日本癌症死亡率倍增

据日本临床肿瘤学杂志lops年第五期报道，从lop年到lop年，日本场症死亡率增长了1倍多，lop年死亡率为100／10万，而1995年为212／10万。在日本因癌症而死亡人数lop年为94000人，而lop年为263000人。文章说liDS年死亡人数中l／4是癌症患者。日本全死因率到1980年止都显示下降趋势，之后开始上升，这主要是由于日本人口的老龄化所致。日本癌症死亡率倍增     

中国城市癌症早诊早治项目进展

摘 要：城市癌症早诊早治项目是国家重大公共卫生服务项目,项目自2012年立项至今,紧紧围绕着设计目标开展了人群风险评估、临床筛查、卫生经济学评价和随访等工作,并积极探索适合我国国情的、经济有效的城市癌症早诊早治技术方案和管理模式,以提高癌症早诊率、降低癌症死亡率。     

日本重视癌症的“一次预防”

日市的"一次预防",指的是在发现和治疗癌症前对癌症病因的预防措施。直到十几年前,日本还是将早发现、早治疗等"二次预防"措施作为防治癌症的重点,对"一次预防"重视不足。随着以美国为代表的一些国家从20世纪80年代后期开始注重"一次预防",日本也开始重新探讨本国的防治癌症对策。日本自1994年开始实施的"第二次对癌10年综合战略",首次将癌症的"一次预防"列为行政研究课题。     

中国最常见的10种癌症死亡率和构成

作者引用了中国三次死因调查的资料,罗列中国前10位癌症死亡率及构成,介绍国家癌症控制规划纲要重点癌症的确认情况。     

浅谈原发性肝癌的防治

原发性肝癌是我国最常见的三大癌瘤之一,其死亡率居癌症死因的第三位;在广东省,则占癌症死因的第一位,每10万人中有11个人死于肝癌,如按该省五千九百多万人口计算,则每年有六千余人被肝癌夺去宝贵的生命。     

关于癌症的10个事实

<正>癌症影响到每个人,无论是年轻人或老年人,富人或穷人,男人、妇女或儿童,对患者、家庭和社会造成巨大负担。癌症是全球主要死因之一。然而,癌症导致的许多死亡是可以避免的。通过选择健康的生活方式,比如远离烟草以及计划免疫等防止出现致癌性感染的公共卫生措施,就可预防30%~50%的癌症。另有一些癌症可以在早期发现、得到治疗和治愈。即使在癌症晚期,也可通过良好的姑息治疗来缓解患者的痛苦。事实1:约有16%的人死于癌症,2015年有880万人因     

日本1983～1993年抗癌综合战略

日本癌症死亡者与日俱增。1981年以后,癌症在国民死因中已占第一位。因此,探求其对策已成当务之急。基于此点,在日本总理大臣领导的政府内,召开了关于抗癌对策内阁会议,并成立由10名专家组成的抗癌对策专家委员会,于1983年6月7日制定了《抗癌10年综合战略》,以经过10年的努力奋斗,阐明癌症的本质为目标、集国内外之智慧,推进致癌基因等     

肿瘤病人放化疗引起的恶心、呕吐的防治

据世界卫生组织1997年度报告,1996年全球58亿人口中,因癌症而死亡的有630万人,占总死亡人数的12%,是仅次于心血管疾病的第二大死因.癌症也是我国人口的第二大死因.目前,我国年新患癌症患者约160万人,现有癌症患者至少有300-400万人.     

全球肿瘤预防控制概况

癌症是全球人口的第一位死因。2007年,全球有790万人死于癌症,约占全死因的13%。其中,72%发生在中低收入国家。预计到2015年,将有900万人死于癌症;到2030年,将有1200万人死于癌症。其中,肺癌、胃癌、肝癌、大肠癌和乳腺癌是引起死亡的主要癌症。男性和女性的癌症谱不同。吸烟是癌症最重要的危险因素。事实证明,将近40%的癌症是可以通过减少烟草使用、提高饮食质量、增加体力活动、降低酒精摄入、消除工作场所致癌物、接种乙肝疫苗和人乳头瘤病毒疫苗而预防的。另外,还有相当一部分癌症是可以通过早期发现和早诊早治而得到治愈的。而且,所有的癌症患者都是需要关爱的。     

