维持性血液透析患者乙型和丙型肝炎感染的发病与预防

目的 通过回顾性分析我院透析中心近2年新增乙、丙型肝炎感染病例的发病率,评估加强医务人员及病人管理、严格实行消毒隔离措施对控制乙、丙型肝炎感染发病率的有效性.方法 对2008年3月至2009年2月和2009年3月至2010年3月2个时间段内所有在我透析中心进行长期维持性血液透析且未更换过透析机的患者进行了乙型肝炎5项指标及丙型肝炎抗体的检测,统计新发乙、丙型肝炎的发病率并对新发病例进行分析.结果 2008年度新增1例丙型肝炎患者(发病率为0.72%),2009年度新增1例丙型肝炎患者(发病率为0.66%),2例患者均有明确的输血病史;2年内无新发乙型肝炎感染病例.结论 通过采取严格的管理及消毒隔离措施,能够明显减少维持性血液透析患者乙型肝炎和丙型肝炎的发病率.     

实施规范化管理后血液透析患者肝炎感染情况调查

目的 研究血液透析单位实施规范化管理后肝炎感染的发生情况.方法 研究对象为2006年10月至2008年10月实施规范化管理前、后在我院血液净化中心维持性血液透析患者.规范化管理方法:规范血液透析室布局;尽可能减少输血次数;一次性使用透析器、血路管、穿刺针、注射器、压力传感器;重视工作人员手卫生,每操作1例患者更换1副手套;避免患者之间共用物品;两班之间透析机的化学消毒;患者定期做乙型肝炎、丙型肝炎血清学检测;肝炎病毒阳性患者应与易感患者分开或有严格的隔离措施;对乙肝二对半阴性者给予乙肝疫苗注射;对乙型肝炎病毒定量、丙型肝炎病毒定量阳性者给予α干扰素治疗.结果 实施规范化管理措施后2年的随访结果表明,新增丙型肝炎感染者2例,乙型肝炎感染者1例.其中第1年新增加的乙型肝炎感染者1例,新增加的丙型肝炎感染者1例;第2年新增加的丙型肝炎感染者1例.结论 通过规范化管理,可以减少血液透析患者肝炎病毒感染机会.     

维持性血液透析患者丙型肝炎病毒感染情况的调查与护理预防

目的 调查本透析中心6年间维持性血液透析患者丙型肝炎病毒的感染率变化情况,分析丙型肝炎病毒感染的易感因素,探讨预防丙型肝炎病毒传播的措施.方法 检测所有长期维持性血液透析患者丙型肝炎抗体,丙型肝炎RNA,并收集相关临床资料.结果 2004年155例透析患者中丙型肝炎感染率为10.3%.2009年228例患者中丙型肝炎抗体阳性率为8.8%.2010年300例丙型肝炎的感染率为7.3%.其中111例患者在我中心透析6年以上,累计透析85100余次,没有新发丙型肝炎感染.显示输血次数和肾移植病史是并发丙型肝炎的危险因素.结论 近6年来我中心的血液透析患者丙型肝炎感染率呈下降趋势.通过减少输血,严格执行血液透析时防止血源性传播疾病操作规程,能够减少丙型肝炎在透析患者之间的传播.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in patients with maintained hemodialysis for 6 years in the hemodialysis center of Beijing Friendship Hospital, and to analyse the risk factor of HCV infection. Methods HCV RNA , the serum virus antibody were detected in hemodialysis patients . The relationship between the infection of hepatitis virus and the dialysis time, blood infusion and hepatic function was analysed. Results The percentage of HCV infection patients was 10.3% ,8.8%, and 7.3% in 2004,2009,2010 respectively. 111 patients were treated in our center for more than 6 years. There was no new HCV infection in these group patients during 6 years. Blood infusion and the history of kidney implantation were the risk factors. Conclusion The percentage of HCV infection in hemodialysis patients was reduced in our dialysis center. Avoidance blood transfusion and infection control of blood purification standard operating procedure are the major ways to prevent transmit HCV in patient with MHD.     

