北京市房山区2006-2012年麻疹发病情况分析

目的 了解2006-2012年北京市房山区麻疹流行情况,为进一步采取有针对性的预防控制措施提供参考依据.方法 收集2006-2012年中国疾病预防控制信息系统报告的北京市房山区麻疹病例,运用SPSS13.0软件对收集的麻疹病例进行流行病学特征分析.结果 2006-2012年麻疹共报告457例,分年度发病率分别为14.078 /10万、8.486/10万、5.477/10万、6.119/10万、9.801/10万、0.439/10万、0.351/10万.8月龄以下儿童和15岁以上成人发病率较高.平原地区发病率高于丘陵地区和山区.发病高峰集中在3-6月份.结论 房山区2006-2012年麻疹发病率呈逐年下降趋势.2-6月为麻疹流行季.人口密度较大的平原地区及外来流动人口较大的地区为麻疹防控的重点地区.小于8月龄和大于45岁年龄段居民及民工群体为麻疹防控的重点人群.     

2012年~2016年三亚市生殖器疱疹流行病学分析

目的 了解三亚市2012年~2016年生殖器疱疹的流行病学特征,为调整现有防控措施提供科学依据。方法 通过疾病信息管理系统收集三亚市2012年~2016年各个医疗机构上报的生殖器疱疹病例资料并对其发病情况、性别分布、年龄分布及其地区分布等流行病学特征进行分析。结果 三亚市2012~2016年生殖器疱疹年均发病率为19.48/10万,年均减少率为12.91%,总体呈下降趋势。生殖器疱疹发病人数男女性别比为2.03∶1,2012年~2015年各年度病例性别之间对比,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。生殖器疱疹的发病年龄主要集中在20~39岁,以天涯区生殖器疱疹病例报告数最多。结论 三亚市近年来生殖器疱疹发病率总体呈下降趋势,但仍处较高水平,应扩大筛查,加强宣教,将其发病率尽快降到较低水平。     

广西北海市2005-2010年肺结核疫情流行病学分析

目的分析北海市2005-2010年肺结核发病水平及流行特点,为控制结核病传播提供科学依据。方法采用描述性流行病学方法对2005-2010年北海市网络直报的肺结核病例进行统计和分析。结果 2005-2010年北海市共报告肺结核病例12630例,年均报告发病率为134.20/10万,各年度报告发病率分别为164.50/10万、154.42/10万、154.92/10万、146.27/10万、100.38/10万、90.45/10万,发病率呈逐年下降趋势;每年各月均有病例报告,总体分布无明显的季节性和周期性;各年龄组人群肺结核发病以青壮年组（15～54岁）例数最多,儿童组（0～14岁）最少;不同性别发病比较,男性多于女性;农民是发病的主体,为7137例,占报告发病总数的56.51%;发病地区分布不均衡,年平均报告率以海城区最高,为175.49/10万,铁山港区最低,为79.96/10万。结论北海市推行现代结核病控制策略,加强了DOTS管理措施,肺结核疫情得到了有效遏制。今后应重点加强海城区人口和青壮年人群尤其是男性青壮年农民的肺结核防治工作。     

泉州市2004-2009年乙肝流行病学特征分析

目的分析泉州市2004-2009年乙型病毒性肝炎（乙肝）的流行病学特征,为制定乙肝控制策略提供科学依据。结论采用描述流行病学方法进行分析。结果乙肝报告发病率显著呈逐年增高趋势,从2004年的80.89/10万增至2009年的127.26/10万,年均报告发病率为92.65/10万;2004-2008年未见明显的季节性高峰,2009年1月份报告病例数突然增多,并呈逐月下降趋势;年均发病率沿海区县高于山区县;发病以20～岁组至45～岁组的青壮年为主,10岁以下儿童发病率最低;男女比例为2.77∶1;发病以农民、工人、学生等为主;2006年血清流行病学调查显示,1～59岁HBsAg阳性率为12.78%,5～岁组以下儿童阳性率最低（1.30%）,25～岁组阳性率最高（19.62%）,经χ2检验,差异有统计学意义（χ2=80.532,P=0.000）。结论乙肝疫苗接种取得显著成效,但发病仍未得到有效控制,应采取以阻断母婴传播为主,并加强对20～岁组至45～岁组农民、工人、学生等重点人群、高危人群的乙肝疫苗接种等综合性防治措施。     

北京市2007-2010年手足口病流行特征分析

目的 通过对2007-2010年北京市手足口病流行病学和病原学特征进行分析,为手足口病防控工作提供依据.方法采用描述性流行病学方法,对北京市2007-2010年手足口病监测数据进行分析,率的比较采用x2检验.结果北京市2007-2010年报告病例数分别为11012例、18445例、24483例和45409例,报告死亡例数分别为0例、2例、4例和18例,报告发病率分别为69.65/10万、112.90/10万、144.44/10万、258.74/10万.流动人口聚集区报告发病例数较多;四季均有病例报告,但以夏秋季为主,5-7月份为发病高峰;发病年龄以5岁及以下儿童为主;男性儿童发病高于女性儿童;散居儿童死亡例数高于幼托儿童.EV71和CoxA16为手足口病的主要致病病原体,EV71病毒均为C4基因型.结论北京市报告手足口病病例数早逐年增加趋势.每年夏秋季节,应加强对5岁以下儿童手足口病的防控工作,流动人口聚居区散居儿童是防控的重中之重.     

