原发胃肠道非霍奇金淋巴瘤的研究现状

胃肠道是原发结外非霍奇金淋巴瘤（non-Hodgkin's lymphoma,NHL）最常见的发病部位,发病率逐年上升。虽然结内非霍奇金淋巴瘤的治疗模式已标准化,但是对于原发胃肠道非霍奇金淋巴瘤的治疗仍存在争议。手术、化疗、放疗等治疗方式可单独应用,或以不同组合联合应用,最佳治疗模式目前尚无定论,且影响原发胃肠道非霍奇金淋巴瘤预后的因素较多。现对原发胃肠道非霍奇金淋巴瘤的发病率、临床特点、组织学分类、治疗方案及预后进行综述,重点探讨该病的治疗及预后。     

原发肠道恶性淋巴瘤诊断和治疗的新观点

原发胃肠道恶性淋巴瘤（primary gastrointestinal lymphoma，PGIL）是最常见的结外淋巴瘤，占非霍奇金淋巴瘤（non-Hodgkin lymphoma，NHL）的12％，占所有结外原发淋巴瘤的30％～40％．原发肠道恶性淋巴瘤（primary intestinal lyrephoma，PIL）占PGIL的20％～30％与所有结外NHL的5％。近年来PIL发病率有所增加。     

原发性结外非霍奇金淋巴瘤127例临床特征及误诊分析

目的分析淋巴结外非霍奇金淋巴瘤(NHL)的临床表现特点及误诊原因。方法回顾性分析127例原发结外非霍奇金淋巴瘤的发病情况、原发部位分布情况、首发症状及误诊情况等。结果原发于结外的非霍奇金淋巴瘤12／例，占同期非霍奇金淋巴瘤53．81％(127／236)；原发部位前5位依次为：胃肠道21．26％(27／127)，鼻腔18．9％(24／127)，Waldeyer环14．96％(19／127)，脾脏12．6％(16／127)，皮肤6．3％(8／127)；结外奇非霍金淋巴瘤误诊率为69．29％(88／127)；结外非霍奇金淋巴瘤首发症状因原发部位不同而临床表现各异，无特异性。结论结外NHL发生率较高，其临床表现缺乏特异性，早期易误诊。     

整合素α4β7与胃肠道非霍奇金淋巴瘤相关性研究

整合素α4β7为黏膜归巢受体,这种黏膜归巢特性在胃肠道非霍奇金淋巴瘤(NHL)的发病中占重要地位。研究发现α4β7在胃肠道的恶性淋巴瘤性息肉病、结外边缘区B细胞淋巴瘤或MAIT型淋巴瘤、小肠T细胞NHL和小肠滤泡性NHL的病理组织中表达,而非黏膜原发部位的NHL一般不表达,如出现阳性,则有可能预示非胃肠道NHL患者已有胃肠道浸润或骨髓浸润。     

原发舌根非霍奇金淋巴瘤的临床分析

原发头颈部的非霍奇金淋巴瘤（non—Hodgkin lymphoma NHL）约有一半以上起源于韦氏环（waldeyer ring WR），韦氏环也叫咽淋巴环，包括舌根、双侧扁桃体、鼻咽和软腭。韦氏环属于结内部位还是结外部位目前尚有争议。在我国原发于WR的NHL的发病率高于西方，可占同期非霍奇金淋巴瘤《NHL）的23．5％，其中以扁桃体部位最常见，约占WR发病率的37％～62％，国内外对其报道较多。而原发于舌根的NHL较少见，     

原发性结外淋巴瘤136例临床分析

目的 探讨原发性结外淋巴瘤(PENL)的临床特点、诊断及治疗。方法 回顾性分析136例PENL的临床资料。结果 136例患者均为非霍奇金淋巴瘤(NHL)，PENL占同期收治恶性淋巴瘤病例的52．9％(136／257)。41.2％(56／136)的PENL病灶在头颈部，26．5％(36／136)的PENL病灶在胃肠道，86．0%(117／136)的PENL表现为原发器官肿大或局部肿块形成，接受化疗、放疗等治疗的患者病情均有不同程度好转。结论 PENL主要为非霍奇金淋巴瘤，PENL好发于头颈部及胃肠道，患者主要表现为原发器官的肿大及局部肿块形成，化疗及放疗有较好疗效。     

