1433例慢性完全闭塞病变的冠状动脉支架术治疗

目的探讨提高CTO病变PCI成功率的方法.方法对1993年6月至2004年6月实施PCI治疗的1433例CTO患者的临床资料、病变特征和PCI治疗结果进行回顾性分析.PCI人选标准有心肌缺血的主观表现或客观证据.结果男性1176例(占82.1%),女性257例(占17.9%),年龄25～86(平均59.8±11.3)岁.共涉及CTO靶血管1823支,靶病变共1855处.CTO平均闭塞时间48.3±32.6(1～204)个月.绝对性CTO(TIMI血流0级)1646支(占90.3%).有桥侧支形成的靶CTO血管339支(占17.6%).逆向侧支循环者1035支(占56.8%).刀切状CTO607支(占33.2%).CTO闭塞段≥15mm的CTO病变1042支(占57.2%).病变近端或病变处弯曲≥90度有279支(占15.3%).病变近端或病变处钙化246支(占13.5%).距闭塞处＜1mm距离有分支发出的CTO病变血管499支(占27.3%).CTO位于血管开口处为849支(占46.6%),位于血管远端434支(占23.8%).CTO靶血管共置入冠状动脉支架1853枚.支架长度平均(24.8±6.7)mm.支架直径平均(2.9±0.7)mm.72例CTO患者置入药物洗脱支架95枚,其中Cypher支架44枚、Taxus支架51枚.术中99例行临时起搏术(占6.9%);33例行IABP治疗(占2.3%).经股动脉完成1291例(占90.1%),经桡动脉完成142例(占9.9%).168例应用了双侧冠脉造影、3例应用了对侧导丝、67例应用了平行导丝(parallel)或导丝互参照(seesaw)、21例应用了双导丝(buddy)技术.行旋磨术3例.共开通1328例患者CTO靶病变1694处,全部植入支架,术终1322例患者的1688处靶病变达TIMI3级血流(89.5%),病例成功率为92.3%(1322/1433),病变成功率为91.0%(1688/1855).功能性CTO、无桥侧支CTO、鼠尾状CTO、闭塞段15mmCTO的病变成功率较高,P＜0.05.失败的105例中82例因导丝不能通过CTO病变(占失败病例的78%),23例因球囊不能跨越病变(占22%),术中无死亡病例,支架内急性血栓形成2例,心包穿孔9例(发生率0.6%).术后住院期间共死亡3例,总住院病死率为0.2%,均为PCI失败者,其中2例猝死,1例死于慢性肾衰急性发作并脑梗塞.术后支架内亚急性血栓形成4例(发生率0.3%),均经急诊PCI治愈.结论本组CTO病变及病例成功率略高于国内大多数报导,且术中无死亡等严重并发症发生.在高难度CTO的开通成功率上与国外大中心相似,可能得益于我们较多采用亲水涂层或表面超滑的硬导丝,适当地应用平行导丝、导丝互参照和双导丝技术.另外,仔细阅读造影图像,科学、合理地安排有经验的术者和手术时间,以及手术组密切协作也对提高CTO治疗成功率有一定影响.     

长闭塞时间冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞病变患者 介入治疗的效果及安全性

目的 回顾性分析长闭塞时间冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞（CTO）病变介入治疗的疗效及安全性。方法 2006年1月~2007年6月入院行冠脉造影检查发现有CTO病变并行经皮冠脉介入（PCI）治疗的358例患者。分组标准:病变闭塞时间≤12个月组（135例）,病变闭塞时间>12个月组（223例）。对两组患者临床资料、PCI结果以及围术期并发症和随访期间主要不良心脏事件（MACE）进行回顾性分析。结果 与病变闭塞时间≤12个月比较,闭塞时间>12个月组的CTO患者老年患者（≥60岁）、糖尿病患者比例高（P<0.01）,女性患者、高血压患者比例也高于闭塞时间≤12个月组（P<0.05）。闭塞时间>12个月组的CTO病变绝对性闭塞比例高(P<0.01),刀切状病变、长度≥15 mm或并发桥状侧支循环形成的CTO比例也均高于闭塞时间≤12个月组（均P<0.05）。两组病变和病例成功率无统计学差异（91% vs 95%, 93% vs 97%）。两组术中无死亡病例,术后住院期间无主要不良心脏事件（MACE）发生,无患者进行急诊冠状动脉旁路移植术（CABG）。术后MACE发生率1年随访结果无统计学差异。结论 PCI治疗闭塞时间较长的CTO病变也可获得较高的成功率和较好的近期临床效果。     

