Nausea and vomiting after phacoemulsification using topical or retrobulbar anesthesia

PURPOSE: To determine and compare the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting in patients having phacoemulsification under topical or retrobulbar anesthesia. SETTING: Department of Ophthalmology, United Christian Hospital, Hong Kong, China. METHODS: In this prospective randomized clinical trial, patients scheduled for routine phacoemulsification with posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation under local anesthesia without sedation were randomized to receive topical anesthesia or retrobulbar anesthesia. One hundred seven eyes of 107 Chinese patients were included. There were 49 patients and 58 patients of similar age and sex distribution in the retrobulbar group and topical group, respectively. Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), the need for an antiemetic, and intraocular pressure (IOP) were recorded 1 day after surgery. Also recorded were the patient's preexisting risk factors for PONV (if any), fasting time, duration of surgery, and intraoperative complications or need for supplementary anesthesia or analgesia. RESULTS: The overall incidence of PONV in the entire study group was 3.7% (4 patients). No statistically significant differences in PONV were found between the 2 anesthesia techniques, although 6.1% (3 of 49) in the topical group had nausea compared with 1.7% (1 of 58) in the retrobulbar group. No significant differences were found in the fasting time, duration of surgery, or postoperative IOP between patients who had PONV and those who did not. CONCLUSIONS: Topical and retrobulbar anesthesia were associated with a low incidence of PONV in routine phacoemulsification. There were no statistically significant differences in PONV between the 2 anesthesia techniques. No significant correlation was found between the incidence of PONV and the duration of surgery, presence of complications, fasting time, postoperative IOP, or history of PONV or motion sickness.     

Cataract surgery under topical anesthesia in patients with coexisting glaucoma

PURPOSE: To evaluate and compare levels of patient discomfort and complications during phacoemulsification with implantation of a foldable intraocular lens (IOL) under topical lidocaine hydrochloride in patients with and without various forms of chronic open-angle and chronic angle-closure glaucoma. SETTING: Two university eye centers in Germany. METHODS: This prospective nonrandomized comparative study comprised 176 eyes of 176 patients with various forms of chronic open-angle glaucoma and chronic angle-closure glaucoma. Eyes with cataract and without a glaucoma diagnosis or history of intraocular surgery served as a control group (n = 212). All patients received a minimum of 5 doses (2 drops per dose) of topical lidocaine hydrochloride 2% before standard temporal clear corneal phacoemulsification and foldable IOL implantation. No intracameral anesthetic injection was given, and no systemic sedatives were used. The main outcome measures were the number of complications and adverse events. RESULTS: The intraoperative complication rate in all patients (n = 388) was capsule tear, 1.3%; zonule tear, 1.8%; vitreous loss, 1.0%; iris prolapse, 0.8%. No statistically significant differences in intraoperative or early postoperative complications were found between the glaucoma and control groups. The mean pain scores of patients were 0.38 +/- 1.1 (SD) in the glaucoma group and 0.36 +/- 0.8 in the control group (P =.21) Patient preference for cataract surgery under topical anesthesia was similar in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Surgery-related complications and patient discomfort were similar in patients with and without glaucoma who had phacoemulsification and IOL implantation under topical anesthesia. These results indicate that topical anesthesia is safe for routine phacoemulsification with foldable IOL implantation in patients with glaucoma and does not compromise patient comfort.     

门诊白内障患者表面麻醉下行超声乳化摘出术

目的 分析和探讨表面麻醉下行人障超声乳化摘出及人工昌状体植入术的可行性及其效果。方法 门诊非选择性地对１３２例１５７眼各种类型白内障在表面麻醉下进行了超声乳化摘出并人工晶状体植入术。结果 １５２眼（９６．８％）。麻醉满意,５眼（３．２％）增加球后麻醉后完成手术,术后视力及并发症与本科以往球后麻醉下所行白内障超声乳化术的效果相似。结论 表面麻醉下做巩膜隧道切口可满意地完成白内障超声乳化摘出及人工晶状体植入术,为门诊开展本手术提供了便利。     

表面麻醉方式在白内障超声乳化术中的应用

目的:对白内障超声乳化术采用两种不同麻醉方式来完成手术。根据术后并发症少、安全、省时、痛苦少的比较来选择一种相对安全的麻醉方式。方法:回顾分析2009-03/2010-03我院经治白内障患者361例398眼的临床资料。采用白内障超声乳化术随意分为两组。分别采用球后麻醉、表面麻醉。结果:球后麻醉组显效184例、有效11例。表面麻醉显效190例、有效13例。术中并发症:后囊破裂:球后麻醉5眼,表面麻醉6眼。球后出血:球后麻醉1眼。角膜水肿:均在1wk内恢复。结论:白内障超声乳化术采用表面麻醉安全、省时、患者痛苦少、避免了球后麻醉经常报道的并发症。     

