不能切除的胆管癌的胆道引流术

目的：了解胆道引流治疗不能切除的胆管癌的治疗效果。方法：分析经胆道引流手术治疗的不能切除的胆管癌８０例的临床资料及生存情况。其中肝门部胆管癌４９例，胆总管中上段癌９例，胆总管下段癌２２例。手术方式包括胆肠吻合的内引汉术，Ｕ或Ｔ管外引流，或两者联用。结果：１５％的病例术后早期出现并发症，手术死亡率为１０％。     

经腹放置TFE胆道内支架治疗不能切除的肝门部胆管癌

目的 探讨手术中经腹腔放置四氟乙烯（tetrafluoroethlene,TFE)胆道内支架对不能切除的肝门部胆管癌患者行姑息性减黄治疗的效果。方法 对15例经手术探查证实无法切除的肝门部胆管癌患者,于手术中找到并切开梗阻以下的胆总管,向肝内胆管探查,开通被肿瘤阻塞的胆管,放置TFE胆道内支架支撑肿瘤狭窄段胆管,做姑息减黄治疗。本组共放置Wilson-Cook公司的ST－2胆道内支架20根。其中5例于左、右肝管各放一根,引流全肝;7例仅放置1根,引流半肝（右肝管6例,左肝管1例）。结果 所有患者术后恢复良好,黄疸消退顺利,生存质量好。术后无黄疸生存时间3月－2年以上。没有发生严重并发症。结论 手术中经腹腔放置TFE胆道内支架是对不能切除的肝门部胆管癌患者行姑息减黄治疗的有效方法。本手术操作简单,内引流效果确切,患者生存质量,值得推广应用。     

记忆合金胆道支架在不能切除的肝门区胆管癌术中的应用(附17例报告)

目的探讨记忆合金胆道支架置入在不能切除的肝门区胆管癌手术中的可行性和临床应用价值。方法1998年1月～2006年1月，我院对17例术中发现无法根治切除的晚期肝门部胆管癌，经胆总管切开置入记忆合金支架扩张闭塞或狭窄的胆管，完成胆汁内引流。结果17例放置支架术后2周内黄疸消退，经引流管造影显示胆道梗阻解除。16例随访4—30个月，平均11．5月，13例死亡（生存期4～20个月，平均11个月），3例分别已经存活10、12．5、30个月。结论对术中发现无法根治切除的肝门区胆管癌患者，记忆合金胆道支架置入术操作简单，能有效解除梗阻性黄疸，是一种较好的姑息治疗方法。     

肝门部胆管癌的诊断和外科治疗

目的探讨肝门部胆管癌的诊断方法和外科治疗。方法回顾性分析106例肝门部胆管癌患者临床资料。根治性切除术33例,姑息性切除27例,内和外引流46例。结果应用核磁共振胰胆管成像对肝门部胆管的定位及定性诊断准确率达到98％。手术病死率9．4％,各组间无显著差异;手术切除率52％,其中根治性切除率34％;内引流率33％;外引流15％。根治性切除、姑息性切除、内引流和外引流组术后中位生存时间（月）30、17、13、2．9。结论应用磁共振胰胆管成像对肝门部胆管癌的定位及定性诊断率高。根治性切除是影响肝门部胆管癌患者疗效的主要因素,对无法行根治性切除者以内引流为首选治疗方法,能提高患者术后生活质量,延长生存期。     

可手术切除的肝门部胆管癌术前胆道引流治疗争议

目的探讨可手术切除的肝门部胆管癌术前胆道引流的利弊、术前胆道引流的时机及各种引流方式的特点。方法通过查阅近20年来国内外相关文献,对可手术切除的肝门部胆管癌术前胆道引流治疗相关争议、术前胆道引流时机及各种引流方式进行综述。结果对于可手术切除的肝门部胆管癌是否需常规行术前胆道引流尚存在很大争议,但对于术前胆道引流时机有较一致的共识,且各种引流方式各有特点。结论肝门部胆管癌主要治疗方式为根治性外科手术切除,但常因胆道恶性梗阻引起胆汁淤积,为围手术期管理带来难度。对于可手术切除的肝门部胆管癌患者是否需常规行术前胆道引流治疗仍需大量前瞻性研究提供更多证据。     

