新生儿喉罩复苏的临床研究及前景

喉罩复苏作为新型复苏技术逐渐受到国内外复苏工作者的关注及重视。该文结合国内现存的新生儿复苏问题,阐述使用喉罩复苏的意义;同时对喉罩背景、使用现况,及其相比于面罩、气管插管复苏的优势,喉罩复苏最新进展、拓展应用、局限性进行全面介绍。     

喉罩替代气管插管在心肺复苏中的临床应用

目的探讨心肺复苏(CPR)时盲插喉罩通气对复苏成功率的影响。方法将我科2003-06~2007-05所接诊的心跳骤停患者51例作为观察组,应用盲插喉罩通气;另选同期所接诊的心跳骤停患者46例作为对照组,应用气管内插管通气。结果插管所需时间:观察组(28.1±12.6)s;对照组(130±56)s,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。一次插管成功率:观察组盲探下插入喉罩一次成功47例(成功率92%);对照组气管内插管一次成功19例(成功率41.3%),两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。复苏成功率:观察组复苏成功25例(成功率49%);对照组复苏成功12例(成功率26%),两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论在CPR时,盲插喉罩通气具有操作简便、迅速、复苏成功率高的优点,可以代替气管内插管。     

双管喉管与双管喉罩用于全身麻醉患儿通气效果的比较

目的 比较双管喉管与双管喉罩用于全身麻醉患儿的通气效果.方法 拟行全身麻醉的患儿40例,ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级,随机分为双管喉管组(L组)和双管喉罩组(P组),每组20例.采用咪唑达伦0.05 mg/kg、丙泊酚1～2 mg/kg、芬太尼2～4 μg/kg和阿曲库胺0.5 mg/kg进行麻醉诱导,待肌松完全后插入适宜型号的双管喉管或双管喉罩.记录插入时间和一次插入成功率;术中持续监测的脉搏氧饱和度(SpO2)、心率(HR)、气道峰压(Ppeak)和呼气末二氧化碳分压(PETCO2),间隔3分钟测量并记录一次无创血压;记录手术时间、清醒时间、拔除时间和术后24 h内咽部不良反应的发生情况.结果两组插入时间和一次插入成功率比较差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05);两组血流动力学平稳,SpO2、Ppeak和PETCO2 均在正常范围内,且差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05);两组手术时间、清醒时间、拔除时间和术后24 h内咽部不良反应发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论双管喉管可以安全而有效地用于全身麻醉患儿,且通气效果与双管喉罩相似.     

Delivery room resuscitation of near-term infants: Role of the laryngeal mask airway

Aim

This observational study aims to describe: (1) the use of positive pressure ventilation (PPV) for resuscitation in the delivery room among newly born near-term infants; (2) the methods used for PPV resuscitation [e.g., bag-facial mask (BFM), laryngeal mask airway (LMA), endotracheal tube (ETT)]; and (3) the association of each device with short-term neonatal outcomes.

Methods

We identified near-term (34 0/7-36 6/7 weeks) infants delivered at the Padua University Hospital (Padua, Italy) during the years 2002-2006. The mode of delivery, gestational age, birth weight, Apgar scores, methods of resuscitation and respiratory outcome after NICU admission were analysed.

Results

During the 5-year study period, 921 (4.9%) near-term infants were identified from a total of 18,641 live births. PPV was provided in the delivery room to 86 (9.3%) of these infants. Among them, 36 (41.8%) were managed by LMA, 34 (39.5%) by BFM and 16 (18.6%) by ETT. Thirty-four (39.5%) resuscitated near-term infants were admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU): 15 (44.1%) after BFM, 12 (75%) after ETT and seven (19.4%) after LMA. Resuscitation with an ETT was associated with an increased rate of respiratory distress syndrome when compared with either BFM or LMA. Resuscitation with an LMA was associated with a lower rate of NICU admission and shorter length of stay when compared with either BFM or ETT.

Conclusion

The LMA is an effective device for primary airway management of near-term infants and for secondary airway management among near-term infants failing BFM or ETT resuscitation.     