Topical anesthesia for phacoemulsification, intraocular lens implantation, and posterior vitrectomy.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy of topical anesthesia as an alternative to peribulbar or retrobulbar anesthesia in phacoemulsification and intraocular lens (IOL) implantation combined with pars plana vitrectomy. SETTING: Clinica de Ojos de Maracaibo, Maracaibo, and the Retina and Vitreous Service, Clinica Oftalmologica Centro Caracas, Caracas, Venezuela. METHODS: In this prospective study, phacoemulsification, IOL implantation, and posterior vitrectomy using topical anesthesia (lidocaine 4% drops) were prospectively performed in 45 eyes (45 patients) with varied vitreoretinal pathology including macular holes, epiretinal membranes, subfoveal neovascular membranes, proliferative diabetic retinopathy, and vitreous hemorrhage. Preoperative and intraoperative sedation of varying degrees was necessary. Subjective pain and discomfort were graded from 1 (no pain or discomfort) to 4 (severe pain and discomfort). RESULTS: All patients had grade 1 pain and discomfort during most of the procedure. All patients had grade 2 (mild) pain and discomfort during pars plana sclerotomies, external bipolar cautery, and conjunctival closure. The mean amount of lidocaine 4% drops required during each procedure was 0.5 mL. No patient required additional retrobulbar, peribulbar, or sub-Tenon's anesthesia. CONCLUSIONS: This technique avoids the risks of globe perforation, retrobulbar hemorrhage, and prolonged postoperative akinesia of the eye at a lower cost. With appropriate case selection, topical anesthesia was a safe and effective alternative to peribulbar or retrobulbar anesthesia in phacoemulsification and IOL implantation combined with posterior 3-port pars plana vitrectomy.     

后极性白内障超声乳化吸除及折叠型人工晶状体植入术的临床观察

目的：探讨小切口超声乳化治疗后极性白内障的手术技术以及术中、术后并发症的处理方法。方法：46例患者(61只眼)，年龄38-78岁，平均57岁。在表麻下行颈侧透明角膜隧道切口的超声乳化，并对后囊下混浊斑块行剥离吸除、环形撕后囊或剪除混浊的后囊及折叠型人工晶状体植入术。结果：51只眼后囊膜完整，其中6只眼有后囊膜混浊；在10只后囊膜破裂眼中，4只眼有玻璃体脱出需行前段玻璃体切割术，并有1只眼晶状体皮质软壳沉入玻璃体腔引起葡萄膜炎及继发性青光眼需再次行后段玻璃体切割。58只眼人工晶状体囊袋内固定，3只眼睫状沟固定。结论：对后极性白内障行超声乳化手术时，谨慎处理后囊下混浊斑块，可以减少术中、术后的并发症，明显提高患者的术后视力。眼科学报2003；19：92-94     

无灌注25-G玻璃体手术系统在白内障超声乳化玻璃体脱出中的应用

目的 探讨无灌注25-G玻璃体手术系统在白内障超声乳化吸除术中处理玻璃体脱出的有效性和安全性.方法 回顾性病例系列研究.收集山东省眼科研究所2007年9月至2009年9月期间收治的白内障超声乳化术中后囊膜破裂的病例18例（18眼）,其中年龄相关性白内障13例,糖尿病性白内障2例,并发性白内障3例,年龄41～86岁,平均（64.8±11.6）岁.所有患者均行白内障超声乳化吸除术,术中发现后囊膜破裂、玻璃体脱出后,即以无灌注25-G玻璃体切除头通过透明角膜切口进入前房,切除残余晶状体皮质和脱出玻璃体.25-G玻璃体手术系统设置最快玻切频率为1500次/min,负压吸引为250 mmHg.人工晶状体（IOL）通过原角膜切口植入晶状体囊袋内或睫状沟,术后予以药物抗炎治疗.术后随访3～13个月,平均4个月.患者均于术前及术后1、3、7 d进行相关眼科检查,记录最佳矫正视力、眼压和术后并发症.结果 应用25-G玻璃体手术系统过程中,患者前房稳定,无前房消失和眼球塌陷情况发生.所有病例均一期植入了IOL.患者术后视力均有不同程度的提高,有14例（77.8%）术后最佳矫正视力≥0.5,仅2例眼底病变患者及2例高度近视患者的最佳矫正视力＜0.5.术后第1天,角膜水肿10例（55.6%）,至术后第7天角膜均恢复透明.4例（22.2%）术后发生一过性高眼压,予前房放液或药物治疗后恢复正常.随访期间无继发性青光眼、黄斑囊样水肿、角膜内皮失代偿、视网膜脱离等严重并发症.结论 无灌注25-G玻璃体手术系统处理白内障超声乳化术中玻璃体脱出的方法安全、有效,术后炎症反应轻,恢复快.     

