来氟米特对大鼠肾毒血清性肾炎早期肾损害的保护作用

目的探讨来氟米特（LEF）对大鼠肾毒血清性肾炎早期肾损害的保护作用。方法建立大鼠肾毒血清肾炎模型,随机分为正常对照组、病理对照组、LEF干预组（5mg／kg／d,灌胃）。2周末检测24h尿蛋白含量、血清学指标;观察肾小球病理形态及免疫组化变化。结果病理对照组24h尿蛋白水平明显高于正常对照组（P〈0．01）,血浆白蛋白水平明显低于正常对照组（P〈0．05）,肾小球内细胞数、含新月体肾小球数、硬化肾小球数、肾组织中MCP-1、ED1^＋细胞浸润明显高于正常对照组（P〈0．05）。肾组织中ED1^＋细胞数与尿蛋白排泄量、形成新月体的肾小球百分数呈显著正相关（P〈0．01）,形成新月体的肾小球百分数与尿蛋白排泄量亦呈显著正相关（P〈0．01）。LEF干预组大鼠尿蛋白水平、肾小球细胞总数、硬化肾小球数、新月体数、肾小球ED1^＋细胞浸润及MCP-1表达均明显低于病理对照组（P〈0．01,0．05）。结论LEF能改善肾毒血清性肾炎大鼠早期肾脏病变,其机制可能部分与抑制肾组织MCP-1表达和巨噬细胞浸润有关。     

血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂对实验性肾小球硬化的作用

目的：观察血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂氯沙坦对５／６肾切除大鼠残余肾组织肾小球硬化的影响。方法：将５／６肾切除鼠分为氯沙坦治疗组和对照组,并设假手术组为正常对照组。检测各组术后第２,４,６周的尿蛋白及第６周的血清尿素氮、肌酐、总蛋白、白蛋白,并观察第６周肾组织病理改变。结果：氯沙坦治疗组与对照组相比,尿蛋白排泄量明显减少（Ｐ〈０．０１）,血肌酐、尿素氮水平下降（Ｐ〈０．０１）,肾小球增生、硬化程度明显减     

肾小球硬化大鼠血、尿液生化及肾脏病理学改变

摘要： 目的 观察肾小球硬化（GS）大鼠血、尿液生化及肾脏病理学改变。方法 40只Wistar雄性大鼠随机分为假手术组和模型组，每组均为20只。采用单侧肾切除加1周后尾静脉注射阿霉素(5mg/kg)的方案建立大鼠GS模型，造模后12周末处死。检测血清肌酐(SCr)、尿素氮(BUN)、总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(Alb)及24小时尿蛋白（24hUPr）。苏木素-伊红（HE）染色观察肾脏病理改变，计算GS指数。免疫组织化学方法检测肾组织Ⅳ型-胶原（Col-Ⅳ）和纤维连接蛋白（FN）的表达水平。结果 （1）模型组24hUPr和血清SCr、BUN显著高于假手术组，而血清TP、Alb则明显降低。（2）GS大鼠肾小球肥大，球囊粘连，囊壁增厚，局灶节段性肾小球硬化，GS指数显著高于假手术组；肾小管萎缩或坏死，可见大量蛋白管型；肾间质增宽，可见大量炎症细胞浸润。（3）GS大鼠肾组织Col-Ⅳ和FN阳性面积比显著高于假手术组，以肾小球表达增高为主。结论 采用单侧肾切除加1周后尾静脉注射阿霉素(5mg/kg)在术后12周可以成功建立GS模型，具体表现为大量蛋白尿、低蛋白血症和明显的肾功能损害，肾脏病理显示GS合并Col-Ⅳ、FN表达普遍增高。     

缬沙坦对早期糖尿病鼠肾脏巨噬细胞浸润的影响

目的研究缬沙坦对早期糖尿病大鼠肾脏病变的影响。方法单侧肾切除SD大鼠随机分为3组：对照组（NC）、糖尿病组（DM）、治疗组（DV）组。治疗组于注射STZ当天起给予缬沙坦50mg/（kg.d）灌胃,疗程为8周。第8周时,观测肾组织形态学及肾功能变化,并采用免疫组化方法观察肾脏组织巨噬细胞浸润情况。结果DM组大鼠尿蛋白持续上升 肌酐清除率（Ccr）下降,肾脏组织巨噬细胞浸润增加。DV组以上指标均明显改善,DV组与DM组两组之间差异有统计学意义。结论缬沙坦对糖尿病大鼠早期肾脏损害有保护作用,其机制可能部分与抑制肾组织巨噬细胞浸润有关。     