多支慢性完全闭塞冠脉病变患者临床及冠脉造影特征

目的通过对冠脉造影发现的多支冠脉慢性完全闭塞（CTO）患者的临床和影像资料进行回顾性分析,总结多支CTO患者的临床和影像学特点。方法选取2004年1月至2005年12月诊断冠心病的连续住院患者,入院后行常规实验室生化检查及临床辅助检查,并行冠脉造影及左室造影检查。结果经冠脉造影证实有1支以上CTO病变的患者共513例,分成多支CTO组102例,单支CTO（对照）组411例。多支CTO患者中心律失常及心力衰竭患者比例较对照组高（P<0.05）,而年龄和男性、吸烟史、并发高血压、糖尿病、脑血管病史的比例两组间无显著差异。多支CTO患者三酰甘油（TG）和纤维蛋白原水平高于对照组,而高密度脂蛋白（HDL）低于对照组（P<0.05）;心脏超声左室较对照组扩大,而左室射血分数值低于对照组（P<0.05）;肾功、胆固醇和血糖水平两组无显著差异。多支CTO患者绝对性CTO、长度≥15 mm CTO、直径≤2.5 mm CTO及桥侧支CTO占各组CTO血管总数的比例均高于对照组（P<0.05）;两组刀切状CTO的比例无统计学差异。结论多支CTO患者临床病情较重,心功能较差,冠脉病变更加严重和复杂,这些临床及影像学特征可能增加CTO病变行经皮冠脉介入治疗的难度,对成功率有一定影响。     

老年冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞患者的临床特征分析

目的 总结并探讨老年冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞（CTO）冠心病患者的临床、影像学和经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI）的特点。方法 入选1995年1月至2014年12月入住沈阳军区总医院心内科行PCI的CTO患者3 957例,其中老年组1452例（36.7%）。结果 老年组稳定型心绞痛比例低于非老年组,而不稳定型心绞痛患者比例高于非老年组,差异均具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。老年组高血压和心力衰竭比例高于非老年组,差异均具有统计学意义（均P＜0.001）。老年组冠心病监护病房CCU住院天数和总住院天数均高于非老年组（P＜0.001）。老年组多支血管病变比例,左主干CTO比例,绝对性、截然闭塞（刀切状）、长度≥15mm、直径≤2.5mm及桥侧支CTO比例均高于非老年组（P＜0.001）。老年组CTO靶血管成功率低于非老年组（P＜0.05）,完全血运重建比例也低于非老年组（P＜0.001）。结论 老年CTO病变患者具有不稳定型心绞痛、高血压、心力衰竭和多支病变所占比例偏高的特点,且病变程度复杂,增加了介入治疗的难度。     

多支慢性冠状动脉闭塞病变侧支循环形成的影响因素分析

目的探讨影响慢性冠状动脉闭塞病变(CTO)多支病变侧支循环形成的因素。方法选择2003—2008年沈阳市第四人民医院心血管内科40例既往无心肌梗死的CTO患者,分为侧支良好组(A组)和侧支不良组(B组)。对两组患者的冠脉造影特点、临床特征进行对比分析。结果 A组中左优势冠脉即回旋支粗大占67.8%,B组中左优势冠脉仅占25.0%(P0.05),A组近端病变患者明显多于B组(P0.01),心绞痛病程(3个月)在A组中占96.4%,在B组中占66.6%(P0.05)。多因素logistic回归分揭示冠脉近端病变和糖尿病是良好侧支循环形成与否的独立影响因素。结论冠脉近端部位闭塞及左优势冠脉类型易于在CTO多支病变中建立侧支循环,心绞痛病程(3个月)时侧支循环明显增多,冠脉近端病变和糖尿病是侧支循环形成的独立影响因素。     