Phacoemulsification with topical anesthesia performed by resident surgeons

PURPOSE: To evaluate and compare the outcomes in phacoemulsification cases performed by resident surgeons using topical anesthesia or retrobulbar anesthesia. SETTING: Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia, USA. METHODS: This was a retrospective review of phacoemulsification cases performed by resident surgeons during 1 academic year. Variables analyzed included patient age and sex, preexisting conditions limiting final acuity, and type of anesthesia used. Outcomes measured included intraoperative and postoperative complications and final visual acuity. RESULTS: Of the 291 cases analyzed, 119 (40.9%) were retrobulbar and 172 (59.1%) were topical. Residents began using topical anesthesia after a brief introductory period with retrobulbar anesthesia. Vitreous loss occurred in 15 cases (5.1%), 8 retrobulbar (6.7%) and 7 topical (4.1%) (P =.42). Postoperative complications occurred in 30 cases (10.3%), 17 topical (9.9%) and 13 retrobulbar (10.9%) (P =.85). Overall, 245 cases (84.2%) achieved a final best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of 20/40 or better. When cases with preexisting conditions limiting final acuity were eliminated, 92.1% achieved a final BCVA of 20/40 or better. More topical cases (112, 65.1%) than retrobulbar cases (64, 53.8%) achieved a final BCVA of 20/25 or better (P =.06), and more topical cases (149, 86.6%) than retrobulbar cases (96, 80.7%) achieved a final BCVA of 20/40 or better (P =.19). CONCLUSION: Topical anesthesia is safe and efficacious for phacoemulsification performed by resident surgeons early in training after a brief introduction to phacoemulsification using retrobulbar anesthesia.     

筋膜下麻醉小梁切除术

目的:探讨筋膜下麻醉行小梁切除术的有效性及安全性。方法:在连续58例(60眼)青光眼小梁切除术中分别应用表面麻醉、球后麻醉、筋膜下麻醉各20眼,观察麻醉效果、并发症情况。结果:表面麻醉组患者术中在上直肌牵引缝线、巩膜电凝、周边虹膜切除、结膜缝合时有不同程度痛感,筋膜下麻醉、球后麻醉组患者术中无明显痛感,筋膜下麻醉组1眼、球后麻醉组2眼术中出现一过性黑矇,球后麻醉组术中出现球后出血1眼,术后短暂性上睑下垂2眼。结论:小梁切除术采用筋膜下麻醉具有麻醉效果好、并发症少的优点,是理想麻醉方法。     

高度近视囊袋内植入不同人工晶状体囊袋稳定性研究

目的:观察高度近视并发性白内障患者行超声乳化吸除联合Bigbag,Sensar以及PMMA人工晶状体(intraocular lens,IOL)植入术后的早期临床效果。方法:患者159例202眼接受白内障超声乳化吸除联合IOL植入术,其中植入Bigbag,Sensar以及PMMAIOL分别为55眼、71眼和76眼。观察三组患者术后第1mo的最佳矫正视力(best-corrected visua lacuity,BCVA)、术后第1mo与术前中轴区晶状体后囊膜到视网膜间距离的差值、术后并发症等指标。结果:术后1mo时,BCVA≥0.6的眼数和百分比分别为Bigbag组9眼(16.4%)、Sensar组17眼(23.9%)和PMMA组11眼(14.5%),三组间两两比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);Bigbag组术后第1mo与术前中轴区晶状体后囊膜到视网膜间距离的差值为(1.52±0.11)mm,显著小于Sensar组和PMMA组,组间比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);三组术后眼压比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。三组术后均未见严重并发症。结论:Bigbag人工晶状体较其它人工晶状体对于提高术后视力没有明显优越性,但由于其设计上的特殊性,对术后后囊膜能起到稳定的支撑作用,可以减弱玻璃体前涌,减轻超声乳化联合IOL植入对眼后段的影响。     