保定地区维持性血液透析糖尿病患者带cuff透析导管相关性血流感染的危险因素研究

目的 探讨维持性血液透析糖尿病患者带cuff透析导管相关性血流感染(cathe-ter-related bloodstream infection,CRBSI)的危险因素,为防控透析导管血流感染提供临床依据.方法 对本地区2015年3月至2020年3月使用带cuff透析导管行维持性血液透析的150例糖尿病患者临床资料进...     

维持性血液透析患者并发泌尿系统肿瘤的调查和护理

目的 探讨维持性血液透析患者并发泌尿系统肿瘤的临床特点和护理措施.方法 选择2005年5月～2009年5月在我血液净化中心接受透析治疗的745例患者进行回顾性分析.结果 745例患者中有15例发生肉眼血尿,经诊断为膀胱癌9例,膀胱癌合并肾盂癌2例,黏膜病变患者3例,末做膀胱镜检查1例.结论 维持性血液透析患者易发生泌尿系肿瘤,膀胱癌发病率高.     

北京市血液透析患者肝炎等特殊感染合并症分析

目的分析2007年北京市血液透析患者肝炎等感染合并症发生情况。方法北京市血液透析质控和改进中心（Beijing Hemodialysis Quality Control＆Improvement Center,BJHDQCIC）负责组织收集各血液透析中心2007年在行血液透析患者资料并使用汇百通软件汇总,本文仅分析其中肝炎等特殊感染合并症部分。结果2007年北京地区行血液透析患者共7795例,男女比例分别为51．93％,48．07％。乙型肝炎、丙型肝炎等并非透析患者主要病因。乙型肝炎e抗原（HBeAg）、乙型肝炎表面抗原（HBsAg）、丙型肝炎病毒核糖核酸（HCV-RNA）、艾滋病病毒（HIV）、抗丙型肝炎病毒抗体（HCV）阳性率分别为4．29％、6．34％、1．41％、0．06％和4．24％。抗HCV阳性率显著高于HCV-RNA阳性率。结论由于对易感因素的强有力控制,北京市血液透析患者乙型肝炎、丙型肝炎发病率较低,但随着艾滋病的发病率逐年增高,血液透析患者HIV预防工作应引起高度重视。     

血液透析室丙型肝炎传播途径调查及原因分析

目的：探讨血液透析室丙型肝炎传播的途径及预防措施。方法：对发生丙型肝炎传播的两家血液透析室进行现场调查,分析传播的原因及随访采取预防措施后新发丙型肝炎情况。结果：共调查81例透析患者,有新抗HCV阳性19例,分别是由于共用传感器和共用肝素盐水瓶所致。经杜绝以上错误的作法后,分别随访0.5年和4年未发现新的丙型肝炎病例发生。结论：血液透析操作过程存在引起丙型肝炎传播的危险因素,切实做好与血路直接相通的隔离是有效的预防措施。     

血液透析患者丙型肝炎病毒医院感染的危险因素及预防

目的:分析维持性血液透析病人院内感染丙型肝炎病毒的危险因素,探讨其预防措施。方法:选择我院肾内科2005年～2009年行规律性血液透析的患者212例,观察丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)感染情况并分析其与透析时间、输血、透析器复用的关系,设立非透析患者对照组。结果:透析组HCV感染率(22.17%)明显高于对照组(7.04%),透析龄越长、输血次数越多和复用透析器时,HCV感染的风险越高。规范透析操作及推广使用一次性耗材后,新发HCV感染显著下降。结论:血液透析患者是HCV感染的高危人群,透析时间、输血及透析器复用是血液透析患者感染HCV的高危因素,专机专用,减少输血次数,加强透析治疗环节交叉感染的质量控制,可减少HCV感染。     

健康教育对维持性血液透析患者生存质量的影响

目的:探讨开展健康教育对维持性血液透析患者生存质量的影响.方法:将实施健康教育的70例维持性血液透析病人作为观察组,随机选择2008年8月前未实施健康教育的70例维持性血液透析患者作为对照组,通过观察有关维持性血液透析病人生存质量的常见问题的发生情况,说明健康教育对其生存质量的影响.结果:观察组有1例发生内瘘感染,1例抑郁、2例不遵医行为;对照组有8例出现抑郁,7例内瘘感染,10例不遵医行为.两组对照,有显著性差异.结论:开展健康教育可降低维持性血液透析患者常见问题的发生情况,提高患者的透析与生存质量.     

