肺静脉异位引流的超声心动图的诊断价值及漏误诊分析

【摘要】 目的 分析先天性心脏病肺静脉异位引流（APVC）彩色多普勒超声心动图图像特征,评价超声心动图对APVC的诊断价值,分析漏、误诊的原因,提高超声心动图技术对APVC诊断的准确性。方法 选择经心外科手术明确为APVC的22例患儿为研究对象,对其超声心动图检查结果及手术效果进行回顾性分析。结果 22例患儿中,超声诊断符合18例（81.8%）;超声误诊2例、漏诊2例（18.2%）,其中2例部分型肺静脉异位引流术前超声心动图误诊为房间隔缺损;漏诊的2例患者中,一例漏诊共同肺静脉干梗阻,合并畸形中,1例漏诊动脉导管未闭。22例患儿均合并其他心血管系统畸形。结论 超声心动图技术可以诊断APVC,但容易漏误诊。     

小儿三房心超声诊断

目的　本文重点观察小儿三房心的超声心动图诊断 ,并对误诊病例进行分析。方法　 3 5例三房心患者全部行超声心动检查 ,16例行心导管和 /或造影检查 ,3 1例经手术治疗。结果　 3 5例患者超声心动图确诊 2 4例 ,误诊 11例病例 ,其中 6例误诊为肺静脉异位引流。结论　三房心是一种罕见的先天性心血管畸形 ,临床和超声心动图易被误诊、漏诊 ,在诊断过程中应特别注意与肺静脉异位引流鉴别。     

异位引流入上腔静脉的心上型肺静脉异位引流的超声诊断漏诊和误诊原因分析

目的:探讨超声心动图诊断异位引流入上腔静脉的心上型肺静脉异位引流(SAPVC)的漏诊和误诊原因。方法:回顾分析19例均经CT和(或)手术证实且矫治成功的SAPVC异位引流入上腔静脉的超声心动图特征,评估术前和术后上腔静脉内径、血流速度、汇入位置及合并畸形,分析其诊断准确率及漏诊和误诊率。结果:19例SAPVC(14例部分型、3例完全型和2例混合型)的异位肺静脉开口于上腔静脉,超声确诊9例(47.37%)、漏诊7例(36.84%)、误诊3例(15.78%)。肺静脉变异支数共13例(12例5支、1例7支),其变异率为68.42%,且汇入上腔静脉的部位多见近心段。16例合并简单先天性心脏病,3例合并主动脉缩窄、永存左上腔、二叶式主动脉瓣等心内畸形。结论:经胸超声心动图容易漏诊或误诊异位引流入上腔静脉的SAPVC。全面扫查胸骨旁、剑突下及胸骨上窝上腔静脉长轴观察有无异常静脉血流汇入上腔静脉,加强伪像、正常或异常心内结构鉴别及联合CT可降低漏、误诊率。     

超声心动图在小儿先天性心脏病复杂畸形诊断中的应用价值

目的探讨超声心动图在小儿CHD复杂畸形诊断中的应用价值。方法对50例CHD复杂畸形患儿术前行超声心动图检查,总结其图像特点,并与手术结果进行对比分析,计算其诊断的准确率。结果手术证实的50例患儿中,超声心动图漏诊3例,部分型肺静脉异位引流漏诊1例,仅诊断为房间隔缺损及动脉导管未闭;合并动脉导管未闭的法乐四联症2例,未做动脉导管未闭(PDA)诊断,超声诊断准确率为94%,余超声检查结果与手术基本相符。结论超声心动图检查对小儿CHD的诊断准确率较高,值得临床广泛推广。     

