芜湖地区某高校宿舍螨类孳生情况调查

目的调查芜湖市某高校宿舍螨类孳生情况,为制定针对芜湖地区螨类的防制措施提供参考依据,以防止螨虫过敏。方法 2016年9-11月采用随机抽样调查方法对芜湖市某高校学生公寓10号楼进行调查,收集学生宿舍的床尘,用直接镜检法分离收集宿舍的床尘样本,并对检获的螨进行种类鉴定。结果共检测标本200份,阳性标本148份,阳性率为74.00%;鉴定出螨类9种,以粉尘螨为优势种。结论芜湖市某高校学生宿舍床铺螨类孳生较多,应做好相应的防制措施。     

盐城地区居室环境中尘螨调查

目的了解江苏省盐城地区居室环境中尘螨孳生现状。方法 2013年5月使用吸尘器收集居民卧室及大学生宿舍内的床面灰尘和枕尘,共采集尘样200份。采用直接镜检法对灰尘样品中的螨类进行分离、鉴定和计数。结果共检获螨类1 284只,隶属于5科8属,总孳生率为51.00%(102/200),平均孳生密度为37.95只/g,其中学生宿舍孳生率及孳生密度均高于居民卧室(P0.05)。屋尘螨和粉尘螨占种群比例分别为36.68%和22.74%。结论屋尘螨和粉尘螨是盐城地区人居环境中的优势螨种。     

4种常见粉螨的孳生环境及季节消长调查

目的 调查蚌埠地区4种常见仓储粉螨腐食酪螨(T.putrescentiae)、粗脚粉螨(A.siro)、害嗜鳞螨(L.destructor)、粉尘螨(D.farinae)在20种不同孳生物中的孳生及其季节消长情况.方法 2006年2月-2007年1月,每月从蚌埠市面粉厂、市场、药房、学生宿舍等选取20种不同生境采集样本,运用水膜镜检法、电热集螨法进行分离计数,并制片鉴定.结果 4种粉螨在火腿、小麦、菜籽、居室灰尘中孳生密度较高.一般在4-5月开始大量孳生,7-8月达到最高峰,9-10月迅速下降,不同螨种季节消长有所差异.结论 蚌埠市区4种常见粉螨孳生环境广泛,季节消长特征较鲜明,可据此采取相应防制措施.     

芜湖地区居室空调粉螨污染研究

目的 了解芜湖地区居室内空调粉螨的污染情况.方法 于2012年6-10月采集芜湖市居民家用柜式空调和壁挂式空调隔尘网的灰尘,对孳生的螨类进行分类鉴定,并按种统计个体数.率的比较采用x2检验.结果 共收集202份空调隔尘网积尘样本,检出螨类3265只,其中粉螨2796只,隶属6科14属18种；平均孳生密度为10.39只/g,孳生率为70.79％;柜式空调隔尘网积尘中螨类孳生率为58.73％,壁挂式空调螨类孳生率为76.26％,二者差异有统计学意义(x2=6.442,P＜0.05).麦食螨科、粉螨科和食甜螨科构成比较高,分别为53.47％、20.96％和18.13％.结论 芜湖地区柜式空调和壁挂式空调隔尘网粉螨孳生情况严重,物种多样性丰富.     

安徽省江淮地区孳生粉螨种类调查

目的 调查安徽省江淮地区孳生粉螨种类与分布.方法 于2006年4-10月粉螨孳生高峰期对江淮地区11个城市的储藏室、工作环境及居室环境进行样本采集,运用电热集螨法、水膜镜检法分离计数并制片鉴定.结果 共分离鉴定出粉螨30种,隶属于7科(包括4亚科)20属,其中腐食酪螨、粗脚粉螨、害嗜鳞螨、家食甜螨、屋尘螨、粉尘螨为其优势螨种.结论 安徽省江淮地区粉螨孳生率高、生境广泛,螨种具有显著多样性,可据此采取相应防制措施.     