广东省癌症控制概况

一、癌症流行特点癌症是广东人口全死因的第二位，仅次于呼吸系统疾病。广东省人D全死因调查结果表明，恶性肿瘤死亡率高达124．ho／10万，其中男性177．21／10万，女性79、98／10万，与美国相似，较日本为高。少数民族恶性肿瘤死亡率低于平均水平，世界标化死亡率为105．刀／10万。男性死因以恶性肿瘤为首位，女性排第三位。而在广东省人口中，35岁一rt4岁段，不论男、女其主要死亡原因均为恶性肿瘤，男性占死因42．20％，女性占对．52％，严重影响了广东的经济发展。广东省恶性肿瘤死亡率在全国居中等水平，排第14位，以消化系统恶性肿瘤…     

Ninth Japanese-German Workshop on Molecular and Cellular Aspects of Carcinogenesis, Essen, Germany, 18-20 September, 2003

The Japanese-German Workshops "Molecular and Cellular Aspects of Carcinogenesis", held biennially since 1987, have been organized traditionally at the University of Essen Medical School and West German Cancer Center Essen in Germany. This 9th Workshop was held on September 18–20, 2003. It was generously supported by the Cancer Research Program of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology and the International Cooperation Program for the 2nd Term Comprehensive 10-Year Strategy for Cancer Control of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare on the Japanese side, and by the Deutsche For-schungsgemeinschaft (DFG) on the German side. Additional support from many other sponsors in Germany and Japan is gratefully acknowledged. The Workshop participants are listed at the end of this Report.     

In vitro colony inhibition of carboplatin against stomach and lung cancer cell lines in comparison with cisplatin

Summary The effects of carboplatin and cisplatin on colony formation in stomach and lung cancer cell lines were examined and compared. The colony-inhibitory activity of carboplatin against stomach and lung cancer cell lines was similar to that of cisplatin when one-tenth of the peak plasma concentration of each drug was used (r=0.80). One of the four stomach cancer cell lines was sensitive to carboplatin although all the stomach cancer cell lines were resistant to cisplatin. Of the three small cell lung cancer cell lines tested, two were sensitive to both carboplatin and cisplatin; and only one cell line (N857) was resistant to cisplatin; all the non-small cell cancer cell lines tested were resistant to both drugs. On the basis of these preliminary results, we suggest that carboplatin has potential therapeutic activity against stomach cancer and should be evaluated carefully from this aspect.This work was supported in part by a grant-in-aid for cancer research from the Comprehensive Ten-Year Strategy for Cancer Control, from the Ministry of Health and Welfare, and from the Adult Disease Clinic Memorial Foundation. JRJ's and WSH's visits were supported, as part of the visiting scientist program, by the Foundation for Program of Cancer Research based on the Comprehensive Ten-Year Strategy for Cancer Control     

Phase II study of the combination of vinorelbine and cisplatin in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer

Purpose To evaluate the efficacy and safety of combination chemotherapy with cisplatin and vinorelbine for the treatment of previously untreated patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC).Patients and methods Eligible patients were those with measurable NSCLC. They were treated with two or more cycles of a regimen consisting of vinorelbine 25 mg/m² on days 1 and 8 and cisplatin 80 mg/m² on day 1 every 3 weeks.Results A total of 45 patients were enrolled. The response rate was 51.1% (23/45; 95% CI 35.8% to 66.3%). The median survival was 286 days with a 1-year survival rate of 40%. The median number of treatment cycles was 2. The major toxic effect was neutropenia of grade 3 or higher (84%). Nonhematological toxicities, including vomiting (62%), were mild (grade 2 or less). There were no treatment-related deaths.Conclusion The high response rate and good tolerability proved this combination therapy to be a safe and effective treatment for advanced NSCLC.This work was supported in part by a grant-in-aid from the Ministry of Health and Welfare (Tokyo, Japan) and from the Second Term Comprehensive 10-Year Strategy for Cancer Control.     