维持性血液透析患者生存风险分析

目的 了解维持性血液透析患者影响生存风险的因素.方法 选择2008年1月1日至2010年5月31日486例在我院行维持性血液透析的患者进行回顾性分析.所有患者入选后记录姓名、性别、年龄、透析开始时间,原发病、肝炎及到观察日期截止时生存情况.登记患者透析3～6个月时血肌酐、血红蛋白、白蛋白、血钙、血磷及乙、丙型肝炎资料的各项指标.结果 486例患者中年龄≥65岁中老年人116例,年龄在18～64岁之间的青壮年患者370例.两组患者开始透析治疗3～6个月后血红蛋白、白蛋白、血肌酐、血钙、血磷等生化水平比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).患者生存率逐年下降,中老年组患者透析12个月后生存率明显低于青壮年组,60个月时青壮年组生存率为81％,中老年组生存率为52％,120个月时,青壮年组生存率为59％,中老年组生存率为29％.采用Cox Regression法对多个生存影响的因素进行多变量分析表明,血磷水平是透析生存的独立危险因素.结论 透析后血磷水平是维持性血液透析患者独立危险因素.中老年组透析生存率低于青壮年组.     

维持性血透患者乙、丙型肝炎病毒和人免疫缺陷病毒感染随访研究

目的:调查维持性血透患者在长程血透治疗过程中乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)、丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)和人免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染情况,通过总结进一步降低血透患者上述病毒感染率。方法:收集2004年12月～2009年12月底在我院行规则维持性血液透析半年以上者共381例,每半年检查其血清HBV标志物(HBV-M)、HCV抗体(抗HCV)和抗HIV等情况;2008年1月起严格把抗HCV阳性的血液透析患者与HBsAg阳性患者单独分区和分血透机进行血液透析。比较各患者HBV-M、抗HCV和抗HIV变化情况,同时对比分区分机前后HBV和HCV感染情况。结果:(1)HBV-M检查及HBsAg抗原阳转率:2004年底～2009年底,HBsAg阳性患者分别为3,4,4,7,13,16例,增加的阳性患者均为新进入血透患者,维持性血透患者HBsAg阳转率均为0;(2)抗HCV检查及阳转率:2004年底～2009年底,抗HCV阳性患者总数分别为52例(43.3%),50例(32.3%),40例(25.8%),46例(29.9%),37例(18.8%),27例(11.3%);2005年,2006年和2007年阳转数分别为5例,2例,6例;2008年和2009年没有抗HCV阳转患者;分区分机血透后的两年和前面3年比较,抗HCV阳转率差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。(3)抗HIV检查及阳转率:所有381例患者在随访期内没有发生抗HIV阳性。结论:在广泛应用促红素减少输血后明显降低了血透患者HBV和HCV感染率,进一步对HBV和HCV感染者采取分区分机的原则和隔离血透的治疗措施,降低了血透患者感染HBV和HCV的风险。     

Prevalence of occult hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus infections in Turkish hemodialysis patients

