二氢青蒿素下调粒系白血病细胞转铁蛋白受体表达

通过建立常铁HL60和K562细胞以及富铁K562细胞体外模型，研究二氢青蒿素对粒系白血病细胞转铁蛋白受体(transferrin receptor，TfR)的调控作用。采用流式细胞术检测二氢青蒿素对粒系白血病细胞TfR密度的调控作用，Western blotting和RT-PCR法检测二氢青蒿素对粒系白血病细胞TfR表达的调控作用，原子吸收分光光度法检测二氢青蒿素对常铁和富铁K562细胞铁含量的影响，以及MTT法和台盼蓝拒染法分析二氢青蒿素对粒系白血病细胞增殖的作用。结果显示，二氢青蒿素能显著降低常铁HL60和K562细胞TfR的密度和下调TfR蛋白的表达，且呈浓度和时间依赖性，并能有效地抑制细胞增殖，IC₅₀值分别为1.74和11.33 μmol·L^-1。二氢青蒿素对富铁K562细胞的TfR蛋白和mRNA表达能进一步增强下调作用，与常铁培养组比较，10 μmol·L^-1二氢青蒿素对富铁K562细胞TfR蛋白和TfR mRNA表达量分别下调了28.1%(P<0.01)和26.2%(P<0.05)，并能显著下降富铁K562细胞铁的含量(P<0.05)，更有效地抑制富铁K562细胞增殖。由此可见，二氢青蒿素能下调粒系白血病细胞TfR密度以及TfR蛋白和mRNA的表达，有效抑制常铁HL60和K562细胞的增殖，对富铁K562细胞增殖的抑制作用能进一步增强。     

Securinine induced apoptosis in human leukemia HL 60 cells 1

目的：研究一叶秋碱能否诱导ＨＬ６０细胞凋亡．方法：用ＭＴＴ法检测一叶秋碱对细胞增殖影响;应用流式细胞仪检测凋亡细胞数;采用琼脂糖凝胶电泳法观测ＤＮＡ碎片;透射电镜观察凋亡的形态改变．结果：一叶秋碱５－８０ｍｇ·Ｌ－１能诱导ＨＬ６０细胞凋亡．电镜观察到典型的凋亡形态学改变,电泳呈现出阶梯状条带,流式细胞仪检测到凋亡率随剂量的增高而升高．ＭＴＴ法示一叶秋碱抑制ＨＬ６０细胞增殖,并且呈时间、剂量依赖性,药物作用１２ｈ的ＩＣ５０（９５％可信区间）分别为２７（１５－４７）ｍｇ·Ｌ－１．结论：一叶秋碱诱导ＨＬ６０细胞凋亡     

Chromene induces apoptosis via caspase-3 activation in human leukemia HL-60 cells

In this study, the potent anti-tumor effects of brown algae on human leukemia HL-60 cells were investigated. The Sargassum siliquastrum extract among the 14 species of brown algae exhibited profound growth inhibitory effect on HL-60 cells in the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, therefore, S. siliquastrum was selected for use in further experiments. The highest inhibitory activity of S. siliquastrum on HL-60 cells was detected in the chloroform fraction, and the active compound was identified as a kind of chromene, sargachromanol E (SE). SE treatment showed significant growth inhibitory effects on HL-60 cells in a dose-dependent manner by inducing apoptosis, as evidenced by the formation of apoptotic bodies, fragmented DNA ladder, and the accumulation of DNA in the sub-G₁ phase of cell cycle. SE induced apoptosis was accompanied by downregulation of Bcl-xL, upregulation of Bax, activation of caspase-3, and cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). Moreover, z-DEVD-fmk, a caspase-3 inhibitor, significantly inhibited cell cytotoxicity, apoptotic characteristics such as apoptotic bodies, sub-G₁ DNA content, and cleavage of PARP induced by SE. These results suggest that SE exerts its growth inhibitory effects on HL-60 cells through caspase-3-mediated induction of apoptosis. Therefore, SE offers promising chemotherapeuric potential to prevent cancers such as human leukemia.     