原发性直肠淋巴瘤诊断与治疗

恶性淋巴瘤包括霍奇金病（HD）和非霍奇金淋巴瘤（NHL）,后者分为淋巴结来源和淋巴结外来源,淋巴结外占25％～50％。胃肠道是淋巴结外恶性淋巴瘤（extranodal malignant lymphoma,ELA）最常累及部位,大约占所有淋巴结外恶性淋巴瘤的40％。胃肠道的原发性非霍奇金淋巴瘤（NHL）。     

原发胃肠道淋巴瘤24例

 目的　分析胃肠道淋巴瘤的诊断及治疗方法。方法　对2004年1月至2008年12月诊治的24例原发胃肠道非霍奇金淋巴瘤（NHL）患者的临床资料进行回顾分析。结果　24例中胃淋巴瘤16例（66 %）,其中弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤（DLBCL）9例,黏膜相关样淋巴组织（MALT）淋巴瘤7例;肠道淋巴瘤8例（33 %）,其中DLBCL 6例,MALT淋巴瘤2例。经胃镜确诊17例,手术确诊7例。DLBCL患者接受CHOP、ECHOP及CHOP样化疗方案,7例经手术确诊的患者有6例术后接受了联合化疗,1例患者自动出院。7例MALT淋巴瘤患者予以CHOP联合抗幽门螺杆菌（HP）治疗,2例予以FMD方案化疗。5例肠道淋巴瘤患者化疗结束后接受累及野放疗。24例患者中3例死亡,1例自动出院失访。目前20例患者生存,其中12例患者完全缓解（CR）,7例患者部分缓解（PR）,1例患者稳定（SD）,化疗有效率79 %,生存率83 %。结论　内窥镜活检目前是胃肠道淋巴瘤诊断最可靠的方法,也是漏诊率、误诊率最低的方法,化疗对胃肠道淋巴瘤的作用已取得共识,具有广泛的适应证,对于已有播散的晚期NHL以及生长迅速的高度侵袭性淋巴瘤患者应首选化疗,胃淋巴瘤手术联合化疗效果并不优于化疗联合放疗。     

肺原发性淋巴瘤1 例报告

 恶性淋巴瘤是一组起源于淋巴结或淋巴结外部位淋巴组织的免疫细胞肿瘤，一般分霍奇金淋巴瘤（HL）和非霍奇金淋巴瘤（NHL）。其中NHL的发病率约占全部恶性淋巴瘤的90％。近年来，国内外原发性结外淋巴瘤（Primary extranodal lymphoma，PENL）屡有报道，国外资料报道：结外淋巴瘤发病部位最常见的前5位依次是胃肠道、Waldeyer环、皮肤、中枢神经系统、软组织。     

骨原发恶性淋巴瘤5例临床分析

骨原发恶性淋巴瘤（Primary lymphoma of bone,PLB）是一种罕见类型的结外淋巴瘤,占所有非霍奇金淋巴瘤（NHL）的1%,占结外NHL的4%～5%,占全部骨原发肿瘤的7%.现总结我院2000年1月～2007年1月收治的5例PLB患者的临床资料,结合文献分析其临床特征、诊断、治疗和预后.[第一段]     

Lymphoma of the gastrointestinal tract.

Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract accounts for 4% to 20% of all NHLs and is the most common extranodal site of presentation. The stomach is the major organ involved by GI lymphoma. Helicobacter pylori infection, immunosuppression after solid-organ transplantation, celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection may be risk factors for GI lymphoma. A significant proportion of gastric lymphomas are of low-grade histology and arise from mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT). Such MALT lymphomas may be associated with H. pylori infection and may undergo complete regression following eradication of H. pylori. Lymphoma of the small bowel, colon, and rectum may also occur, but are less common than gastric lymphoma. Distinct clinicopathologic entities, such as primary intestinal T-cell lymphoma, immunoproliferative small intestinal disease, and multiple lymphomatous polyposis have been described. Surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy have been used in the treatment of GI lymphomas. However, the optimal management of these lymphomas has never been determined by prospective randomized clinical trials. Such trials by cooperative groups are needed to answer many of the vital unanswered questions concerning extranodal lymphomas of the GI tract.     