葱白制剂对5／6肾切除大鼠PPAR-γ表达的影响

目的观察葱白制剂对慢性肾衰大鼠肾组织过氧化脂质体增殖激活受体-γ（PPAR-γ）表达的影响。方法SD大鼠80只，制备5／6肾大部切除慢性肾衰大鼠模型。分为葱白制剂组、苯那普利组、模型对照组和假手术组。各组大鼠分别于第1、4、8、12周杀检，分别留取血、尿及肾组织标本，检测血清肌酐（Scr）、尿素氮（BUN），24h尿蛋白定量，肾组织免疫组化检测Ⅰ型胶原（COL—Ⅰ）、Ⅲ型胶原（COL-Ⅲ）及PPAR-γ表达，RT—PCR法检测肾组织PPAR-γ mRNA表达。结果自第8周起，葱自制剂组及苯那普利组BUN及Scr下降，较模型组明显差异（P〈0．05）；用葱自制荆及苯那普利均可明显减少尿蛋白排泄（P〈0．05）；免疫组化模型组仅在肾小球有少量PPAR-γ表达，葱白制剂组肾小球及肾小管均有PPAR-γ表达，苯那普利组仅肾小球有少量表达，而假手术组主要在肾小球表达，肾小管有少量表达；葱白制剂与苯那普利均可明显抑制Ⅰ、Ⅲ型胶原的表达。RT—PCR结果示5／6肾大部切除大鼠肾组织PPAR-γ mRNA表达下降，葱白制剂可上调其表达。结论葱白制剂可改善肾纤维化，保护肾功能。其机制可能与慢性肾衰的早期调节PPAR-γ mRNA的表达有关。     

缬沙坦联合阿魏酸钠治疗慢性肾功能衰竭疗效观察

目的：观察缬沙坦、阿魏酸钠合用延缓慢性肾功能衰竭（CRF）进展的疗效。方法：90例CRF患者分为治疗组和对照组。治疗组给予缬沙坦和阿魏酸钠;对照组给予钙离子拮抗剂等降压药,均未服用或未坚持服用肾素-血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂（ACEI）或血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂（ARB）。观察患者血压、尿蛋白定量、血尿素氮（BUN）、血肌酐（Scr）及肾小球滤过率（GFR）。结果：两组治疗后血压均下降;治疗组尿蛋白定量、BUN、Scr水平较对照组下降,GFR组较对照组增加,差异有显著性（P〈0.05）。结论：缬沙坦联合阿魏酸钠能有效延缓CRF进展。     

盐酸青藤碱抗肾间质纤维化的实验研究

目的：探讨盐酸青藤碱在治疗肾间质性纤维化中的作用及其发生机制,为临床上进一步防止肾小球和肾小管间质纤维化提供一些借鉴。方法：采用小鼠单侧榆尿管结扎法诱导肾间质纤维化的动物模型,用盐酸青藤碱治疗,并设对照组（病理组）、假手术组、治疗组,检测血尿素氮（BUN）、血肌酐（SCr）、血清层粘连蛋白（LN）、纤维连接蛋白（FN）的含量,免疫组化法检测组织转化生长因子β1（TGF—β1）的表达并进行肾脏病理学的观察。结果：3组比较,对照组BUN、SCr明显高于治疗组（P〈0．01）,略高于假手术组,但统计学比较无显著性差异（P〉0．05）;治疗组TGF—β1及FN均明显低于对照组、假手术组（P〈O．01）;LN亦较对照组、假手术组低（P〈0．05）。对照组、假手术组肾小管结构消失,代之以弥漫性纤维组织增生及单核细胞浸润;治疗组虽也肾小管萎缩、扩张,但病变较轻,绝大多数肾小管结构尚存,炎性细胞浸润也多呈局灶样分布。结论：盐酸青藤碱能降低BUN、SCr、FN、LN的含量以及TGF—β1表达,抑制间质纤维化,减轻肾损害,从而延缓肾脏疾病的发展。     

加味过敏煎对膜性肾病大鼠蛋白尿及血清生化指标的影响

目的利用大鼠膜性肾病模型,通过检测大鼠24 h尿蛋白定量及其血清生化指标,判断加味过敏煎对膜性肾炎的治疗效果,了解并初步探讨其治疗膜性肾炎的机理。方法将40只Wistar大鼠随机分为正常对照组、模型组、加味过敏煎组、雷公藤组,共四组,每组10只。采用尾静脉多次注射方法建立大鼠膜性肾病模型,分别在造模成功后（实验第4周）和实验结束时（实验第8周）检测大鼠24 h的尿蛋白定量,连续药物干预4周后检测各组大鼠甘油三酯（TG）、胆固醇（CHOL）、血肌酐（Scr）、尿素氮（BUN）,在光镜下观察肾脏的病理组织学改变。结果 （1）24 h蛋白定量：与正常组比较,模型组大鼠均出现大量蛋白尿,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）;与模型组比较,各治疗组大鼠24 h尿蛋白定量明显降低,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01或P〈0.05）;加味过敏煎组与雷公藤多甙组相比无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。（2）各组生化指标检测：与正常组比较,模型组大鼠血清CHOL、TG、SCr、BUN均明显升高,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01或P〈0.05）;与模型组比较,各治疗组大鼠血清CHOL、TG、SCr、BUN明显降低（P〈0.01或P〈0.05）;与雷公藤片组比较,加味过敏煎组血清CHOL、TG、SCr、BUN有所降低但无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论 （1）加味过敏煎能明显降低24 h尿蛋白、调节脂质代谢紊乱;（2）加味过敏煎可通过增加肾小球基底膜的通透性,改善肾功能,减轻了尿蛋白对肾小球功能的直接损害,使炎症细胞的浸润减少,以达到缓解肾小球进行性硬化的目的。     