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections are important causes of morbidity and mortality in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Although their exact prevalence is not known, HBV and HCV viral infections and occult viral hepatitis are frequent in these patients. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of occult HBV and HCV infections in maintenance hemodialysis patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred and eighty-eight end-stage renal disease patients on maintenance hemodialysis (100 male, mean age 49+/-29 [16-80] years, and mean duration of hemodialysis 98+/-66 [12-228] months) were enrolled in this study. Serological markers for HBV and HCV were determined with immunoenzymatic assay (ELISA) by using commercial diagnostic kits (Access and BioRad, Beckman-Coulter). HCV-RNA (Cobas Amplicor HCV kit) and HBV-DNA (Artus GmbH HBV kit) were determined quantitatively by polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Among the patients screened, 25 (13.3%) had HBV infection alone and 38 (20.2%) had HCV infection alone, while seven (3.7%) had dual infection of both viruses. Serological markers for occult hepatitis B and occult hepatitis C were positive in five (2.7%) and nine (4.8%) of the patients, respectively. Isolated anti-HBc was positive in 12 (6.4%) of all patients, three (7.9%) of the patients with anti-HCV and two (40%) of the patients with occult hepatitis B. Isolated anti-HBc positivity was more frequent in patients with occult hepatitis B than in those without (40% [2/5] vs. 5.5% [10/183], p=0.002). None of the patients with HCV had occult hepatitis B. CONCLUSIONS: Both occult and non-occult forms of HCV infection are more prevalent than HBV infection in hemodialysis patients. Especially the patients with isolated anti-HBc positivity should be tested for probable occult hepatitis B infection.     

Non-A, non-B hepatitis in patients on dialysis: retrospective evaluation of measures taken to limit the diffusion of the virus.

329 patients were evaluated from 1978 to 1990. 40 new cases of non-A non-B hepatitis were observed, all regarding patients on hemodialysis. Since the beginning of 1989, we introduced measures to limit the diffusion of the virus: reduction to a minimum of blood transfusions and a new disinfection protocol for monitors, instruments and surroundings. Of the 40 new cases, 30 took place between January 1985 and March 1989, only 2 later. If we consider the annual incidence before and after the introduction of preventive measures, we can observe a significant reduction in NANB hepatitis incidence in the last 2 years.     

Prevalence of Occult Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C Virus Infections in Turkish Hemodialysis Patients

Background and Objective. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections are important causes of morbidity and mortality in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Although their exact prevalence is not known, HBV and HCV viral infections and occult viral hepatitis are frequent in these patients. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of occult HBV and HCV infections in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Materials and Methods. One hundred and eighty-eight end-stage renal disease patients on maintenance hemodialysis (100 male, mean age 49±29 [16–80] years, and mean duration of hemodialysis 98±66 [12–228] months) were enrolled in this study. Serological markers for HBV and HCV were determined with immunoenzymatic assay (ELISA) by using commercial diagnostic kits (Access and BioRad, Beckman-Coulter). HCV-RNA (Cobas Amplicor HCV kit) and HBV-DNA (Artus GmbH HBV kit) were determined quantitatively by polymerase chain reaction. Results. Among the patients screened, 25 (13.3%) had HBV infection alone and 38 (20.2%) had HCV infection alone, while seven (3.7%) had dual infection of both viruses. Serological markers for occult hepatitis B and occult hepatitis C were positive in five (2.7%) and nine (4.8%) of the patients, respectively. Isolated anti-HBc was positive in 12 (6.4%) of all patients, three (7.9%) of the patients with anti-HCV and two (40%) of the patients with occult hepatitis B. Isolated anti-HBc positivity was more frequent in patients with occult hepatitis B than in those without (40% [2/5] vs. 5.5% [10/183], p=0.002). None of the patients with HCV had occult hepatitis B. Conclusions. Both occult and non-occult forms of HCV infection are more prevalent than HBV infection in hemodialysis patients. Especially the patients with isolated anti-HBc positivity should be tested for probable occult hepatitis B infection.     

维持性血液透析患者感染丙型病毒性肝炎150个月随访研究

目的:评价血液透析患者感染丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)的阳转率和危险因素。方法:随访1998年6月～2010年6月在本院透析的血透患者,共纳入2 465例血透患者,采用ELISA法每隔6月在同一实验室检测抗-HCV。结果:1998年6月的抗HCV阳性率为54.7%,每隔半年的阳性率分别为54.7%,53.8%,52.6%,53.0%,51.2%,45.9%,45.5%,48.2%,35.6%,33.7%,33.7%,31.7%,30.4%,28.4%,27.2%,24.5%,20.8%,19.4%,16.6%,14.4%,15.3%,15.2%,12.5%,11.9%和10.0%。在1～150个月随访期间,总计238例患者阳转,随访1～12月者阳转率为4.5%,13～24月者为6.9%,25～48月者为11.9%,49～60月者28.1%,61～72月者35.1%,73～84月者38.6%,85～96月者阳转率46.9%,97～108月者56.3%,109～126月者63.6%,随访至139～150月时,阳转率已高达75%。结论:提示透析环境对HCV传播有影响,可能一方面通过共用透析机,一方面是由于未隔离阳性患者;严格的消毒隔离措施对降低HCV感染和阳转有重要作用。     

