/288)、29.2%(84/288)、4.9%(14/288)、17. 7%(51/288)],差异均有统计学意义(X~2值分别为10. 11、 7. 19、15. 64、8. 97、11. 01、8. 75、12.14、12.29,P值均<0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析显示,不规范抗结核药物治疗[OR(95%CI)=3. 15(1. 03～9.64)]、脊柱病变>2个节段[OR(95%CI)=2.52(1.29～4.94)]、耐药结核病[OR(95%CI)=4.31(1.25～14. 88)]、病灶清除不彻底[OR(95%CI)=4. 90(1. 39～17. 27)]、全程未规律随访[OR(95%CI)=3. 99(1. 39～17. 27)]、抗结核药物治疗效果评定为无效[OR(95%CI)=4. 46(1. 34～11. 84)]、发病至就诊间隔时间>12个月[OR(95%CI)=12. 30(2. 20～68. 80)]及行后路手术方式[OR(95%CI)=6. 51(1. 77～23. 91)]是脊柱结核患者术后不愈的危险因素。结论脊柱结核诊治过程中要早期就诊,采用规范的抗结核药物方案治疗,避免适应性耐药,手术尽量选择前路手术方式,术中尽可能彻底清除病灶,术后注重全程随访,及时调整不合理抗结核药物方案。