非酒精性脂肪肝患者肝脏固醇调节元件结合蛋白1c的表达及意义

目的 观察非酒精性脂肪性肝病（NAFLD）患者肝组织固醇调节元件结合蛋白（SREBP1c）的表达变化,探讨其在NAFLD病理变化形成中的作用.方法 研究对象为NAFLD患者20例,20例年龄性别匹配的同期住院行肝活检无活动肝病组织学证据且肝脂肪变＜5％的慢性HBV携带者（ASC）设为对照组.免疫组织化学染色检测两组患者肝组织SREBP1c的表达,并比较血脂（TG、CHO）、空腹血糖（FBG）、空腹胰岛素（FINS）和血清肝脏酶谱（AST、ALT、GGT）等的组间差异.结果 与对照组患者比较,NAFLD组肝组织呈不同程度的弥漫性肝细胞脂肪变性,肝组织SREBP1c表达明显升高（P＜0.05）,与此一致,血清ALT、AST、TG、CHO、FBG、FINS水平升高（P均＜0.05）.结论 NAFLD患者肝组织SREBP1 c表达增高,在人NAFLD脂肪变形成过程中起重要作用.     

2型糖尿病患者血清瘦素、NSF-1与血脂的关系研究

目的 研究2型糖尿病患者血清瘦素、NSF-1、载脂蛋白及血脂水平的相关性.方法 选择2016年6月至2017年1月我院收治的2型糖尿病患者64例作为观察组,于同期选择在我院健康体检的健康人群58例为对照组,抽取两组晨起空腹静脉血,比较两组血清总胆固醇、甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、载脂蛋白A1、载脂蛋白E、瘦素、摄食抑制因子-1水平,并采用Pearson相关分析以上指标的相关性.结果 观察组与对照组血清总胆固醇、甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、载脂蛋白E、瘦素、摄食抑制因子-1水平差异具有统计意义(P＜0.05),载脂蛋白A1比较无统计学差异.血清总胆固醇与甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、载脂蛋白E呈正相关(r =0.341,P＜0.001;r=0.836,P＜0.001;r =0.337,P＜0.001),与摄食抑制因子-1呈负相关(r=-0.303,P＜0.001).甘油三酯与载脂蛋白E呈显著正相关(r =0.678,P＜0.001),低密度脂蛋白胆固醇与瘦素呈明显负相关(r=-0.266,P＜0.001),高密度脂蛋白胆固醇与载脂蛋白A1呈明显正相关(r=0.335,P＜0.001),载脂蛋白A1与载脂蛋白E呈显著正相关(r=0.318,P＜0.001).结论 2型糖尿病患者存在血脂代谢异常情况,且与血清载脂蛋白、瘦素、摄食抑制因子-1之间存在一定相关性.     

联合检测LAP、 ALT、γ-GT对甲状腺功能亢进肝损害诊断价值的探讨

目的 探讨血清LAP、ALT联合γ-GT对甲状腺功能亢进合并肝损害的诊断价值.方法 选取2015年10月至2017年11月我院门诊及住院收治的188例甲亢患者.根据检查结果分为甲亢肝损害组(n=98)和甲亢无肝损害组(n=90).选取同期健康体检者100例作为对照组.比较各组间血清FT3、FT4、TSH、LAP、ALT、γ-GT水平、相关性分析及诊断学指标.结果 甲亢肝损害组和甲亢无肝损害组血清FT3、FT4水平显著高于对照组,TSH显著低于对照组(P＜0.05),甲亢肝损害组血清FT3、FT4水平显著高于甲亢无肝损害组(P＜0.05),而两组TSH水平无统计学差异(P＞0.05).甲亢肝损害组和甲亢无肝损害组血清LAP、ALT、γ-GT水平显著高于对照组,甲亢肝损害组血清LAP、ALT、γ-GT水平显著高于甲亢无肝损害组(P＜0.05).经过Spearson相关性分析,FT3、FT4与肝功能指标(LAP、ALT、γ-GT)均呈正相关关系.三项指标联合检测的灵敏度(90.0％)、特异性(95.8％)及准确度(92.9％)明显高于任一单项指标检测结果(P＜0.05).结论 甲亢肝害患者LAP、ALT、γ-GT水平异常升高与甲状腺激素有密切关系,其联合检测有利于甲亢肝害伤的早期诊断.     