Cataract surgery under systemic anticoagulant therapy with coumarin

PURPOSE: To evaluate clinical outcome of cataract surgery under systemic anticoagulant therapy using coumarin. METHODS: This clinical interventional comparative nonrandomized study included 441 patients (441 eyes) consecutively undergoing standard phacoemulsification with clear cornea incision and topical anesthesia. The study group consisted of 21 (4.8%) patients for whom systemic coumarin therapy was continued despite surgery. The control group included 420 patients without anticoagulant coumarin therapy prior to surgery. Study group and control group did not vary significantly in age, preoperative visual acuity, axial length, refractive error, preoperative intraocular pressure, or surgeon. RESULTS: Frequency of intraoperative or postoperative hemorrhages, intraoperative complications such as posterior capsule rupture, postoperative visual acuity, and intraocular pressure did no vary significantly (p>0.30) between study group and control group. CONCLUSIONS: For patients under systemic coumarin therapy, the rate of surgical complications may not markedly be increased compared to patients without coumarin therapy, when standard phacoemulsification with clear cornea incisions is performed with topical anesthesia. Systemic coumarin therapy does not have to be stopped prior to cataract surgery.     

Results of cataract surgery in previously vitrectomized eyes

PURPOSE: To evaluate the difficulties and results of manual extracapsular cataract extraction (ECCE) and phacoemulsification cataract surgery performed in previously vitrectomized eyes. SETTING: Pécs University of Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Pécs, Hungary. METHODS: This retrospective case-control study comprised a series of 84 cataract extractions with or without intraocular lens implantation. Forty-three patients had manual ECCE and 41, phacoemulsification. The intraoperative and postoperative complications and visual outcomes in the 2 groups were analyzed and compared. RESULTS: Cataract extractions were performed a mean of 15.8 months (range 1 to 86 months) after the pars plana vitrectomy. The indications for vitrectomy were diabetic retinopathy, retinal detachment, proliferative vitreoretinopathy, giant retinal tear, macular hole, eye trauma, vitreous hemorrhage after central retinal vein occlusion, and uveitis. Primary posterior capsule fibrosis was the most common intraoperative complication, occurring in 24% of eyes. Posterior capsule rupture occurred in 5 eyes in the ECCE group and 3 in the phacoemulsification group. Zonulysis occurred in 2 and 1 eyes, respectively. A dropped nucleus occurred in 3 cases in the phacoemulsification group. Posterior capsule opacification and secondary glaucoma were the most common postoperative complications, occurring in 5 and 3 cases in the ECCE group, respectively, and in 3 and 4 cases in the phacoemulsification group. Visual acuity 6 weeks postoperatively improved or remained within 2 Snellen lines in 95% of eyes, which is comparable to data in the recent literature. CONCLUSIONS: Phacoemulsification gave better results than manual ECCE in previously vitrectomized eyes. Underlying retinal disease limited the final visual acuity.     

Clinical outcomes of combined sutureless vitrectomy with triamcinolone stain to manage vitreous loss resulting from posterior capsule rupture during phacoemulsification

PURPOSE: To investigate the efficacy of sutureless pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) combined with intracameral triamcinolone stain in the management of vitreous loss associated with phacoemulsification. SETTING: Department of Ophthalmology, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China. METHODS: This retrospective review comprised the charts of 21 patients who had sutureless PPV combined with intracameral triamcinolone stain to manage vitreous loss resulting from posterior capsule rupture during phacoemulsification. The charts were analyzed for type of cataract, posterior segment pathology, methods of anesthesia, intraocular lens (IOL) placement, postoperative visual acuity, intraocular pressure, and complications. Additional outcome measurements were duration of the surgical procedures, period of postoperative corneal edema, and time to achieve stable vision. RESULTS: Excluding 2 eyes with preexisting conditions, 18 of 19 eyes (94.7%) had a final best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of 20/40 or better and 42.1% (8/19) had a final BCVA of 20/20 or better. The mean duration of the surgery was 25.3 minutes (range 16 to 40 minutes). Corneal edema was noted in 12 eyes (57.1%) 3 days postoperatively and 3 eyes (14.3%) at 7 days. Eleven eyes (52.4%) had stable vision at 1 week, and 16 eyes (76.2%) had stable vision within 1 month postoperatively. Four eyes (19.0%) had postoperative complications that included a displaced IOL in 3 eyes (14.3%) and cystoid macular edema in 1 eye (4.8%). CONCLUSIONS: Self-sealing, sutureless PPV combined with intracameral triamcinolone stain was a safe, reliable adjunct to manage vitreous loss during phacoemulsification. The surgery led to rapid visual recovery.     