426例胆肠吻合术式的选择与临床疗效分析

目的 探讨和分析对梗阻性黄疸患者行胆肠吻合术式的选择与疗效。方法 对１９９３年１月￣１９９８年１月所行胆肠吻合术的４２６例梗阻性黄疸病例进行总结。原发疾病包括：结石并高位胆管狭窄２３６例（５６％）、晚期壶腹周期癌９８例（２３％）、肝门部胆管癌６４例（１５％）和胆总管囊肿２８例（６％）。其治疗目的一类系病变切除后的胆道重建,另一类是晚期肿瘤的姑息性引流。吻合的方式有：１６０例（３７％）行肝外或肝门部     

进展期肝门部胆管癌的扩大切除——肝切除合并肝动脉及门静脉切除重建手术的临床应用

目的：探讨肝门部胆管癌病例的外科治疗手段,分析肝脏切除同时进行门静脉或肝动脉重建在进展期病例中的应用。方法：回顾性分析解放军总医院肝胆外科2007年1月-2010年12月手术治疗的104例肝门部胆管癌患者的病例资料。结果：104例患者均行手术探查,手术根治性切除51例（49．O％）,其中合并肝门部血管切除重建13例,姑息性切除25例（24O％）,引流手术28例（26．9％）。根治手术组中位生存期27个月,姑息性切除组中位生存期16个月,引流组中位生存期11个月。根治性手术组1年生存率76％,3年生存率51％,5年生存率38％;姑息性手术组1年生存率61％,3年生存率35％,5年生存率21％;引流手术组1年生存率33％,3年生存率2．1％,5年生存率为0。     

手术方式与肝门部胆管癌预后的关系分析

目的研究影响肝门部胆管癌预后的因素,探讨手术方式与肝门部胆管癌预后的关系。方法对1997年12月至2002年12月收治的198例肝门部胆管癌资料进行回顾性队列研究。男性117例,女性81例。年龄27～81岁,平均56岁。黄疸(94．5％)、瘙痒(56．6％)和腹痛(33．8％)为主要症状。Bismuth—Codette分型：Ⅰ型14例,Ⅱ型19例,Ⅲa型12例,Ⅲb型15例,Ⅳ型112例,分型不清楚者26例。手术治疗144例,120例(83．3％)获得切除,其中根治性切除59例(41．0％)。胆道探查置管引流24例。单纯内镜逆行内置管胆道引流(ERBD)或经内镜放置可膨式金属胆道支架(EMBE)21例,内镜鼻胆管引流(ENBD)31例,经皮经肝胆道引流2例。结果Cox模型分析结果显示术后生存时间与职业、术前最高血清总胆红素水平、手术方式和术后放疗四个因素显著相关,与以下因素关系不显著：性别、年龄、是否合并胆石、是否合并肝炎、术前CA19-9水平、Bismuth-CodeRe分型、肿瘤分化程度和是否术后化疗。胆道置管引流、肿瘤姑息性切除、根治性切除组的术后生存期之间,两两比较均存在统计学差异。ERBD或EMBE组与姑息性切除组或与开腹胆道置管引流组之间,以及ENBD组与开腹胆道置管引流组间差异无统计学意义,ERBD或EMBE组与ENBD组间差异有统计学意义。结论手术方式是肝门胆管癌最重要的预后因素,根治性切除仍然是患者获得治愈和长期生存最重要的措施。对于无法根治切除的肝门胆管癌,尚不能认为ERBD或EMBE比开腹手术治疗的疗效差。     

置管胆肠桥式内引流治疗恶性阻塞性黄疸（附9例报告）

置管胆肠桥式内引流治疗恶性阻塞性黄疸（附９例报告）王龙福（安徽省滁州市第一人民医院普外科２３９０００）胰腺癌、壶腹部癌（包括胆总管下端癌及十二指肠乳头癌），肝门部胆管癌其主要症状是黄疸，根治性切除手术创伤大、切除率低，高危病人手术死亡率高。１９９３～...     

肝门部胆管癌手术治疗的再认识(附45例分析)

目的探讨肝门部胆管癌的诊断及根治性切除方法。方法回顾性分析45例肝门部胆管癌的临床特点、根治性切除方法及治疗效果。结果本组术前均明确诊断。根治性切除45例，手术死亡5例（11．1％），胆漏5例（11．1％），其中2例并膈下脓肿，均经引流或再次手术引流治愈，右胸腔积液4例（8．9％），均经保守治疗治愈，切口裂开3例（6．7％），经再次缝合治愈。本组45例中，有36例（90．0％）获得随访，1，3年生存率，分别为91．7％，36．1％，无5年生存者。结论肝门部胆管癌早期诊断困难，联合应用影像学检查可明确诊断。本组根治性切除率仍较低，术后易复发和转移，鲜有长期生存者，手术死亡率仍较高。说明手术切除和清扫范围不够，手术技术有待进一步改进。     