桂西北高校食堂调味品粉螨检测结果分析

目的了解桂西北地区高校食堂常用调味品粉螨的群落组成、危害与预防措施,为有效控制高校食堂中螨的孳生和预防人体螨病提供依据。方法监测食堂餐厅公用的14种调味品和食堂仓库储藏的22种调味品。采用电热集螨法和水膜镜检法进行粉螨的分离,并进行螨种的鉴定和螨的生境及季节消长等调查。结果储藏调味品有13种检出粉螨,检出率为59.1%。检出螨种10种,隶属4科8属,其平均孳生密度为0.87只/g,物种丰富度指数为0.73,物种多样性指数为1.01,物种均匀度指数为0.26;食堂餐厅公用调味品有9种检出粉螨,检出率为64.3%,隶属4科8属中的9种螨种,平均孳生密度为2.08只/g,物种丰富度指数为1.43,物种多样性指数为1.67,物种均匀度指数为0.59。结论桂西北地区高校食堂储藏调味品存在粉螨污染,已打开或食堂餐厅公用的调味品更易孳生螨,污染相对较为严重。     

安徽省房舍和储藏物孳生粉螨类名录初报

目的初步报道安徽省房舍和储藏物粉螨名录。方法选取储藏物中的经济作物、粮食作物、干果及房舍灰尘4类样本为调查对象，利用电热集螨法和光照驱螨法进行粉螨标本的采集、鉴定。结果共分离鉴定出粉螨31种，隶属于7科20属。结论安徽省储藏物孳生粉螨种类多且污染严重，应加强储藏物孳生螨类的防制和人体螨病的预防。     

居室内粉螨孳生及分布情况

目的 研究居室粉螨孳生及分布情况.方法 于2005年4-7月收集张家港市过敏性哮喘患者(40名)及同一居住区域内居住条件相似,无任何变应性疾病的健康者(40名)居室床面、地面、家具、空调隔尘网及空气中的灰尘样本各1份,用直接镜检法分离、鉴定粉螨.结果 共收集样本400份,其粉螨孳生率为52.25%(209/400).共检获粉螨2 746只,隶属于7科15种.以麦食螨科的孳生率(46.25%,185/400)和相对丰度(54.26%,1 490/2 746)最高;其次是粉螨科(孳生率和相对丰度分别为34.5%,23.89%)及食甜螨科(孳生率和相对丰度分别为19.25%,18.14%).健康者居室各部位粉螨孳生密度较高,与过敏性哮喘患者比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 张家港市部分居室粉螨孳生情况较严重,健康者居室各部位粉螨孳生密度高于过敏性哮喘患者,螨过敏性哮喘患者发病可能主要取决于个体特异性.     

宣城地区储藏物粉螨的群落结构研究

目的研究安徽省宣城地区储藏物孳生粉螨的群落组成和多样性。方法采用光照驱螨法进行粉螨的分离并制作临时标本鉴定,同时进行计数和统计学分析。结果27种储藏物中共分离出粉螨19种,隶属于7科16属。粉螨的平均孳生密度为131．63只儋,物种丰富度指数为1．72,物种多样性指数为2．84,物种均匀度指数为0．97。结论宣城地区储藏物粉螨污染较严重,群落组成多样化,应加强储藏物孳生螨类的防制和人体螨病的预防。     

淮北地区仓储环境中粉螨的群落组成及季节消长

为凋查淮北地区仓储环境中粉螨的群落多样性及季节消长情况,于2007年1-12月以仓库、粮仓、商店等为调杳场所采集样本,采用直接镜检法和水膜镜检法分离粉螨,并进行计数、鉴定及数据分析.在960份样本中,614份检出粉螨,孳生率为63.96%.孳生密度差异较大,为9.6-53.9只,g.共检获粉螨27种,隶属7科18属.丰富度指数(R_(margalef))为0.28～2.53,其中9月最高;多样性指数(H')为0.98-3.05,其中7月最高;均匀度指数(J)为0.83～0.93,其中7月最高.仓储环境中粉螨种类较多,污染严重,群落组成多样化,且随季节变化,有关职业人群应在粉螨孳生高峰期的预防上引起重视.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.