Topical anesthesia with sedation in phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation combined with 2-port pars plana vitrectomy in 105 consecutive cases

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of topical anesthesia as an alternative to peribulbar or retrobulbar anesthesia in phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation combined with our modified 2-port pars plana vitrectomy technique (phacovitrectomy). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Phacovitrectomy using topical anesthesia (4% lidocaine drops) was prospectively performed in 105 eyes with cataract and varied vitreoretinal pathology. In 75 eyes (71.4%), phacovitrectomy was combined with argon laser photocoagulation (endolaser). Preoperative and intraoperative sedation of varying degrees was necessary. Subjective pain and discomfort were graded from 1 (no pain or discomfort) to 4 (severe pain and discomfort). RESULTS: All patients had grade 1 pain and discomfort during most of the procedure. All patients had grade 2 (mild) pain and discomfort during pars plana sclerotomies, external bipolar cautery, and conjunctival closure. No patient required additional retrobulbar, peribulbar, or sub-Tenon's anesthesia. CONCLUSION: This technique avoids the risk of globe perforation, retrobulbar hemorrhage, and prolonged postoperative akinesia of the eye. With appropriate case selection, topical anesthesia is a safe and effective alternative to peribulbar or retrobulbar anesthesia in phacovitrectomy.     

Effect of retrobulbar injection of lidocaine on saccadic velocities

PURPOSE: To determine whether exposing the extraocular muscles (EOMs) to lidocaine via retrobulbar injection for cataract surgery has a demonstrable negative effect on subsequent function of the muscle. SETTING: York Finch Eye Associates, Humber River Regional Hospital, and Toronto Western Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. METHODS: This study comprised 37 eyes that had phacoemulsification and posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation; 13 eyes had retrobulbar lidocaine with hyaluronidase and 24 eyes, topical anesthesia. The postoperative saccadic velocities were compared with the preoperative velocities using a sensitive recording device. The results were compared within and between the retrobulbar lidocaine and topical anesthesia groups. RESULTS: No detectable decrement in postoperative saccadic velocities was detected in any patient, and no difference was found between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Exposing EOMs to lidocaine for cataract surgery had no detectable negative effect on saccadic velocities 1 week after surgery.     

小梁切除联合超声乳化IOL植入术中三种麻醉方法的比较

目的:探讨表面麻醉,表面麻醉联合球结膜下麻醉及球后麻醉在小梁切除联合超声乳化人工晶状体(IOL)植入术中的可行性并对其效果进行评价。方法:对90例120眼按入院时间先后分成3组,分别用表面麻醉,表面麻醉结合球结膜下麻醉及球后麻醉行小梁切除联合超声乳化人工晶状体植入术,观察麻醉效果及术中、术后的局部及全身并发症。结果:表面麻醉组有3眼因麻醉不足术中追加结膜下麻醉,有11眼因麻醉不足疼痛不能耐受手术。表面麻醉联合球结膜下麻醉全部30眼麻醉效果理想,均顺利完成手术,且无因麻醉量不足或过量及麻醉手法等问题引起的术中或术后的并发症,球后麻醉30眼有1眼出现一过性黑矇,3眼出现球后出血,1眼术后眼睑青紫,经术中及术后对患者的处理及解释病情,均无大碍,也顺利完成手术。结论:三种麻醉方法中以表面麻醉联合球结膜下麻醉在小梁切除联合超声乳化人工晶状体植入术中最安全且有效,为青光眼白内障联合手术的首选麻醉方式。     