老年冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞病变的临床及影像学特点

目的回顾性分析老年冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞（CTO）的冠心病患者的临床和影像学资料,总结老年CTO病变的临床和影像学特点。方法入选1989年6月至2005年12月诊断冠心病的患者。入院后行常规实验室生化检查及X线胸片、心脏超声等临床辅助检查,并行冠脉造影及左室造影检查。分组标准：≥60岁CTO患者作为老年组,同期〈60岁CTO患者作为对照组。结果经冠脉造影证实有一支以上的CTO病变者共1716例。其中老年组971例,对照组745例。本组老年CTO患者中女性患者占27.4%,而对照组为9.1%;老年CTO患者的吸烟（57.2%）和患高血压比例（61.3%）均高于对照组（分别为26.7%和48.5%）,P〈0.05。老年组有陈旧心肌梗死病史的比例（46.3%）低于对照组（54.5%）,P〈0.05;而老年组合并心律失常（10.4%）、心力衰竭（27.3%）、脑血管病史（6.4%）的比例均高于对照组（分别为6.8%、18.7%和2.7%）,P〈0.05。老年组的肾功能水平高于对照组,P〈0.05。老年组人均CTO支数（1.44±0.35）高于对照组（1.39±0.98）,P〈0.05。老年组合并多支病变的比例（83.9%）高于对照组（71.0%）,P〈0.05。老年患者CTO特征中绝对性（93.9%）、刀切状（37.4%）、长度≥15mm（72.4%）、直径≤2.5mm（13.3%）及桥侧支CTO比例（23.4%）均高于对照组（分别为87.5%、24.4%、36.9%、9.3%和14.9%）,P〈0.05。结论老年CTO病变患者心、脑、肾等重要脏器功能衰竭的程度较非老年CTO患者高,且老年CTO病变复杂程度高、多支病变比例高,增加了介入治疗的难度。     

多支慢性完全闭塞冠脉病变患者特点分析

目的通过对冠脉造影发现的多支慢性完全闭塞(CTO)患者的临床和影像学资料进行对比分析,总结多支(二支或二支以上)CTO患者的临床和影像学特点。方法选取沈阳军区总医院心内科2007年1月至2009年12月入院诊断冠心病的连续住院患者,入院后行常规实验室生化检查及临床辅助检查,并行冠脉造影及左室造影检查。结果经冠脉造影证实有一支以上的CTO病变患者共836例,其中多支CTO患者179例,单支CTO患者657例。比较发现,多支CTO患者中心肌梗死次数、心律失常及心力衰竭患者比例较单支CTO患者高(P<0.05),而年龄和男性、吸烟史、合并高血压、糖尿病、脑血管病史的比例两组间无差异(P>0.05)。多支CTO患者组甘油三酯(TG)和纤维蛋白原水平高于单支CTO患者组,而心脏超声左室大小(LV值)较大,EF值较低(P<0.05);肾功、胆固醇和血糖水平两组之间无统计学差异(P>0.05)。多支CTO患者中长CTO(≥15 mm)、小血管(直径≤2.5 mm)CTO及存在桥侧支CTO比例均高于单支CTO组(P<0.05);两组中刀切状CTO的比例无统计学差异。结论多支CTO患者合并症较多,心功能较差,冠脉病变更加严重和复杂,这些临床及影像学特征可能增加CTO病变行PCI治疗的难度,对成功率有一定影响。     

冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞病变计算机断层扫描血管成像的形态学特征

目的分析冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞病变(chronic total occlusion,CTO)在双源计算机断层扫描(computed tomography,CT)血管成像上的形态学特点,并评估具有指导经皮冠状动脉介入(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)治疗价值的形态学特征。方法回顾性分析经冠状动脉造影(coronary angiography,CAG)证实为CTO病变患者的术前冠状动脉CT血管成像(coronary computed tomography angiography,CCTA)影像资料。评估并记录CCTA上所显示的各形态学指标,包括病变位置、闭塞血管长度、闭塞段血管近端呈钝形、闭塞段血管出现钙化;与CAG结果相比较,分析两者间显示的差异。结果 80例患者(82个CTO病变)CCTA结果显示82支血管闭塞,CCTA诊断CTO病变的敏感度为95.12%,特异度为97.14%;冠状动脉CTO病变45例(54.88%)位于右冠状动脉,CCTA测量闭塞段长度显著小于CAG测量所得,差异具有统计学意义[(28.29±14.15)mm vs.(38.90±23.48)mm,P0.001]。CCTA显示闭塞段血管近端呈钝形19例(23.17%),与CAG对照一致。CCTA显示58个(70.73%)CTO病变闭塞段血管内可见点状、结节状、条片状钙化灶,而CAG显示闭塞段血管存在钙化55个(67.07%),两者间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论双源CT诊断冠状动脉CTO病变有较高敏感度及特异度,且可以显示闭塞段长度,近端形态及闭塞段钙化等有利于指导PCI治疗的形态学特征。     

新器械应用对慢性完全闭塞病变患者介入治疗的作用

目的探讨新器械应用对慢性完全闭塞病变(CTO)患者介入治疗的作用。方法选取1999年1至12月行经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)的CTO患者52例作为早期组,选取2004年1至12月行PCI治疗的CTO患者174例作为近期组,回顾性比较两组临床、影像学特征及其应用指引导管、首选球囊、首选导丝和特殊导丝技术情况。结果近期组的CTO闭塞时间,合并糖尿病、高血压病、心力衰竭患者比例均大于早期组(29.7±13.0个月比23.9±10.4个月,28.7%比7.7%,59.8%比30.8%,28.7%比9.6%,P均<0.05)。近期组的病例成功率为91.4%(159/174),高于早期组的80.8%(42/52,P<0.05)。早期和近期PCI治疗成功组的CTO靶血管分布差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),近期成功组的刀切状、有桥侧支、闭塞段≥15mmCTO的比例均高于早期成功组(50.3%比31.0%,37.1%比19.0%,73.0%比54.8%,P均<0.05),同时近期成功组亲水涂层导丝、锥形导丝和特殊导丝技术应用的比例均高于早期成功组(20.1%比7.1%,54.1%比0,50.3%比0,P均<0.05)。结论近期组CTO患者临床病情严重程度、病变复杂程度较早期组患者明显增加,但仍保持了较高的病例成功率,提示新器械的应用使CTO病变的PCI适应证范围明显扩大。     

多层螺旋CT指导下慢性闭塞病变的介入治疗

目的探讨多层螺旋CT(MDCT)对于慢性闭塞(CTO)病变PCI结果有无指导作用。方法选择在我院行冠状动脉MDCT证实为冠状动脉CTO,并在我院心内科行择期PCI的冠心病患者35例。根据CT图像判断CTO病变的位置、性质及钙化程度,闭塞血管远段血流分级以及闭塞近段管腔直径等指标是否对PCI结果及操作时间有预测及指导意义。结果 35例患者中有37支闭塞血管,其中21支(56.8%)获得再通,未再通血管中43.8%位于右冠状动脉,56.2%位于血管近段,钙化斑块占56.2%,80.0%的血管在CT图像上无法看到闭塞远段造影剂渗漏。TIMI血流(P=0.0128)及闭塞部位血管病变的性质(P=0.0703)是CTO病变再通的影响因素。闭塞血管所处节段(P=0.0157)以及闭塞血管所处位置(P=0.0704)是开通CTO病变操作时间的影响因素。结论MDCT可以准确判断CTO病变的走行,评价其斑块的性质及分布。闭塞病变远段有无血流及斑块的性质是PCI是否成功的预测因素。闭塞血管的不同以及所处节段的不同是PCI操作时间长短的预测因素。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.