病毒性肝炎及脂肪肝患者血清瘦素的测定

研究病毒性肝炎患者血清瘦素(leptin)水平的改变,了解瘦素在病毒性肝炎的发病机制中所起的作用.选择诊断明确的病毒性肝炎患者167例,脂肪肝患者87例,对照组80例,检测其血清瘦素水平及各种生化指标,比较各组之间的瘦素水平以及瘦素与各生化指标之间的相关性.结果显示,病毒性肝炎患者血清瘦素水平较脂肪肝患者及对照组均高(P＜0.05);女性脂肪肝患者血清瘦素水平较对照组高(P＜0.05);而男性脂肪肝患者血清瘦素水平与对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.7811);乙型肝炎和丙型肝炎患者血清瘦素水平较对照组均明显增高(P＜0.05);血清瘦素水平与谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)呈显著性正相关(P＜0.05);而与血糖(Glu)、总胆固醇(TC)无明显相关性(P＞0.05).结论:病毒性肝炎患者血清瘦素水平升高且与肝脏炎症病变严重程度有关,瘦素可以作为一个判断肝脏炎症严重程度的指标.     

慢性乙肝患者血清HBV DNA载量与HBV-M、ALT、AST含量的关系研究

目的 分析慢性乙型肝炎患者血清HBV DNA与乙肝标志物(HBV-M)、肝功能ALT、AST的关系,以期对慢性乙肝患者的防治提供借鉴.方法 选取在2011年4月至2012年6月入住我院慢性乙肝患者100例为研究对象,搜集乙肝六项、肝功能等资料,探讨HBV DNA载量与HBV-M、ALT、AST含量的关系.结果 各阳性模式的病毒载量比较,大三阳病毒载量高于其他组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),其他各组比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).阳性率比较,大三阳高于其他组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),其他各组比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).血清HBV DNA载量与血清HBeAg滴度无相关性(r=0.683,P＞0.05);血清HBV DNA载量与HBsAg含量无相关性(r=-0.483,P＞0.05);血清HBV DNA载量与ALT无相关性(r=-0.157,P＞0.05),血清HBV DNA载量与AST水平也无相关性(r=0.062,P＞0.05).结论 大三阳血清HBV DNA载量、病毒阳性率均高于其他阳性模式;但血清HBV DNA定量值的高低与HBV-M、ALT、AST含量无相关性,所以,HBV DNA可反映HBV在外周血的复制情况,并不能反映肝脏损伤程度及预后.     

精神分裂症伴非酒精性脂肪肝患者血浆瘦素水平

目的探讨瘦素与精神分裂症患者非酒精性脂肪肝(NAFLD)的关系。方法 35例精神分裂症伴NAFLD患者(NAFLD组)测定血浆瘦素;同时测定体质量指数(BMI)、空腹血糖、血脂;以血清甘油三酯和血糖所得简易指数(TyG)评定IR、肝脏超声衰减系数评定NAFLD严重程度,并与35例不伴NAFLD的精神分裂症患者(对照组)进行对照。结果①NAFLD组患者BMI、TG、TC、TyG指数显著高于对照组(t=2.074~8.482,P=0.044~0.000),而HDL-C显著低于对照组(t=2.367,P=0.024);②NAFLD组患者瘦素显著高于对照组(t=7.112,P=0.000),协方差分析调整影响因素后差异仍有显著性(F=5.099,P=0.026);③NAFLD组患者肝脏超声衰减系数值显著高于对照组(t=9.953,P=0.000);④NAFLD组肝脏超声衰减系数值与血浆瘦素水平正相关(r=0.419,P=0.017),偏相关分析调整影响因素后、二者仍正相关(r=0.379,P=0.038)。结论精神分裂症伴NAFLD患者血浆瘦素水平增高,可能与NAFLD的发生机制有关。     

非酒精性脂肪肝患者血清AFP水平及其应用价值

目的 检测非酒精性脂肪肝（NAFLD）患者血清AFP水平,并探讨其应用价值.方法 对97例患者进行评估,患者通过做腹部超声诊断确定为脂肪肝,并分成3个组.无脂肪肝患者作为对照组.所有患者和对照组进行体格检查、肝功能检测、稳态模型法评估胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）检测.结果 体质指数、AST、ALT、血糖、HOMA-IR等在NAFLD患者中高于对照组.TG、总胆固醇、LDL-C、HDL-C水平在NAFLD中高于对照组.AFP水平在NAFLD中比对照组显著升高（5.43±2.65 IU/mL vs 2.33±0.99 IU/mL,P＜0.05）.三级NAFLD AFP水平显著高于一级NAFLD （6.69±2.36 IU/mLVS 3.56±1.60 IU/mL,P＜0.05）和二级NAFLD AFP水平（6.69±2.36 IU/mL VS 4.27±1.79 IU/mL,P＜0.05）.另外,二级NAFLD AFP水平显著高于一级NAFLD（P＜0.05）.ALT、AST与其无相关性.结论 NAFLD患者AFP水平高于非脂肪肝患者,AFP水平与脂肪病分级有关,NAFLD分级与血清AFP水平的相关性独立于其它因素.     