Hepatitis C Virus Screening and Management of Seroconversions in Hemodialysis Facilities

Over the past two decades, healthcare‐associated exposure has increasingly been proved to be a means of hepatitis C virus (HCV) transmission, especially in hemodialysis facilities. The prevalence of HCV among hemodialysis patients is known to be several times greater than that of the general population of the United States, and chronic HCV infection is associated with significant morbidity and mortality among these patients. During 2008–2011, HCV infection outbreaks were identified in multiple US hemodialysis facilities, resulting in at least 46 new HCV infections among hemodialysis patients. These outbreaks, linked to infection control breaches, also highlight the failure of some facilities to follow established guidelines for routine HCV antibody (anti‐HCV) screening and response to new HCV infection among hemodialysis patients. Current national guidelines recommend screening of hemodialysis patients for anti‐HCV on facility admission and, for susceptible patients, on a semiannual basis. Here, we seek to underscore the importance of compliance with national recommendations for anti‐HCV screening of hemodialysis patients and actions to be taken in the event of possible HCV transmission within a hemodialysis facility. These include general steps to ensure that: hemodialysis patients are routinely screened for anti‐HCV to facilitate early detection of new infections; newly infected patients are informed of the change in their HCV status and undergo clinical evaluation; and public health officials are notified of new HCV infections in a timely manner. We then focus on the need to assess infection control practices at the facility, with particular attention given to safe handling of injectable medications, hand hygiene and disinfection practices. In the absence of a vaccine, routine screening and adherence to standard infection control practices will remain the key strategies for preventing HCV transmission in hemodialysis units.     

Prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis C virus in the hemodialysis unit.

An enzyme immunoassay was used to detect antibodies to hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV) in 261 patients and 69 staff members of a hemodialysis unit. The prevalence of anti-HCV was 46.7% in patients and 2.9% in staff members (p less than 0.001). The prevalence of anti-HCV increased significantly with increasing duration of hemodialysis (p less than 0.001), but was not related to age, sex, history of blood transfusion, status of hepatitis B or hepatitis A virus infection, or serum ALT. Patients with hepatitis episode increased with increasing duration of hemodialysis and showed a significantly higher prevalence of anti-HCV than those without (63.1 vs. 34.7%, p less than 0.001). The prevalence of anti-HCV in patients with hepatitis also increased with increasing duration of hemodialysis (p = 0.05). Thus, HCV appears to be the major cause of hepatitis in hemodialysis patients. Besides strict infection control measures, further studies are needed to determine the mode of HCV infection and its prevention in the hemodialysis unit.     

Hepatitis B virus infection and the dialysis patient

Prevention of nosocomial transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV) has been a signal achievement in the management of chronic kidney disease. The rate of serum hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) seropositivity in patients on maintenance hemodialysis in the developed world is currently low (0-10%) but outbreaks of acute HBV infection continue to occur in this setting. The prevalence of HBV infection within dialysis units in developing countries appears higher (2-20%) based on relatively few reports. Although data are limited, HBV infection in dialysis population diminishes survival; HBV viral load in HBsAg-positive dialysis patients is reportedly low and stable over time. Updated recommendations for the management of HBsAg chronic carriers on maintenance dialysis have been issued. No rigorously controlled treatment trials for treatment of hepatitis B with either interferon or lamivudine therapy in dialysis patients are currently available.     

Viral hepatitis in renal transplantation

Chronic viral hepatitis remains common in the hemodialysis (HD) and renal transplantation population although measures to limit spread of hepatitis infection in HD units have markedly reduced its prevalence. Our review focuses on the current management of hepatitis B and C infections in renal transplant candidates before and after renal transplantation.