Intrahepatic B3 cholangiojejunostomy in the palliative surgery of high unresectable malignant biliary obstruction

Palliating the effects of biliary obstruction is a major goal of therapy in patients with unresectable cancer at the hepatic duct confluence. We reviewed our expirience with intrahepatic holangioenteric bypass to the segmental bile duct B3 as a palliative therapy in patients with unresectable malignant diseases involving the ductal confluence or the common hepatic duct. Since March 2001, we have performed intrahepatic segmental bile duct B3 cholangiojejunostomy by Roux-en-Y fashion utilizing a round ligament approach in 13 patients with malignant obstructive jaundice due to unresectable hilar holangiocarcinoma (8 cases) and gallbladder cancer (5 cases). Mean hospital stay was 123 days and mean blood loss was 25060 mL. Postoperative complications occurred in 3 patients (23%), but there was no surgical complications such as postoperative bleeding, bile leakage or abscess formation. 30-day mortality was 7.7% (1 patient). Late complications (37.5%) were observed in 3 of the 8 patients who survived for more than 5 months after the surgery. Median survival after B3 cholangiojejunostomy was 9 months (range, 10 days-22 months). Median survival time was significantly greater in patients with hilar cholangio-carcinoma (11.8 months; range: 2-22 months) compared with those with gallbladder cancer (4.6 months; range: 10 days-11.5 months) (P-0.032 log rank test; P-0.049 Tarone-Ware test). Intrahepatic B3 cholangiojejunostomy when combined with careful patient selection, can provide useful palliation from jaundice, pruritus and cholangitis with acceptable mortality and morbidity rates.     

Long-term outcome of extended hemihepatectomy for hilar bile duct cancer with no mortality and high survival rate

OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate our strategy for hilar bile duct cancer and to elucidate prognostic factors and the surgeon's role in long-term survival. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Extended hemihepatectomy is recognized as a curative treatment of hilar bile duct cancer but is not always safe because of the risk of postoperative liver failure. A safe and beneficial strategy is required. METHODS: Fifty-eight consecutive major hepatectomies for hilar bile duct cancer were reviewed retrospectively. Appropriate preoperative treatments, biliary drainage, and portal embolization were performed before major hepatectomies. The short- and long-term results of our strategy are presented and analyzed. RESULTS: Biliary drainage and portal embolization were performed in 39 patients (67.2%) and 31 patients (53.4%), respectively. Major hepatectomies comprised 27 extended right and 22 extended left hemihepatectomies and 9 hepatoduodenopancreatectomies. Operative morbidity and mortality rates were 43% and 0%, respectively. There was no postoperative liver failure. The overall 5-year survival rate was 40%. Univariate analysis showed that residual tumor status, lymph node involvement, and perineural invasion were associated with patients' long-term survival. A surgical margin over 5 mm resulted in better long-term survival. The delay resulting from preoperative treatment was not detrimental to long-term survival. Multivariate analysis showed that lymph node involvement was the only prognostic factor. CONCLUSIONS: Our strategy, which includes preoperative biliary drainage and portal embolization, led to a reduction in the risks associated with major hepatectomy for hilar bile duct cancer, and resulted in zero mortality. Surgeons should aim at complete clearance of the tumor with an adequate surgical margin to ensure optimal long-term survival.     

下段胆管癌的外科治疗

目的:探讨下段胆管癌外科手术治疗的方法及其效果。方法:回顾性总结和分析51例下段胆管癌行外科治疗的临床资料。根治性胰十二指肠切除术28例,减黄性手术23例。结果:总体中位生存时间20个月;根治性胰十二指肠切除术、减黄性手术生存期分别为32,8个月;根治性胰十二指肠切除术5年生存率17.8%,减黄性手术为0;根治性胰十二指肠切除术的疗效明显优于减黄性手术（P<0.01）。结论:对下段胆管癌积极行根治性胰十二指肠切除术,能延长生存期,改善患者生活质量。     

Is major hepatectomy with pancreatoduodenectomy justified for advanced biliary malignancy?