Phacoemulsification and lens implantation after scleral buckling surgery

PURPOSE:To determine the intraoperative and postoperative complications and best-corrected visual acuity outcomes of eyes undergoing phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation after retinal detachment repair by the scleral buckling technique. METHODS:The charts of all patients who underwent phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation between July 1991 and May 1998 in two surgical practices were reviewed to identify eyes with a history of retinal detachment repaired by the scleral buckling technique. Eyes with a history of pars plana vitrectomy were excluded. Demographic and surgical data, preoperative and postoperative best-corrected visual acuity, and intraoperative and postoperative complications were recorded.RESULTS:We identified 34 eyes of 32 patients. The mean interval from retinal detachment repair to phacoemulsification was 12.4 years. The mean interval from phacoemulsification to final examination was 20 months. Risk factors for retinal detachment included isolated myopia (82%), myopia with lattice retinal degeneration (5.9%), and myopia with trauma (8.8%). One eye (2.9%) had no identifiable risk factors. Final best-corrected visual acuity of 20/40 or better was attained in 29 (85%) of 34 eyes and 20/20 or better in 18 (53%) of the eyes. Of the five eyes with the lowest best-corrected visual acuity, three had a macula-off retinal detachment; one had a posterior capsule opacity, epiretinal membrane, and corneal edema secondary to ocular ischemia; and one had advanced glaucoma. All five eyes still experienced an improvement in best-corrected visual acuity. With regard to complications, one eye had a posterior capsular tear with vitreous loss and another developed a postoperative retinal tear. Posterior capsule opacification requiring laser capsulotomy developed in 13 eyes (38%). No eye developed a retinal redetachment. CONCLUSION:Phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation can be performed safely after scleral buckling surgery and excellent best-corrected visual acuity results can be attained in most eyes. No modification of surgical technique is necessary. No retinal redetachment occurred in this series.     

表面麻醉下小切口白内障超声乳化人工晶状体植入术

目的:探讨表面麻醉下小切口白内障超声乳化人工晶状体植入术的临床效果和优点。方法:70例83眼采用表面麻醉下透明角膜小切口白内障超声乳化术并植入折叠式后房型人工晶状体。结果:术后1mo视力>0.3者77眼。术中1眼出现后囊破裂,但人工晶状体顺利植入;1眼外伤性白内障人工晶状体未能植入;糖尿病患者2眼出现并发症。结论:表面麻醉下小切口白内障超声乳化人工晶状体植入术具有术程短、术后视力恢复快的优点。     

Topical anesthesia for penetrating keratoplasty

PURPOSE: To evaluate the use of topical anesthesia for penetrating keratoplasty (PKP) in situations where retrobulbar, peri/parabulbar, or general anesthesia are inadvisable or not readily available. METHODS: This was a retrospective analysis of a consecutive case series consisting of 8 eyes in 8 patients who had PKP with topical anesthesia between September 1995 and December 1997 in cases where retrobulbar, peri/parabulbar, or general anesthesia either could not be performed or presented too great a risk to the patient. Some cases were supplemented with small limbal injections, mild intravenous sedation (fentanyl), and/or intraocular anesthesia. In one case, intraocular 1% lidocaine was placed directly into the vitreous cavity to allow an open-sky vitrectomy. RESULTS: In all cases, PKP was completed without complications. All patients tolerated the procedure well and reported only mild discomfort. However, in 2 cases, an ACIOL was left in place because lens manipulation caused pain in the ciliary body and iris root areas. CONCLUSIONS: PKP can be performed successfully with topical anesthesia in cooperative patients who have perforated corneal ulcers, significant anticoagulation, or severe medical conditions, which make alternative forms of anesthesia more risky.     

Combined surgery and sequential surgery comprising phacoemulsification,pars plana vitrectomy,and intraocular lens implantation: comparison of clinical outcomes

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of combined phacoemulsification, pars plana vitrectomy (PPV), and intraocular lens (IOL) implantation in diabetic and nondiabetic patients and compare the clinical results with those of sequential surgery. SETTING: Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea. METHODS: The results of combined phacoemulsification, PPV, and IOL implantation in 52 patients (52 eyes) were retrospectively analyzed. The main outcome measures were preoperative and postoperative best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), postoperative BCVA of 20/40 or better, and intraoperative and postoperative complications. Combined surgery and sequential surgery were also compared using the same outcome measures. RESULTS: Postoperatively, the BCVA was better in 44 eyes (84.6%); 12 eyes (23.1%) achieved a BCVA of 20/40 or better. Postoperative complications consisted of a transient intraocular pressure increase in 29 eyes (55.8%), hyphema in 10 (19.2%), neovascular glaucoma in 8 (15.4%), anterior chamber fibrin exudation in 7 (13.5%), vitreous hemorrhage in 7 (13.5%), retinal detachment in 3 (5.8%), and posterior capsule opacification in 1 (1.9%). In the diabetic patients, postoperative visual outcomes between the combined-surgery group and the sequential-surgery group were not significantly different; however, neovascular glaucoma occurred only in the combined-surgery group. Other complications were not different between the combined-surgery group and the sequential-surgery group. In the nondiabetic patients, the postoperative visual outcomes and complications between the 2 groups were not significantly different. CONCLUSIONS: Combined phacoemulsification, PPV, and IOL implantation was safe and effective in selected patients, with the clinical outcomes comparable to those of sequential surgery.