A prognostic-factor risk index in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer treated with cisplatin-containing combination chemotherapy

Summary Prognostic factors for response and survival were retrospectively evaluated in 192 previously untreated patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who had received either vindesine plus cisplatin or mitomycin plus vindesine plus cisplatin as initial treatment. Univariate analysis demonstrated that squamous-cell histology, early stage, and a small number of metastatic sites were favorable prognostic factors for response to chemotherapy. Multivariate analysis using Cox's proportional hazard model indicated that the number of metastatic sites was the only significant pretreatment factor for response (P=0.0005). Multivariate regression analysis revealed that the number of metastatic sites (P=0.0002), sex (P=0.0009), serum albumen levels (P=0.0018), performance status (P=0.0026) and lactic dehydrogenase values (P=0.0026) contributed independently to survival. On the basis of these five prognostic factors, a prognostic index for survival was used to define three prognostic groupings (good, intermediate, and poor) for survival (median survival, 16.5 vs 9.4 vs 4.6 months;P=0.0001). This particular regression model should aid in the design and analysis of new treatment strategies and may be useful for indirect comparisons of different studies carried out in similar patient populations.This work was supported in part by Grants-in-Aid for Cancer Research from the Ministry of Health and Welfare and by the Comprehensive 10-Year Strategy for Cancer Control. The expert advice of Dr. S. Piantadosi, Oncology Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Oncology Center, was financially supported by the Visiting Scientist Program of the Foundation for Promotion of Cancer Research under the aegis of the Comprehensive 10-Year Strategy for Cancer Control in Japan     

Subsite-specific risk factors for colorectal cancer: a hospital-based case-control study in Japan

To investigate the subsite-specific risk factors for colorectal cancer, we conducted a case-control study, using a common questionnaire which inquired about general lifestyles over the past five years (1988–92), at the Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya, Japan. This study compared 432 patients with histopathologically diagnosed colorectal cancer (94 proximal colon [cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon]; 137 distal colon [descending colon, sigmoid colon]; 201 rectum [rectosigmoid, rectum]); and 31,782 first-visit outpatient controls who were free from cancer. In both genders, habitual smoking selectively increased the risk for rectum cancer. Soft or loose feces increased the risk for all subsites of colorectal cancer, particularly in female cancer (odds ratio [OR]=4.5). Among female dietary habits, Japanese-style foods decreased the risk factors for distal colon cancer, but increased the risk for proximal colon cancer. These results suggested that the risk factors for colorectal cancer differ by subsite among such a low-risk population as the Japanese. It is suggested also that irritable bowel (soft or loose feces) might be associated with distal subsites of colorectal cancer, independently or combined with habitual smoking. Cancer Causes and Control 1995, 6, 14–22.Drs Inoue and Tajima, Ms Hirose, and Drs Hamajima and Takezaki are with the Division of Epidemiology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan. Authors are also affiliated with the Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya, Japan (Drs Hirai and Kato), and the Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (Drs Inoue and Ohno). Address correspondence to Dr Inoue, Division of Epidemiology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, 1-1 Kanokoden, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan, 464. This study was funded in part by a Grant-in-Aid for Cancer Research (4-2) and the Comprehensive 10-year Strategy for Cancer Control from the Ministry of Health and Welfare, Japan.     

Apoptosis induced by etoposide in small-cell lung cancer cell lines

The DNA fragmentation, a parameter of apoptosis, in non-small (NSCLC) and small (SCLC) cell lung cancer cell lines (N231 and PC-9) was evaluated. The DNA fragmentation in SCLC lines, but not in NSCLC lines, was observed in overgrown cells without exposure to anticancer drugs. In etoposide (VP-16)-treated N231 but not PC-9 cells, DNA fragmentation continued to increase up to 42 h, and the increase was dependent on the concentration of VP-16. The endonuclease activity of VP-16-treated N231, but not PC-9, cells required both Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ for full activity. It was elevated in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. As this activity was not affected by addition of cycloheximide, the activation of the endonuclease activity without protein synthesis may be involved in VP-16-induced cytotoxicity in N231.This work was supported, in part, by grants-in-Aid for Cancer Research from the Ministry of Health and Welfare, the Comprehensive Ten-year Strategy for Cancer Control and the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture, Support from the Bristol Myers Squibb Foundation is also appreciated     

In vivo screening models of cisplatin-resistant human lung cancer cell lines using SCID mice