冬凌草甲素诱导HL-60细胞凋亡

目的　研究冬凌草甲素诱导人白血病HL 6 0细胞凋亡的作用。方法　形态学观察 ,DNA凝胶电泳及流式细胞术。结果　冬凌草甲素能显著地诱导HL 6 0细胞发生凋亡 ,其作用呈明显的浓度效应关系和时间依赖性。形态学观察可见凋亡小体的形成 ,琼脂糖凝胶电泳可见明显的DNA梯带 ;流式细胞仪检测到G1亚峰。结论　冬凌草甲素能诱导HL 6 0细胞凋亡 ,并与其细胞杀伤活性相互平行 ,提示冬凌草甲素的抗癌活性与诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡相关     

毛兰素诱导人白血病HL—60细胞的凋亡

目的：研究毛兰素对HL－60细胞增殖的抑制作用,探讨其诱导细胞凋亡的机制。方法：用MTT比色法测定了毛兰素对HL－60细胞增殖的抑制作用：应用荧光显微镜、透射电镜、DNA电泳及流式细胞仪观察了药物对细胞凋亡的诱导作用,并用免疫组化的方法从基因水平阐述了凋亡的发生。结果：毛兰素20－81．9nmol/L在72h内显著抑制HL－60细胞增殖,作用24h后,对HL－60细胞的IC50为38nmol/L,而阳性对照药长春新碱对HL－60细胞的IC50为101nmol/L,前者明显优于后者;形态学观察可见凋亡的特征性改变;琼脂糖电泳出现典型的DNA“ladder”;流式细胞仪结果表明细胞被阻滞于G2／M期;免疫组化可见bcl-2表达下降,bax表达升高。结论：毛兰素显著抑制HL－60细胞的生长,该抑制作用可能是通过诱导细胞凋亡和改变HL－60细胞bcl-2和bax基因的表达而实现的。     

依托泊苷通过蛋白酶体通路诱导白血病细胞凋亡

目的研究拓扑异构酶Ⅱ抑制剂依托泊苷诱导白血病细胞HL-60凋亡的分子机制。方法细胞增殖和凋亡采用四唑氮盐（MTT）法和流式细胞仪测定,基因芯片技术检测依托泊苷作用于HL-60细胞2h后基因表达谱的变化。应用Gen—MAPP分析软件分析细胞内反应通路。结果依托泊苷半数抑制浓度（IC50）为（30．17±0．26）μmo]／L。依托泊苷促进HL-60细胞凋亡,凋亡百分率由对照组4．38％增加到药物处理组的53．96％,能显著抑制细胞内蛋白酶体降解通路（Z≥3．8）,抑制蛋白酶体通路中的PSMB5、PSMB7、PSMB8、PSMC3、PSMC5、RPN1和HIJA—A表达。结论依托泊苷抑制DNA拓扑异构酶Ⅱ可通过抑制细胞内蛋白酶体相关基因表达导致细胞凋亡。     

青蒿琥酯诱导人早幼粒白血病细胞HL60凋亡的线粒体机制

目的 :探讨青蒿琥酯 (artesunate ,Art)诱导人急性早幼粒白血病细胞HL6 0凋亡的线粒体机制。方法 :用Art处理HL6 0细胞 ,通过MTT比色法检测细胞增殖抑制的效果 ;透射电镜、DNA凝胶电泳技术观察细胞的凋亡 ;流式细胞术 (flowcytometry ,FCM)进行细胞周期分析和线粒体膜电位 (mitochon drialmembranepotential ,MMP)水平的检测 ;比色法检测半胱 天冬氨酸蛋白酶 3(cysteinecontainingas partate,Caspase 3)活性。结果 :Art呈浓度和时间依赖性的抑制HL6 0细胞的增殖 (P <0 .0 5 )。Art诱导后HL6 0细胞出现典型的凋亡形态学变化和生化改变 ,G2 M期细胞比例增高 ,S期减少 ,凋亡率上升 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,线粒体膜电位降低 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,Caspase 3活性增强 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论 :Art可能通过线粒体 半胱 天冬氨酸蛋白酶 3特定途径诱导HL6 0细胞凋亡。     