Helicobacter pylori and the risk of benign and malignant biliary tract disease

BACKGROUND: The etiology of tumors arising in the biliary tract remains unclear. Several previous studies have detected Helicobacter pylori organisms in bile from patients with gallstones or cholecystitis. The objective of this study was to determine whether there is an association between H. pylori in bile and biliary tract carcinoma. METHODS: The authors used polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays to detect the presence of H. pylori in the stomach and bile from 89 patients: Sixty-three disease free patients had biliary calculi, 15 patients had carcinoma of the biliary tract, and 11 patients had neither gallstones nor carcinoma. Bile was considered to contain H. pylori only if the results of PCR determinations were positive in two or more samples assayed independently in two separate laboratories. RESULTS: There was a strong association between the presence of H. pylori in the stomach and in the bile (P < or = 0.01). Biliary H. pylori was associated with age but not with gender, and it was associated strongly with the clinical diagnosis. Patients with gallstones were 3.5 times as likely to have H. pylori in the bile compared with patients in a control group (95% confidence interval [95%CI], 0.8-15.8; P = 0.100), and H. pylori was 9.9 times more frequent in patients with biliary tract carcinoma compared with patients in the control group (95%CI, 1.4-70.5; P = 0.022). CONCLUSIONS: There is a strong association between biliary tract carcinoma and H. pylori in bile. If these results are confirmed by prospective studies, H. pylori may be responsible for a significant proportion of malignant biliary tract disease.     

Helicobacter pylori infection and liver diseases

Recently, it has been shown that Helicobacter infections are associated not only with upper gastrointestinal tract diseases but also with extra-gastrointestinal diseases such as cardiovascular, liver or biliary diseases. The contributions of H. pylori to the development of hepatic encephalopathy and hyperammonemia were reported. Some studies demonstrated the effectiveness of H. pylori eradication therapy in hepatic encephalopathy, but these results have not been supported by other reports. H. pylori eradication therapy for the treatment of hyperammonemia and hepatic encephalopathy has not been recommended. The role of H. pylori infection in cholestatic liver diseases such as primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is uncertain. Furthermore, the question of whether H. pylori could play a role in the development of hepatoma remains controversial. Our study demonstrated that H. pylori infection was one of the independent risk factors for the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Further investigation is warranted.     

原发鼻腔早期非霍奇金淋巴瘤的长期疗效和预后分析

背景与目的:原发鼻腔淋巴瘤具有独特的病理和临床特征,在我国发病率较高,其最佳的治疗方案尚待明确。本文对原发鼻腔非霍奇金淋巴瘤(non-HodgkinQslymphoma,NHL)的早期病例临床特点、治疗和预后情况进行回顾性分析。方法:分析1990年6月至2004年9月中山大学肿瘤防治中心收治的108例初治原发鼻腔早期NHL病例,对其临床资料进行统计分析。全组108例病例均经病理检查和免疫组化明确诊断,其中7例属于B细胞来源。采用Kaplan-Meier方法对临床、病理参数进行单因素生存分析,用Cox模型进行多因素分析。结果:生存患者的中位随访时间为41个月。首程治疗后全组患者近期完全缓解(CR)率为67.6%,综合治疗CR率为80.2%,单纯化疗CR率为29.6%。33例(30.6%)患者有明确的全身播散证据,综合治疗在控制局部、区域淋巴结及全身播散方面均优于单纯化疗。全组病例5年生存率为50.0%。单因素以及多因素分析均显示生存有利的变量因素包括病史大于3个月、病灶不超腔、首程治疗后CR和放化综合治疗。结论:外周T和NK细胞淋巴瘤在原发鼻腔NHL病例中占有较大比例。病史、病变侵犯范围以及首程治疗效果是早期患者生存的主要影响因素。     

生殖系统原发性非何杰金氏淋巴瘤5例临床分析

 目的 探讨生殖系统原发性非何杰金氏淋巴瘤（NHL） 的临床病理特点、治疗以及预后。方法 回顾性临床资料分析。结果 宫颈NHL Ⅰ期1 例;子宫NHL Ⅲ期1 例;卵巢NHL3 例,随访2 例无瘤生存,3 例死亡。结论 生殖系统原发性NHL的预后与原发器官、临床分期、病理类型、治疗方法有关。     

Die Rolle der Strahlentherapie bei seltenen extranodalen Non-Hodgkin-Lymphomen

Extranodal non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounts for approximately 30% of NHLs. Extranodal NHLs are mainly located in the skin (mainly T-cell NHL), stomach, small intestines, tonsils and central nervous system (CNS mainly B-cell lymphoma). Uncommon sites represent the orbit, salivary glands, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, thyroid gland, lungs, bladder, breast, female genital tract, testes, bone and extradural space. Stage, localization and histology are crucial for the decision of treatment modality. As, in contrast to nodal NHL, extranodal NHLs are more frequently diagnosed in stages I/II, radiotherapy (RT) plays a significant role in the treatment of extranodal NHLs. In general, in patients with low grade NHL involved-field radiotherapy (IF-RT) alone with 30?C40?Gy is recommended. Excellent local control is achieved by IF-RT resulting in high disease-free and overall survival rates. In cases of high grade lymphoma, induction chemotherapy is followed by consolidating IF-RT (36?C40?Gy). The localization and histology are predictors for local control, disease-free and overall survival.     