In vivo screening models of a cisplatin (CDDP)-resistant human small-cell lung cancer cell (SCLC) line, H69/CDDP, and a non-small-cell lung cancer cell (NSCLC) line, PC-14/CDDP, were evaluated. The transplantability of the tumor xenografts to SCID mice was more than 90%. Tumor xenografts of H69/CDDP and PC-14/CDDP showed CDDP resistance during in vivo treatment. The novel anticancer agent 254-S showed only a partial effect on the growth of H69/CDDP and PC-14/CDDP while ormaplatin showed no cross resistance to CDDP. The in vivo results correlated well with the results of the in vitro MTT assay. In this in vivo sensitivity test, H69/CDDP and PC-14/CDDP were more sensitive to ormaplatin than its parental cell lines. In vivo sensitivity testing using SCID mice bearing transplanted CDDP-resistant tumors was shown to be useful for evaluating the effects of new anti-cancer drugs, especially those that might overcome CDDP resistance.Abbreviations SCLC small-cell lung cancer - NSCLC non-small-cell lung cancer - SCID severe combined immunodeficiency - CDDP cisplatin - PBS phosphate-buffered saline - FBS fetal bovine serum This work was supported, in part, by Grants-in-Aid for Cancer Research from the Ministry of Health and Welfare, the Comprehensive Ten-year Strategy for Cancer Control from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture. Support from the Bristol-Myers Squibb Foundation is also appreciated     

Midcourse Evaluation of the Second-term 10-year Plan for Cancer Control in Korea

The Korean Ministry of Health and Welfare and the Korean National Cancer Center (NCC) developedthe Second-term 10-year Plan for Cancer Control, 2006-2015, on the basis of an evaluation of progress of theFirst-term Plan for Cancer Control (10-yr PCC) from 2005-2006. The second-term 10-yr PCC started with twomain objectives and 35 specific aims in eight focus areas, with the overall goal of reducing the economic burdenof cancer. We here assessed the status of the 10-yr PCC objectives by midcourse evaluation in 2010, mid-waythrough the second term. Based on our evaluation and comments received from the government and the NCC,the Cancer Control 2015 objectives were modified. Of the original two main and 35 specific objectives in eightfocus areas, four specific objectives were deleted because they were not relevant to the focus areas and threewere revised to reflect changes in data sources or projects. In addition, four new objectives were introduced toreflect new data sources or emerging projects. The 2015 targets of 13 objectives were also modified to reflect themidcourse evaluation. This mid-term exercise provided an opportunity to assess the progress made during thefirst half of the decade and thereby accurately characterize the current and future status of cancer control andeffectively manage cancer-control programs.     

Axillary dissection can be avoided in selected patients with breast cancer

Acknowledgment  This study was supported by the Grant for Scientific Research Expenses for Health and Welfare Programs (Second Term Comphrehensive 10-Year Strategy for Cancer Control).     

Causation of Borrmann type 4 gastric cancer: heritable factors or environmental factors?

Background: The prognosis of Borrmann type 4 gastric cancer remains poor today. The relative contributions of genetic factors and nongenetic factors to type 4 gastric cancer are unclear. The study of family history and spousal history of cancer may play an important role in the assessment of causation of this severe gastric cancer. Methods: During the period 1995–1997, 1118 consecutive patients with histologically confirmed gastric cancer (probands), including 113 with type 4 carcinoma, were admitted to the National Cancer Center Hospital. The type of carcinoma, as well as the family history of cancer in first-degree relatives and spouses of the probands, was abstracted from medical records. Family history and spousal history of cancer were compared between type 4 and other types of gastric cancer. Results: While paternal history had no association with type 4 carcinoma compared with other types, maternal history was associated with a fourfold risk [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.6–9.3] of daughters' type 4 carcinoma, but not sons'. Among probands whose wives had a history of gastric cancer, the risks of type 4 gastric cancer were significantly increased, to as high as 13-fold (95% CI, 2.5–65.3). However, husbands' history had no relationship with wives' type 4 carcinoma. No relationship between type 4 carcinoma and family history or spousal history of other cancers was observed. Conclusion: The present study suggested that environmental factors may have a key effect in causing type 4 carcinoma. The findings may be valuable for identifying subjects at high risk of such malignant gastric cancer as Borrmann type 4. Received: June 3, 2002 / Accepted: September 19, 2002 Acknowledgments The authors thank Dr. S. Yamamoto for providing useful advice on design. This work was supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Cancer Research and for the Second-term Comprehensive 10-Year Strategy of Cancer Control from the Ministry of Health and Welfare, and a grant from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan. Dr. Y. Liu is an Awardee of a Research Resident Fellowship from the Foundation for Promotion of Cancer Research, Japan. Offprint requests to: Y. Liu