Background/Purpose Major hepatectomy with concomitant pancreatoduodenectomy (M-HPD) is usually indicated for the resection of diffuse bile duct cancer or advanced gallbladder cancer. This is the only procedure that can potentially cure such advanced cancers, so both a low mortality rate and long-term survival could potentially justify performing this procedure. Methods Between 1990 and 2005, the morbidity, mortality, and long-term survival of 26 patients with advanced biliary tract carcinoma 14 with diffuse bile duct cancer, 9 with advanced gallbladder cancer, and 3 with hilar bile duct cancer, who underwent hepatopancreatoduodectomy (HPD) were reviewed and analyzed. Results The overall morbidity and mortality rates were 30.8% and 0%, respectively. Postoperative infectious complications occurred in 6 patients (23.0%). The 5-year survival rate of the 14 patients with diffuse bile duct cancer who underwent HPD was 51.9%, while the 5-year survival rate in the 12 of these patients who underwent M-HPD was 61.4%. Patients with diffuse bile duct cancer without residual tumor and those without lymph node metastasis had 5-year survival rates of 68.6% and 80%, respectively. Thirty-three percent (2 of 6) of the patients who underwent M-HPD for advanced gallbladder cancer survived for more than 5 years. Conclusions Preoperative biliary drainage, portal embolization, complete external drainage of pancreatic juice, reduction of intraoperative bleeding, and prevention of bacterial colonization of bile may enable the incidence of mortality and hepatic failure to approach zero in patients who undergo HPD. Surgeons should strive for complete clearance of the tumor with a negative surgical margin to achieve long-term survival when performing M-HPD.     

肝门部胆管癌103例外科治疗远期疗效的评析

作者回顾总结了１９８６年１月～１９９６年１月十年间行手术治疗的１０３例肝门部胆管癌的临床特征、手术方式和远期生存率等。１０３例肝门胆管癌行手术切除者６６例,非切除者行胆管内外引流者３７例,总手术切除率为６４．１％。手术死亡率２．９％。手术切除组中行根治性切除者３６例,姑息性切除者３０例。根治性切除者１、３、５年的生存率分别为：９６．７％、２３．３％和１３．３％,最长生存者至今已达８年。而姑息性切除者３年生存率仅为３．８％,无５年生存者。作者提出新的肝门部胆管癌的临床分型法。发现肝门部胆管癌的组织类型及分化程度,与肿瘤浸润及转移特征密切相关,分化程度越差其预后亦越差。     

Indications for combined resection and reconstruction of the hepatic artery in biliary tract carcinoma]

More than 10 years have passed since hepatic artery resection was first performed for the treatment of biliary tract cancer. The safety of this procedure has been established with the introduction of the microsurgery technique. However, the benefits of and indications for this treatment have not yet been clarified. Twenty-three patients underwent vascular resection (portal vein in 7, portal vein + hepatic artery in 9, hepatic artery in 7) among 114 resected patients with biliary tract cancer in our institution. The right hepatic artery was reconstructed by end-to-end anastomosis in most cases. The curative resection rate was 88.9% in hilar bile duct cancer. However, it was less than 50% in other carcinomas. Cumulative 5-year survival rates of vascular resection patients with hilar bile duct cancer, lower bile duct cancer, gallbladder cancer, and cholangiocarcinoma were 14.8%, 25%, 0%, and 0%, respectively. On the other hand, the rates were 38.9%, 0%, 0%, and 0%, in the stage III + IV patients who did not undergo vascular resection. The longest survival period among patients with hilar bile duct cancer and lower bile duct cancer was 85 months and 65 months, respectively, whereas it was 15 months in gallbladder cancer and 20 months in cholangiocarcinoma patients. No hilar bile duct cancer patient who survived for more than 3 years had lymph node metastasis. The longest surviving cholangiocarcinoma patient has received adjuvant chemotherapy consisting of 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin. It is concluded that patients with hilar bile duct cancer are good candidates for vascular resection. Adjuvant chemotherapy should be administered to gallbladder cancer and cholangiocarcinoma patients, because vascular resection alone does not result in prolongation of life in these patients.     

Results of surgical resection for patients with hilar bile duct cancer: application of extended hepatectomy after biliary drainage and hemihepatic portal vein embolization