喉罩-气管插管序贯性气道开放在紧急心肺脑复苏中的应用探讨

目的 为紧急心肺脑复苏（CPCR）探索一条更快捷、更有效、更易推广普及的气道开放方法，以提高CPCR的成功率。方法 选择心跳、呼吸骤停需紧急心肺脑复苏的患者108例，随机分为喉罩-气管插管序贯性气道开放实施组和常规气管插管组，比较两组方法在心肺脑复苏急救中的时效性、胸外心脏按压的协调性、自主循环复苏成功率及对患者预后的影响。结果 实施组和常规组比较，气道有效开放时间明显缩短，能较快改善脑缺氧，置人过程不影响胸外心脏按压，自主循环复苏成功率提高，以上各项比较差异均有统计学意义。实施组存活出院患者神经功能后遗症明显轻于常规组。结论 序贯性气道开放能及时、有效、可靠地早期开放气道，能更合理地协调与胸外按压的交互性，提高CPCR患者存活率，减少致残率，适合在CPCR中普及推广。     

吸氧喉罩在气管切开患者中的应用

目的 探讨气管切开术后患者用吸氧喉罩吸氧的效果观察.方法 对64例气管切开患者随机分为两组,观察组32例采用吸氧喉罩吸氧;对照组32例采用常规吸氧方法(一次性头皮针去掉针头的软管部分吸氧),并进行持续呼气末CO2、SpO2监测.结果 观察组对患者痰液黏稠度、氧气管堵管、气切口处并发症等明显低于对照组;给氧后5 min,观察组SpO2(95.0±2.56)%,对照组(93.0±2.35)%,两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 气管切开患者用喉罩吸氧可快速有效地提高SpO2,缓解低氧血症,减少气管切口处并发症发生率.     

The use of the laryngeal mask airway to facilitate the insertion of a percutaneous tracheostomy

We report the use of the laryngeal mask airway to facilitate the insertion of a percutaneous tracheostomy (Ciaglia kit) in two patients. This method has not been reported previously. We believe that in selected patients the technique described increases the ease of placement of a percutaneous tracheostomy.     

A comparison of the I-gel supraglottic airway as a conduit for tracheal intubation with the intubating laryngeal mask airway: A manikin study

Background

Insertion of a supraglottic airway and tracheal intubation through it may be indicated in resuscitation scenarios where conventional laryngoscopy fails. Various supraglottic devices have been used as conduits for tracheal intubation, including the intubating laryngeal mask airway (ILMA), the Ctrach™ laryngeal mask and the I-gel supraglottic airway.

Methods

A prospective study with 25 participants evaluated the success rate of blind intubation (using a gum-elastic bougie, an Aintree intubating catheter (AIC) and designated tracheal tube) and fibrescope-guided tracheal intubation (through the intubating laryngeal mask airway and the I-gel supraglottic airway) on three different airway manikins.

Results

Twenty-five anaesthetists performed three intubations with each method on each of three manikins. The success rate of the fibrescope-guided technique was significantly higher than blind attempts (P < 0.0001) with both devices. For fibreoptic techniques, there was no difference found between the ILMA and I-gel (P > 0.05). All blind techniques were significantly more successful in the ILMA group compared to the I-gel (P < 0.0001 for bougie, Aintree catheter and tracheal tube, respectively).

Conclusions

The results of this study show that, in manikins, fibreoptic intubation through both ILMA and I-gel is a highly successful technique. Blind intubation through the I-gel showed a low success rate and should not be attempted.     

Lingual nerve injury caused by laryngeal mask airway during percutaneous nephrolithotomy: A case report

BACKGROUNDLingual nerve injury (LNI) is a rare complication following the use of laryngeal mask airway (LMA). The occurrence of this unexpected complication causes uncomfortable symptoms in patients and worsens their quality of life. We present an unusual case of LNI caused by the use of an LMA in percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL).CASE SUMMARYA 49-year-old man presented to our hospital with a 3-year history of intermittent left lower back pain. Abdominal computed tomography showed a 25 mm × 20 mm stone in the left renal pelvis. PCNL surgery using LMA was performed to remove the renal stone. The patient reported numbness on the tip of his tongue after the operation, but there were no signs of swelling or trauma. The patient was diagnosed with LNI after other possible causes were ruled out. The symptom of numbness eventually improved after conservative medical therapy for 1 wk. The patient completely recovered 3 wk after surgery.CONCLUSIONThis is the first case report describing LNI with the use of LMA in PCNL. In our case, an inappropriate LMA size, intraoperative movement, and a specific surgical position might be potential causes of this rare complication.     

“Mouth to mouth ventilation”: A comparison of the laryngeal mask airway with the Laerdal Pocket Facemask

Ten nurses with basic airway management experience were formally trained to use a classic laryngeal mask airway (LMA) and a Laerdal Pocket Facemask (LPFM) for oxygen enriched expired air ventilation (EEAV). They then used both of these devices for EEAV in a randomised fashion in 100 anaesthetised ASA I/II patients for elective surgery. EEAV was considered successful if the patient's arterial oxygen saturation was maintained above 93% on room air for 3 min. EEAV success rates for the LMA and LPFM were 95% and 51% respectively (P = 0.03). There was no apparent learning curve for either apparatus. Mean time in seconds (s) for first successful ventilation from picking up the apparatus was 26.8 s and 15.1 s, for the LMA and LPFM respectively (P < 0.005). Although the LMA took significantly longer time to insert, it proved to be more successful and easier to use than the LPFM for EEAV.     