通关藤诱导白血病细胞U937,HL60细胞凋亡的实验研究

目的探讨通关藤抑制白血病细胞增殖作用及其机制。方法以不同浓度的通关藤提取物制剂处理白血病细胞U937、HL60,1~5 d,以四甲基偶氮唑盐(MTT)法检测对细胞增殖的影响,以Annexin V/PI双染法检测细胞的凋亡程度,Western blot检测凋亡相关蛋白caspase3,PARP改变,以JC-1染色法检测线粒体跨膜电位(ΔΨm)水平。结果通关藤提取物制剂呈时间和剂量依赖性抑制U937、HL60细胞增殖,50μL/mL时能明显降低线粒体跨膜电位(ΔΨm),活化caspase 3,剪切PARP,诱导细胞凋亡。结论通关藤提取物制剂对U937、HL60白血病细胞有显著的抑制和诱导凋亡作用,能通过降低线粒体跨膜电位途径触发白血病细胞凋亡。     

Inhibition of haringtonine-induced apoptosis by tetradecanoylphorbol acetate in human leukemia HL-60

目的：研究十四酰佛波乙酸酯（ＴＡ）预处理后，三尖杉酯碱（Ｈａｒ）和喜树碱（Ｃａｍ）诱导人白血病ＨＬ６０细胞凋亡的变化．方法：染色质凝集观察，流式细胞术，ＤＮＡ琼脂糖凝胶电泳和点杂交．结果：ＴＡ２００ｎｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１预处理ＨＬ６０细胞６ｈ，明显抑制Ｈａｒ０１ｍｇ·Ｌ－１作用３ｈ诱导的细胞凋亡，但只部分抑制Ｃａｍ０２ｍｇ·Ｌ－１作用３ｈ诱导的细胞凋亡．ＴＡ预处理ＨＬ６０细胞明显降低ｃｍｙｃ基因的表达．结论：ＴＡ明显抑制由Ｈａｒ和部分抑制由Ｃａｍ诱导的ＨＬ６０细胞凋亡，而且ＴＡ预处理的细胞中ｃｍｙｃ基因表达明显下降，这可能导致了对诱导细胞凋亡的抑制．     

Altholactone, a novel styryl-lactone induces apoptosis via oxidative stress in human HL-60 leukemia cells

Plant styryl-lactone derivatives isolated from Goniothalamus sp. are potential compounds for cancer chemotherapy. In this study, we have examined the mechanisms of apoptosis induced by altholactone, a stryl-lactone isolated from the Malaysian plant G. malayanus on human HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cells. Flow cytometric analysis of the externalization of phosphatidylserine (PS) using the annexin V/PI method on altholactone treated HL-60 cells showed a concentration-dependent increase of apoptosis from concentrations ranging from 10.8 (2.5 microg/ml) to 172.4 microM (40 microg/ml). Pre-treatment with the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (1 mM) completely abrogated apoptosis induced by altholactone, suggesting for the involvement of oxidative stress. Further flow cytometric assessment of the level of intracellular peroxides using the fluorescent probe 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) confirmed that altholactone induced an increase in cellular oxidative stress in HL-60 cells which was suppressed by N-acetylcysteine. In summary, our results demonstrate for the first time that altholactone induced apoptosis in HL-60 cells occurs via oxidative stress.     

Direct reaction between shikonin and thiols induces apoptosis in HL60 cells

Shikonin (beta-alkannin), a naphthoquinone compound, was found to induce apoptotic features such as chromatin condensation, DNA fragmentation, and activation of caspase 3 in HL60 cells. The mechanism was examined in terms of oxidative stress in the cells. Exposure of the cells to shikonin greatly reduced the total thiols, protein thiols, and glutathione levels, however, lipid peroxide levels were enhanced. The depletion of thiol levels in the cells was thus thought to induce lipid peroxidation and DNA fragmentation. An electron spin resonance study revealed that shikonin reacts directly with glutathione and other oxidative stress-relevant compounds in the lysate of HL60 cells. Pretreatment of such cells with N-acetylcysteine before shikonin treatment completely inhibited the DNA fragmentation. From these results, it was proposed that the chemical reaction between shikonin and cellular thiols such as glutathione and protein thiols induces apoptosis in HL60 cells.     