慢性重型乙型肝炎患者血清IL-23水平检测及其意义

目的 检测慢性重型乙型肝炎患者血清中IL-23表达,探讨IL-23水平与丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)、总胆红素(TBil)及HBV DNA载量的相关性.方法 用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测50例慢性重型乙型肝炎患者(重肝组)及18名健康人(对照组)血清中IL-23表达,并与患者ALT、AST、TBil、HBV DNA载量进行相关性分析.结果 重肝组患者血清中IL-23表达高于对照组,两组之间的差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);IL-23水平与ALT、AST呈正相关(P＜0.05),与TBil、HBV DNA载量无相关性(P＞0.05).结论 慢性重型乙型肝炎患者血清中IL-23表达增高,与炎症程度相关,可能参与慢性重型乙型肝炎的发病.     

慢加急性肝衰竭患者外周血IL-21水平检测及其意义

目的 检测慢加急性肝衰竭患者外周血中IL-21表达,探讨IL-21水平与丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)、总胆红素(TBil)及白蛋白(ALB)的相关性.方法 分离60例慢加急性肝衰竭患者外周血淋巴细胞,Trizol提取细胞总RNA,real-time PCR检测IL-21 mRNA表达水平.用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测60例慢加急性肝衰竭患者(重肝组)及18名健康人(对照组)血清中IL-21蛋白表达,并与患者ALT、AST、TBil、ALB进行相关性分析.结果 重肝组患者外周血中IL-21表达高于对照组,两组之间的差异有统计学意义(P ＜0.05);IL-21水平与ALT、AST、TBil呈正相关(P＜0.05),与ALB呈负相关(P＜0.05).结论 慢加急性肝衰竭患者血清中IL-21表达增高,与炎症程度相关,可能参与慢加急性肝衰竭的发病有关,可作为判断肝脏炎症程度的指标.     

非酒精性脂肪肝病患者血清肿瘤坏死因子-α的检测及意义

目的 检测非酒精性脂肪肝病(NAFLD)患者与健康对照者体格、生化指标和血清肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)的水平,了解血清TNF-α等在NAFLD发生发展中的意义.方法 选择NAFLD患者132例,正常对照132例.测量身高、体重、腰围(WC)、血压,检测肝功、血糖(GLU)、血脂、尿酸和指标;采用酶联免疫法(ELISA)检测病例与对照者血清TNF-α水平,分析NAFLD与炎症因子TNF-α的相关性.构建Logistic回归模型分析NAFLD的影响因素.结果 NAFLD组体质指数(BMI)[(25.37±3.29) kg/m2]、腰围[(84.33±11.00)cm]、收缩压[(134.93±19.32) mmHg]、舒张压[(82.50±13.33)mmHg]和血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)[(24.59±16.01)U/L]、谷草转氨酶(AST)[(23.88±10.56) U/L]、尿酸(UA)[(322.96±95.57) μmol/L]、甘油三酯(TG)[(1.69 ±0.96) mmol/L]等生化指标水平均明显高于对照组[分别为BMI (23.11±2.23) kg/m2、WC (78.00±6.67) cm、收缩压(122.73±17.64) mmHg、舒张压(75.35±11.52) mmHg、ALT(15.62±10.64)U/L、AST(19.79±5.68) U/L、UA(287.91±93.16)μmol/L、TG(1.23±0.74) mmol/L,P＜0.01].NAFLD患者血清TNF-α的水平[(2.78±1.46) pg/ml]明显高于对照组[(2.17±1.21) pg/ml],差异有统计学意义(P均＜0.05);NAFLD与血清TNF-α水平均呈正相关[r值为0.185,P＜0.01].两组TNF-α、BMI、WC、SBP、DBP、ALT、AST、UA、TG水平的差异均有统计学意义(均为P＜0.05),而GLU、总胆固醇(CHOL)差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).多因素Logistic回归分析显示血清TNF-α、BMI、TG是NAFLD的危险因素,OR(95％ CI)分别为1.826(1.708～2.664)、1.689(1.542～1.891)、1.437(1.127～1.737),P值均＜0.05).结论 非酒精性脂肪肝病患者血清TNF-α水平明显升高,提示TNF-α可能在非酒精性脂肪肝的发生发展中起重要作用.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.