The use of a laryngeal mask airway during percutaneous tracheostomy

Summary

Bedside percutaneous tracheostomy (PCT) for patients in intensive care units (ICU) is gaining popularity. Recently, the use of a laryngeal mask airway (LMA) to facilitate PCT has been described. We present a series of 18 patients where an LMA was inserted prior to PCT. This was successful in all but one patient. PCT could not be performed in this patient as oxygen desaturation had developed after inserting the LMA. The reason for this was probably an oedematous larynx, secondary to long-term intubation. Major bleeding in two patients [one of whom required packed red blood cell (RBC) transfusion] required surgical intervention and two patients had minor bleeding. No complications were related to the insertion or presence of the LMA during PCT, with the exception of the one patient cited above. The use of an LMA during PCT is a method of treatment worth noting in ICU patients. This technique may provide suitable conditions for performing PCT and is free from the complications associated with the presence of an endotracheal tube.     

丁卡因润滑剂对小儿拔除喉罩麻醉深度的影响

目的 以50%和95％小儿平稳拔除喉罩的呼气末七氟烷浓度（EC50和EC95）为指标确定拔除喉罩的麻醉深度，并观察1％丁卡因润滑剂对小儿拔除喉罩麻醉深度的影响。 方法　选择全麻下行单侧腹股沟斜疝修补手术的小儿患者50例，ASAⅠ级，年龄2～5岁，体重10～20kg, 随机分为两组（n=25）：观察组喉罩表面涂抹含1％丁卡因的液体润滑剂，对照组喉罩表面涂抹不含局麻药的水溶性润滑剂。吸入七氟烷和50％氧化亚氮诱导并维持麻醉,不使用肌肉松弛剂及静脉麻醉药物，手术结束后维持设定的七氟烷浓度15min后拔除喉罩。根据Dixon 序贯法确定喉罩拔除的七氟烷浓度,每0.2%七氟烷浓度为一个增减单位。拔除喉罩时小儿没有出现咳嗽、牙关紧闭、体动、屏气及喉痉挛等认为平稳拔除喉罩。 结果　观察组小儿平稳拔除喉罩的呼气末七氟烷EC50值为1.23％（95％CI,1.11％～ 1.34％）, EC95值为1.46％（95％CI,1.34％～2.34％）；对照组小儿平稳拔除喉罩的呼气末七氟烷EC50值为1.73％（95％CI,1.61％～1.88％）, EC95值为2.01％（95％CI,1.86％～3.07％）。 结论　喉罩表面涂抹1％丁卡因润滑剂后，小儿平稳拔除喉罩的呼气末七氟烷EC50和EC95值分别下降了28.9％和27.4％。     

食管引流型与标准型喉罩通气道用于正压通气的自身对照研究

目的采用随机自身对照设计方法比较食管引流型喉罩通气道(PLMA)和标准型喉罩通气道(SLMA)用于间歇正压通气的有效性。方法选择50例经美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)身体状态分级标准分为1~2级、拟在全身麻醉下实施择期整形外科手术患者。在常规麻醉诱导后,顺序插入PLMA和SLMA,将通气罩内压充气至60cmH2O(1cm H2O=0.098kPa),评价两种喉罩通气道充气前后的肺通气满意度和气道密封压,同时进行光导纤维支气管镜(FOB)评分,确定通气罩的解剖位置。然后将潮气量设定为10ml/kg实施间歇正压通气,记录间歇正压通气后连续5次呼吸的平均呼潮气量和平均吸气峰压。结果在通气罩未充气情况下,插入PLMA后有46例(92%)患者获得了良好和尚可的肺通气效果,而插入SLMA后仅有22例(44%)患者获得了良好和尚可的肺通气效果;PLMA的气道密封压显著高于SLMA(P<0.05)。将通气罩内压充气至60cmH2O,采用PLMA的50例患者均获得良好的肺通气效果,但采用SLMA时仅有28例获得良好的肺通气效果;PLMA所需的充气量和充气后获得的气道密封压均显著高于SLMA(P均<0.05)。采用PLMA时所有患者的气道密封压均高于或等于采用SLMA时;采用PLMA时除2例患者外,其他患者所需的充气量也均高于采用SLMA时。PLMA通气罩位置的FOB评分显著低于SLMA(P<0.05)。采用PLMA维持气道的29例患者和采用SLMA维持气道的21例患者的平均呼潮气量、吸气峰压及维持气道时间差异均无显著性(P均>0.05)。结论与SLMA相比,PLMA可为正压通气提供更好的气道密封压,而且对声门和食管上端具有潜在的隔离作用,用于正压通气时PLMA比SLMA更有效、更安全。     