Fluoride induces apoptosis by caspase-3 activation in human leukemia HL-60 cells

Even though fluoride toxicity is increasingly being considered to be important, very little information is available on the mechanism of action of fluoride. In the present study, the toxicity of fluoride on human leukemia (HL-60) cells was investigated and the involvement of caspase-3 was also studied. Fluoride induced apoptosis in HL-60 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Annexin staining and DNA ladder formation on agarose gel electrophoresis further revealed that HL-60 cells underwent apoptosis on exposure to 2-5 mM fluoride. Western blotting using polyclonal anti-caspase-3 antibody and mouse anti-human poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) monoclonal antibody was performed to investigate caspase-3 and PARP activity. Fluoride led to the activation of caspase-3 which was evident by the loss of the 32 kDa precursor and appearance of the 17 kDa subunit. Furthermore, intact 116 kDa PARP was cleaved by fluoride treatment as shown by the appearance of a cleaved 89 kDa fragment. The results clearly suggest that fluoride causes cell death in HL-60 cells by causing the activation of caspase-3 which in turn cleaves PARP leading to DNA damage and ultimately cell death.     

Hypericin induces both differentiation and apoptosis in human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells

Hypericin is a unique photosensitizing plant pigment and has been separately reported to induce differentiation and apoptosis in neoplastic cells. In this study, we examined the relationship between activities to induce differentiation and apoptosis in human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells, at a concentration range of 0.15 to 0.2 microM. When treated with hypericin, the cell ratio reducible of nitroblue tetrazolium was significantly increased and the cell size was enlarged by flow cytometry analysis. Hypericin also significantly increased the ratio of the cells, which were of positive alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase activity and phagocytic activity, whereas it hardly influenced the naphthol AS-D chloroacetate esterase activity in the cells, as well as 1 alpha, 25(OH)2D3 (10 nM). In addition, hypericin increased hypodiploid nuclei and caused a nucleosomal ladder. These results indicate that hypericin induces both differentiation toward monocyte/macrophage lineage and apoptosis in HL-60 cells.     

Mercuric chloride induces apoptosis via a mitochondrial-dependent pathway in human leukemia cells

Mercurial compounds modulate immunologic functions by inducing cytotoxicity. Although mercury chloride (HgCl(2)) is known to induce apoptosis in various immune system cells, the mechanism of the induction of apoptosis is poorly understood. In this study, we examined the activation of caspase-3, an important cysteine aspartic protease, during HgCl(2)-induced apoptosis in a human leukemia cell line (HL-60 cells). Both DNA fragmentation, a characteristic of apoptotic cells, and proteolysis of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), a substrate of caspase-3, occurred at 6 h after HgCl(2) treatment in HL-60 cells. These results suggest that the activation of caspase-3 was involved in HgCl(2)-induced apoptosis. The release of cytochrome c (Cyt c) from mitochondria into the cytosol, which is an initiator of the activation of caspase cascades, was also observed in HgCl(2)-treated HL-60 cells. Moreover, the release of Cyt c from mitochondria was observed in HgCl(2)-treated mitochondria isolated from mice liver, and this was followed by mitochondrial permeability transition (PT). The PT was inhibited by cyclosporin A (CsA), a potent inhibitor of PT. CsA also suppressed the occurrence of DNA fragmentation induced by HgCl(2) treatment in HL-60 cells. Taken together, these findings indicate that HgCl(2) is a potent inducer of apoptosis via Cyt c release from the mitochondria in HL-60 cells.     

Glaucocalyxin A induces apoptosis in human leukemia HL-60 cells through mitochondria-mediated death pathway

Glaucocalyxin A (GLA) is a biologically active ent-kauranoid diterpenoid isolated from Rabdosia japonica var. glaucocalyx, a traditional Chinese medicinal herb, which has been shown to inhibit tumor cell proliferation. However, the mechanism underlying GLA-induced cytotoxicity remains unclear. In this study, we focused on the effect of GLA induction on apoptosis, the mitochondria-mediated death pathway and the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in human leukemia cells (HL-60). GLA could induce a dose-dependent apoptosis in HL-60 cells as characterized by cell morphology, DNA fragmentation, activation of caspase-3, -9 and an increased expression ratio of Bax/Bcl-2. The mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψ_m) loss and cytochrome c release from mitochondria to cytosol were observed during the induction. Moreover, GLA caused a time- and dose-dependent elevation of intracellular ROS level in HL-60 cells, and N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC, a well-known antioxidant) could block GLA-induced ROS generation and apoptosis. These data suggest that GLA induces apoptosis in HL-60 cells through ROS-dependent mitochondrial dysfunction pathway.     