2004～2006年南充市麻疹流行病学分析

目的 分析南充市麻疹流行病学特点，探讨预防控制麻疹的措施。方法 运用描述性流行病学方法对南充市麻疹发病情况进行分析。结果 2004-2006年，南充市共报告麻疹病例1840例，麻疹年平均报告率8．47／10万，病例总要集中在1～14岁的幼托儿童和学生共1384例，占病例总数的75，22％。各县（市、区）均有病例报告。发病时间主要在每年的3～7月，报告病例中有免疫史的占20．49％，无免疫史的占25.60％，免疫史不详的占53．91％。结论 南充市麻疹发病的主要原因是人群免疫力低．易感人群积累，为降低麻疹发病率，减少麻疹暴发，应进一步提高麻疹初始和加强免疫接种，并在1～14岁人群中开展麻疹强化免疫。     

2006-2010年清远市狂犬病流行特征与防制策略分析

目的了解清远市狂犬病流行病学特征,探讨预防控制策略。方法收集2006-2010年清远市狂犬病个案调查及疫情报告资料进行统计分析。结果 2006-2010年清远市共报告狂犬病280例,年发病率介于1.24/10万～2.11/10万之间,病死率100%,发病率呈逐年上升趋势;疫情以清远北部农村地区较为严重,10月为全年发病最高峰,≥50岁人群报告发病占52.14%,职业以农民和学生为主;90.09%的病例由犬伤引起,59.05%的病例未对伤口进行任何处理,93.53%的病例未注射狂犬病疫苗。结论近年来清远市狂犬病疫情由较偏远的县（市）向市内中心区域迅速扩散,农村是重点防控地区,加强宣传教育以及落实狂犬病综合防制措施是今后的工作重点。     

2006-2010年广州市流行性腮腺炎监测和暴发疫情分析

目的分析广州市2006-2010年流行性腮腺炎流行特征,为制定腮腺炎预防控制策略提供科学依据。方法采用流行病学的回顾性调查方法,对广州市2006-2010年流行性腮腺炎发病及暴发情况进行分析。结果 2006-2010年广州市发生流行性腮腺炎23940例,年平均发病率为57.38/10万,其中2006年报告发病率最高,2007年发病率最低,分别为85.41/10万和45.04/10万。全年均有发病,发病高峰在5-7月,人群主要分布为学生（45%）、幼托儿童（23%）和散居儿童（18%）,以5～9岁年龄组的发病数最高（9888例）。男性发病率比女性高,差异有统计学意义（P=0.000）。腮腺炎暴发疫情共20起,均发生在学校。结论广州市腮腺炎发病率较高,托幼儿童和学生是防控的重点人群。     

2006-2010年广州市输入性登革热监测分析及防控策略探讨

目的分析2006-2010年广州市输入性登革热病例的流行病学特征,探讨防控策略和措施。方法从国家《疾病监测信息报告管理系统》、登革热个案调查表和调查报告中收集病例资料,设计并建立输入性登革热病例数据库,采用描述流行病学方法分析其流行病学特征。结果 2006-2010年广州市共报告输入性登革热病例66例（7.21%）,2006年（1.29%,10/775）占全年报告病例总数的构成比较低,2007年（44.44%,16/36）、2008年（50.00%,3/6）、2009年（83.33%,15/18）、2010年（27.16%,22/81）构成比均较高。66例中男49例（74.24%）,女17例（25.76%）;职业以商业服务者（39.40%,26/66）、干部职员（13.64%,9/66）、家务及待业者（10.61%,7/66）为主;年龄集中在20～50岁（83.33%,55/66）;发病高峰为8～11月份（69.70%,46/66）;输入来源洲依次为亚洲（89.39%,59/66）、非洲（6.06%,4/66）、拉丁美洲（3.03%,2/66）和大洋洲（1.52%,1/66）,最大输入来源地为东南亚国家（74.24%,49/66）。入境前发病病例（69.70%,46/66）多于入境后发病病例（30.30%,20/66）。结论广州市输入性登革热病例数占报告病例总数的构成比较大,防控重点在于输入性病例的发现和报告能力,需提高出入境口岸检疫能力和医疗机构的及时诊断和报告能力。     

重庆市2010年手足口病流行病学特征

目的分析重庆市2010年手足口病流行特征,为手足口病的防治提供科学依据。方法下载＂疾病监测信息报告管理系统＂疫情数据,描述病例流行病学特征,收集重庆市手足口病监测资料,分析死亡病例流行特征及实验室检测结果。结果 2010年报告病例19970例,重症42例,死亡26例,发病率为69.85/10万,死亡率为0.091/10万。4-5月为发病高峰,主城区比远郊区县高发,1～3岁组的散居儿童为高发人群。0～3岁男性散居儿童为手足口病死亡的高危人群,临床表现以高热、手足部出疹为主,伴有不同程度的神经、呼吸、循环、消化系统症状和体征。聚集性病例多发生在学校和幼托机构。荧光PCR检测阳性率为63.26%,轻症病例以柯萨奇病毒A16型为主（39.09%）,但引起死亡的均为肠道病毒71型,病毒分离率为24.30%。结论手足口病疫情的防控重点应放在及时发现重症病例,加强重症病例的临床就治,降低死亡率等方面。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.