喉罩在神经介入手术中的应用效果观察

目的观察喉罩（laryngeal mask airway,LMA）在全麻下神经介入手术中对呼吸循环功能的影响。方法选择40例择期行神经介入手术患者,ASAⅡ~Ⅲ级,采用随机数字表法分为喉罩组（L组）和气管插管组（T组）各20例,两组均采用丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼静脉麻醉。比较两组置罩（管）和拔罩（管）前后心率（HR）、平均动脉压（MAP）的变化情况,并记录两组麻醉药用量以及拔管（罩）期各种并发症的情况。结果 L组置罩后和拔罩前后HR、MAP无明显变化（P〉0.05）;T组插管后及拔管前后的HR、MAP均较插管前明显升高（P〈0.05）;L组麻醉药用量少,停药后苏醒快,并发症明显少于T组。结论 LMA用于全麻下神经介入手术通气效果好、安全可靠,且有血流动力学平稳、苏醒快、并发症少等优点。     

纤维支气管镜用于成人喉罩定位的临床研究

目的探讨常规喉罩插入法喉罩理想位置的到位率,提高喉罩通气技术的安全性。方法采用纤维支气管镜(fiberoptic bronchoscope,FOB)对127例使用喉罩通气全麻的成年患者,验证喉罩插入位置的到位率,对插入喉罩位置不理想者在FOB直视下进行调整。结果常规喉罩插入法到位率为76.37%,经FOB直视下调整喉罩后所能达到1级者较之调整前明显增加(P<0.05);插入喉罩位置不当(位置分级≥2级)原因主要为深度不适宜。结论采用FOB对喉罩定位是一种准确、安全的方法,可以显著提高喉罩插入的到位率。     

喉罩用于妇科腹腔镜手术的临床观察及护理对策

目的 探讨喉罩用于妇科腹腔镜手术的效果与护理经验.方法 选取择期行妇科腹腔镜手术患者80例,随机分为喉罩组(L组)及对照组(C组)各40例.L组用喉罩全麻下手术,C组气管插管全麻下手术,监测诱导前、通气道置入时、气腹时、拔除通气道时的生命体征(平均动脉压、心率、SpO2)及呼气末二氧化碳分压(PETCO2),比较2组间恶心、呕吐、喉痉挛、咽痛、声嘶、反流误吸的发生率.结果 C组中平均动脉压(MAP)与心率在通气道置入后即时及拔除通气道时均比L组升高,2组间SpO2与PETCO2在各时间点无显著差异.C组恶心、咽痛、声嘶发生率较L组高,喉痉挛、呕吐与反流误吸在2组间无显著差异. 结论喉罩应用于妇科腹腔镜手术不良反应发生率低,临床效果良好,便于围手术期护理.     

Feasibility study of epinephrine administration via laryngeal mask airway using a porcine model

The laryngeal mask airway (LMA) is gaining wide application as an alternative method of maintaining the airway in situations including general anaesthesia, for difficult airways and pre-hospital resuscitation. During resuscitation, drug administration via an LMA is sometimes warranted when vascular accesses cannot be established immediately. Therefore, we conducted a study on the feasibility of drug administration via the laryngeal mask airway. Twenty-four pigs were assigned into four groups according to the mode of epinephrine (adrenaline) administration: intravenous (20 microg/kg; Group 1); tracheal (50 microg/kg; Group 2), injection into the upper end of the LMA (50 microg/kg; Group 3), and via a catheter through the LMA into the trachea (50 microg/kg; Group 4). Arterial blood samples were drawn before and at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, and 18 min after epinephrine administration. Heart rates and arterial blood pressures were also recorded at the same time. The peak plasma epinephrine (PPE) levels were higher for Group 1 compared to the other groups, with Group 3 producing the lowest PPE levels. No significant difference was demonstrated comparing the PPE levels for Groups 2 and 4. Further, no differences were noted comparing the mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate between these two groups. In this non-arrest adult porcine model we conclude that epinephrine delivered via a catheter passing through the LMA can provide a similar effect as administration via the tracheal tube.     

Choosing the correct laryngeal mask airway sizes and cuff inflation volumes in pediatric patients

The laryngeal mask airway (LMA) is now standard airway management equipment in prehospital and Emergency Department (ED) care. Most providers may not be able to match the pediatric LMA sizes to the appropriate weights of pediatric patients. The exact inflation volumes are also difficult to memorize. To overcome this problem, we propose the following equations: Weight (kg) of patient = 2(2 x LMA), where LMA is the size; cuff inflation volume (mL) = 5 x LMA.