Fucoxanthin induces apoptosis in human leukemia HL-60 cells through a ROS-mediated Bcl-xL pathway

Fucoxanthin, a natural biologically active substance isolated from Ishige okamurae, evidences antitumor activity in human leukemia cell HL-60 cells via the induction of apoptosis. However, the mechanism underlying fucoxanthin-induced apoptosis in HL-60 cells remains unclear. In this study, we focused on the effect of fucoxanthin induction on the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and on the triggering of Bcl-xL signaling pathway in HL-60 cells. We determined that ROS are generated during fucoxanthin-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis in HL-60 cells, and that N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a ROS scavenger, suppressed fucoxanthin-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis. Moreover, fucoxanthin-induced the cleavage of caspases -3 and -7, and poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) and a decrease of Bcl-xL levels, whereas NAC pre-treatment significantly inhibited caspase-3, -7, and PARP cleavage and the reduction in Bcl-xL levels. In this study, it was demonstrated for the first time that fucoxanthin generated ROS and that the accumulation of ROS performed a crucial role in the fucoxanthin-induced Bcl-xL signaling pathway.     

Naringenin induces apoptosis through downregulation of Akt and caspase-3 activation in human leukemia THP-1 cells

Naringenin (NGEN), one of the most abundant flavonoids in citrus fruits, has been shown to inhibit in vitro growth of in human cancer cells, although the mechanism of action is poorly understood. Herein, we investigated NEGN’s pro-apoptotic effect on human leukemia THP-1 cells. NGEN treatment inhibited THP-1 cells’ growth a concentration-dependent manner by inducing apoptosis, as evidenced by the formation of apoptotic bodies and the accumulation of cells in the sub-G1 phase. NGEN-induced apoptosis was accompanied by increased hyperpolarization of the mitochondrial membrane potential, downregulation of Bcl-2, upregulation of Bax, activation of caspases and subsequent poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase (PARP) cleavages. z-DEVD-fmk, a caspase-3 inhibitor, significantly inhibited both the cytotoxic effect and apoptotic characteristics induced by NGEN treatment demonstrating caspase-3’s important role in the observed cytotoxic effect. The induction of apoptosis was also associated with the inactivation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt, and PI3K inhibitor LY29004 significantly increases NGEN-induced cell death. These findings provide evidence that NEGN’s pro-apoptotic effect is mediated by the activation of caspases and mitochondria dysfunctions that correlate with the inactivation of the PI3K/Akt pathway in THP-1 cells. Therefore, NGEN has a strong potential as a therapeutic agent for preventing cancers such as leukemia.     

Growth inhibition of stilbenoids in Welwitschiaceae and Gnetaceae through induction of apoptosis in human leukemia HL60 cells

Fifty-six stilbenoids isolated from the families of Welwitschiaceae and Gnetaceae were screened for growth inhibitory activity against HL60 cells, and two compounds (gnemonol G and gnetin I) among them exhibited a strong activity with IC(50) of 10.0 microM and 12.2 microM at 48 h incubation, respectively. The growth suppression by gnemonol G and gnetin I was found to be in part due to apoptosis which was assessed by morphological findings such as nuclear condensation and fragmentation, and DNA ladder formation in human leukemia HL60 cells.     

Isoalantolactone induces apoptosis in human breast cancer cells via ROS-mediated mitochondrial pathway and downregulation of SIRT1

Isoalantolactone possessed various biological activities. However, whether it could treat breast cancer and its underlying mechanism remained largely unknown. This study was designed to evaluate the anticancer effects of isoalantolactone on breast cancer and explored the molecular mechanism. Two human breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7) and one normal breast cell line (MCF-10A) were applied. Our data suggested that isoalantolactone decreased breast cancer cell viability in a dose-dependent manner, but showed almost no toxicity to MCF-10A cells. The anticancer effects of isoalantolactone were related to the overexpression of reactive oxygen species. Isoalantolactone significantly induced breast cancer cell apoptosis by activating caspase cascade, cleaving poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase. Increase of Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential, release of cytochrome c from mitochondria to cytoplasm and cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase were associated to the apoptosis induction. Additionally, isoalantolactone increased the protein expression of p38 MAPK and JNK. The apoptosis-induction of isoalantolactone could be abrogated by co-treatment with SB203580 (inhibitor of p38 MAPK) or SP600125 (inhibitor of JNK). Furthermore, isoalantolactone induced breast cancer cells apoptosis in a caspase-independent pathway, which was downregulation of SIRT1. Therefore, isoalantolactone may serve as a chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of human breast cancer.