儿茶素对5／6肾切除大鼠肾脏微血管的保护作用及其机制

目的：探讨儿茶素对5／6肾切除大鼠血管紧张素转化酶（angiotensin—converting enzyme,ACE）、血管紧张素Ⅱ（angiotensinⅡ,AngⅡ）及肾脏组织微血管密度（microvessel density,MVD）的影响。方法：60只SD大鼠被分为假手术组、模型组和儿茶素组。模型组和儿茶素组大鼠切除5／6肾脏制作模型,假手术组不做肾切除。儿茶素治疗8周与12周后,应用免疫组织化学法检测CD34标记的肾局部微血管数并计算密度;紫外分光光度法检测血浆与肾皮质中ACE活性;放射免疫法测定血浆与肾皮质中AngⅡ浓度;苏木精和伊红（hematoxylin and eosin,HE）染色及过碘酸-希夫（periodic acid—Schiff,PAS）染色后,半定量积分法评价肾小球硬化指数（glomerular sclerosis index,GSI）与肾小管间质损伤指数（tubule interstitial score,TIS）。结果：儿茶素组GSI与TIS在第8、12周末均显著低于模型组（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）;模型组和儿茶素组肾小球及小管周围MVD在第8周与第12周末较假手术组均明显降低（P〈0．01）;儿茶素组血浆、肾皮质中ACE活性与AngⅡ浓度在实验第8与第12周末均显著低于模型组（P〈0．01）;Pearson相关分析发现,MVD与GSI、TIS、ACE、AngⅡ呈负相关（P〈0．01）,ACE、AngⅡ与GSI、TIS呈正相关（P〈0．01）。结论：儿茶素可有效阻止5／6肾切除大鼠肾脏微血管密度的减少,抑制肾小球硬化与肾间质纤维化的进展,这可能与儿茶素抑制ACE的活性,减少AngⅡ的生成有关。     

大鼠肝脏缺血再灌注损伤对肾的影响

目的：探讨大鼠肝脏缺血再灌注（I／R）损伤对肾的影响及可能的机制。方法：Wistar大鼠48只，随机分为对照组（假手术组）、缺血30min组（Ⅰ组）、缺血30min再灌注组（Ⅰ／R组）及缺血30min再灌注后1、2、4h组（Ⅰ／R1h、Ⅰ／R 2h、Ⅰ／R4 h组），测定各组血清中谷氨酰转移酶（GTP）、碱性磷酸酶（AKP）、γ-谷氨酸转肽酶（γ-GT）、尿素氮（BUN）、肌酐（Cr）含量及肾组织中丙二醛（MDA）含量和Na^＋-K^＋-ATP酶、Ca^2＋-ATP酶的活性，并测定血清和肾组织血管紧张素Ⅱ（AngⅡ）、醛固酮（Aid）、内皮素（ET）的含量。结果：肝脏Ⅰ／R导致肝脏、肾脏明显损伤，表现Ⅰ／R各组血清GTP、AKP、γ-GT、BUN、Cr含量明显高于对照组（P〈0．05）；与对照组相比，Ⅰ／R1、2、4h组肾组织MDA、ET含量明显升高，Na^＋-K^＋-ATP酶、Ca^2＋-ATP酶活性明显降低（P〈0．05），血清ET含量明显升高（P〈0．05），Ⅰ／R2、4h组血清AngⅡ含量明显高于对照组（P〈0．05）；与对照组相比，其余各组肾组织中AngⅡ的含量均明显升高（P〈0．05），Ⅰ／R及I／R1、2、4h组血清和肾组织中Aid含量均明显高于对照组（P〈0．05），随着肝脏Ⅰ／R后时间的延长，肝脏出现炎性细胞浸润，肝细胞片状坏死，肾小球、肾小管细胞水肿、充血。结论：肝脏Ⅰ／R损伤可造成肾功能损伤，损伤机制在自由基损伤的基础上，与肾素血管紧张素-醛固酮系统有关。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.