Localised extranodal non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the gastrointestinal tract: Sheffield Lymphoma Group experience (1989-1998)

Extranodal non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) of the gastrointestinal tract accounts for about one third of all extranodal NHL. We retrospectively reviewed the clinical and histopathologic records of 71 patients with stage IE and IIE primary gastrointestinal NHL referred to the Sheffield Lymphoma Group (SLG) from 1989 to 1998. Cross-referencing with the Hospital Histopathology Department database revealed that only two-thirds of all cases were seen by the Group. The most common primary site was the stomach (45 patients, 63% of all cases), followed by the small intestine (16, 23%) and large intestine (9, 13%). The median age of patients was 62 years; the majority of patients presented with stage I (61%) and/or grade (65%) NHL. Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphomas were the largest histologic subtype seen (57%), with 87% of these arising from the stomach; next most frequent was the diffuse large B-cell subtype (21% of all cases) most frequently arising from the intestine (60%). For treatment of gastric MALT lymphoma, a combined approach (surgery followed by chemotherapy, antihelicobacter therapy followed by chemotherapy) was favoured (22 cases). Five-year and 10-year overall survivals were 52% and 45% respectively. Knowledge of the Revised European American Lymphoma classification and the Helicobacter pylori/MALT association has influenced treatment approaches over the 10-year study period. For small intestinal lymphoma, surgery (with or without chemotherapy) gave 5- and 10-year survivals of 60%. Overall survival of patients with primary gastrointestinal lymphoma managed by the SLG is similar to that reported from other large series.     

Clinical prognostic analysis of 116 patients with primary intestinal non-Hodgkin lymphoma

The gastrointestinal tract is the most common extranodal invasion site of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Primary gastrointestinal NHL is often discussed together in most survival analyses. Primary intestinal NHL is significantly different from primary gastric NHL with regard to clinical features, pathological subtype, treatment, and prognosis. In this article, we analyzed clinical and pathological characteristics of primary intestinal NHL, and we also explored prognostic factors for primary intestinal NHL. A retrospective analysis was carried out on clinical data from 116 cases of confirmed primary intestinal NHL. The Kaplan–Meier method was used for the survival analysis. A Cox model was used for a multivariate analysis. In 116 patients with primary intestinal NHL, 79 patients were men (68.1%) and 37 patients were women (31.9%). In the cases used in this study, 68 were B-cell NHL and 48 were T-cell NHL. The age, incidence of intestinal obstruction, B symptom and performance status (PS) were closely related with pathological subtype. One-year and two-year survival rates were 76.7 and 58.3%, respectively. The log-rank univariate analysis showed male patients, PS score greater than or equal to two, hypoproteinemia, intestinal perforation, T-cell type, late stage (III/IV), no radical surgery, and no chemotherapy had relatively poor prognoses. Cox multivariate analysis shown that gender (95.0% CI 0.218–0.721), pathological subtype (95.0% CI 1.484–4.179), and radical surgery (95.0% CI 0.110–0.394) were independent prognostic risk factor for primary intestinal NHL. Male patients, T-cell intestinal lymphoma, and no radical surgery had rapid clinical processes and poor prognoses.     

Efficacy and treatment-related toxicity of radiotherapy for early-stage primary non-Hodgkin lymphoma of the parotid gland

PURPOSE: To assess the efficacy of radiotherapy (RT) in the treatment of primary non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) of the parotid gland. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Data on 35 consecutive patients seen at Mayo Clinic between 1974 and 2000 with Ann Arbor Stage I and II NHL of the parotid gland were reviewed retrospectively. Radiotherapy was given to 23 patients, and 12 patients were observed. Eight patients received RT to local fields only. In addition to local fields, 9 patients received ipsilateral neck irradiation, and 6 patients received both ipsilateral and contralateral neck irradiation. RESULTS: Median follow-up was 6.5 years (range, 2 months-24 years). Local control was significantly improved in the RT group compared with the observation group (p = 0.03). Both overall survival and disease-specific survival were 90% at 5 years and 71% at 10 years. There was no significant difference in disease-specific survival or overall survival between the RT and observation groups. CONCLUSIONS: The overall prognosis for this rare presentation of NHL is excellent. Radiotherapy provided significant improvement in local control with minimal morbidity and should be considered in the treatment of these patients.