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the feasibility of an aggressive surgical approach incorporating major hepatic resection after biliary drainage and preoperative portal vein embolization for patients with hilar bile duct cancer. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Although many surgeons have emphasized the importance of major hepatectomy in terms of curative resection for patients with hilar bile duct cancer, this procedure results in a high incidence of postoperative morbidity and mortality in patients with cholestasis-induced impaired liver function. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted in 140 patients with hilar bile duct cancer treated from 1990 through 2001. Resectional surgery was performed in 79 patients, 69 of whom underwent major hepatic resection. Thirteen patients underwent concomitant pancreaticoduodenectomy. Preoperative biliary drainage was carried out in all 65 patients who had obstructive jaundice. Portal vein embolization was conducted in 41 of 51 patients undergoing extended right hepatectomy. Short- and long-term outcomes were evaluated. RESULTS: No patient experienced postoperative liver failure (maximum total bilirubin level, 5.4 mg/dL). The in-hospital mortality rate was 1.3% (1 in 79, resulting from cerebral infarction). A histologically negative resection margin was obtained more frequently when the scheduled extended hepatic resection was conducted (75% vs 44%, P = 0.0178). The estimated 5-year survival rate was 40% when histologically negative resection margins were obtained, but only 6% if the margins were positive. Multivariate analysis identified the resection margin and nodal status as independent factors predictive of survival. CONCLUSIONS: Extensive resection, mainly extended right hemihepatectomy, after biliary drainage and preoperative portal vein embolization, when necessary, for patients with hilar bile duct cancer can be performed safely and is more likely to result in histologically negative margins than other resection methods.     

肝门部胆管癌36例诊疗体会

目的探讨肝门部胆管癌的诊疗方法。方法回顾性分析1998年1月至2003年7月收治的36例肝门胆管癌患者的临床资料。结果肝门胆管癌并非少见疾病,而首诊时误诊率较高(39%)。36例均接受手术治疗,根治性切除术16例(44%),中位生存时间为30个月;1、3、5年生存率分别为93%(14/15),50%(5/10)和25%(1/4);各种非根治性切除术20例(56%),中位生存时间为16个月;1、3、5年生存率分别为47%(8/17),8%(1/12),0,(t=2.585)。结论早期诊断及根治性切除术能够提高肝门部胆管癌患者的术后生存率。     

Adenocarcinoma of the distal bile duct. A clinicopathologic outcome analysis after curative resection

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Primary distal bile duct adenocarcinomas (DBDAs) are unusual neoplasms, necessitating pancreaticoduodenectomy for cure. The aims of this study were to evaluate the prognostic importance of lymphatic and perineural invasion, long-term outcome of patients after resection, and differences in outcome with hilar cholangiocarcinoma and pancreatic carcinoma. METHODS: The medical records and histopathological slides of 15 patients (8 men and 7 women) with documented DBDA after curative pancreaticoduodenectomy were reviewed. RESULTS: Nine standard and 6 pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomies were performed. TNM staging included 1, 3, 2, 8, and 1 patient in stages I, II, III, and IVA and IVB, respectively. Lymphatic and perineural invasion was present in 4 (27%) and 9 (60%) patients, respectively. With multivariate analysis only serum bilirubin was a significant prognostic factor. Median survival was 21 months, and 2- and 5-year actuarial survivals were 40 and 20%, respectively. Median survival with adjuvant therapy (n = 6) was 21 months, with 5-year survival of 33%. Five-year actuarial survivals when lymphatic or perineural invasion was present were 0 and 11%, respectively. CONCLUSION: DBDA is aggressive, but entails a better prognosis than pancreatic ductal or more proximal bile duct carcinoma. Lymphatic and/or perineural invasion worsen survival.     

Hepatic hilar bile duct cancer treated by multidisciplinary approach

The effects of a multidisciplinary approach in the treatment of hepatic hilar bile duct cancer were evaluated in 24 of 31 resected patients operated from 1985 through 1992. Our multidisciplinary treatment included preoperative biliary drainage, hepatic hilar resection with hepatic portajejunostomy, intraoperative targeting chemotherapy, and postoperative intracavitary irradiation, using a remote after loading system. Before surgical resection, percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage was performed in patients with hyperbilirubinemia to reduce their serum bilirubin level and to improve hepatic function. Six patients underwent pancreatoduodenectomy, due to cancer invasion, in addition to hepatic hilar resection. Postoperative intracavitary irradiation with⁶⁰Co was performed via bile duct and inferior vena cava. There were no serious postoperative complications or postoperative deaths among patients treated by our multidisciplinary approach. The overall 1-, 2-, and 5-year survival rates were 71%, 58%, and 24%, respectively. In curatively resected patients, the 1-, 2-, and 5-year survival rates were 100%, 80% and 53%, respectively. These results demonstrate that our multidisciplinary therapeutic modality gives better survival rates than those reported previously. Offprint requests to: J. Tanaka This paper was presented in a Panel Discussion of the 93rd Annual Congress of the Japan Surgical Society in Sendai, Japan, April, 1993.