主动脉假性动脉瘤的超声心动图表现及漏误诊分析

目的:总结主动脉假性动脉瘤的临床及超声心动图表现,超声漏诊误诊的原因。方法:回顾性分析经手术或者造影明确诊断的主动脉假性动脉瘤的患者117例,总结主动脉假性动脉瘤的临床及超声心动图表现,超声漏诊误诊分析。结果:主动脉假性动脉瘤患者117例,行超声心动图检查共89例,其中9例提示主动脉显示不清。假性动脉瘤24(24/80)例,正确诊断率30%;主动脉增宽或者扩张22(22/80)例,主动脉夹层7(7/80)例,误诊率36.3%;超声结果正常27(27/80)例,漏诊率为33.8%。主动脉破口10～25 mm,瘤体横径45～125 mm,平均为(74.58±17.97)mm,瘤体横径/破口比例1。超声心动图表现:主动脉壁的回声中断,周围假性动脉瘤形成,其内可见缓慢血流及血栓形成。结论:主动脉假性动脉是超声检查容易漏诊误诊的疾病,但识别超声表现,可以提高超声对假性动脉瘤的诊断率,减少漏诊和误诊。     

36例原发性扩张性心肌病临床分析及超声诊断

目的研究原发性扩张性心肌病的临床特点及超声诊断,旨在对该病早期诊断,减少漏诊。方法 进行临床症状、体征及心电图、超声心动图分析。结果本病患者有不同程度心功能异常和心电图异常,尤以异位搏动和异位心律最常见;超声心动图示腔大、壁薄、口小、运动幅度减弱、射血分数减少等特点。结论超声心动图是原发性扩张性心肌病有价值的诊断方法,结合临床症状、体征分析可减少该病的漏诊。     

冠状动脉-肺动脉瘘的超声心动图特征及临床分析

目的:探讨冠状动脉-肺动脉瘘(CPF)的特征与超声心动图诊断方法。方法:回顾性对比分析16例CPF患者的临床及超声心动图数据,进行超声的漏诊分析和方法总结。结果:16例冠状动脉造影证实的患者中,左CPF 10例,左右CPF 5例,右CPF 1例。超声漏诊率虽然高达68.8%,但诊断出的5例均正确,特异性为100%,较好地显示了瘘入肺动脉的位置和瘘口大小、瘘管所属的冠状动脉。结论:多数CPF分流量较小,难以由超声心动图首先发现。但超声心动图诊断该病的特异性好,如果提高超声的诊断技巧,则可以提高检出率。     

经胸和经食道超声心动图评价成人部分型肺静脉异位连接

目的通过经胸和经食道超声心动图对研究对象进行全面检查,探讨部分型肺静脉异位连接（partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection,PAPVC）的解剖学特征及其与手术的相关性。方法对2008年6月至2011年7月36例（男12例,女24例,年龄15—59岁,中位年龄37岁）经外科手术证实的先天性PAPVC患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,所有患者均行经胸超声心动图检查。27例进一步行经食道超声心动图检查,所得诊断结果与外科手术诊断结果进行比较。结果36例PAPVC均为右肺静脉异位连接,其中两条右肺静脉21例（58．3％）,单纯右上肺静脉11例（30．5％）,单纯右下肺静脉4例（11．1％）。合并静脉窦型缺损33例（91．6％）。经胸及（或）经食道超声心动图联合检查,与手术结果对比,正确诊断PAPVC31例（86．1％）。结论超声心动图在对PAPVC的诊断中起到重要作用,为外科术前提供足够的信息,可作为PAPVC诊断的首选检查方法。     

少见类型肥厚型心肌病的超声心动图诊断与鉴别诊断

分析少见类型肥厚型心肌病患者的超声心动图特点 ,提高超声心动图对该病诊断的准确性。利用Acuson12 8XP10彩色电脑声像仪分析了 38例经临床及超声心动图诊断为肥厚型心肌病患者的有关资料 ,采取二维超声心动图多切面、多角度观测室间隔、游离壁厚度和活动幅度以及二尖瓣活动特点 ;M型超声心动图Ⅱa区、Ⅳ区测量房室腔内径及室壁厚度 ;多普勒超声心动图记录左室流出道血流速度、二尖瓣频谱形态及二尖瓣返流速度。 38例肥厚型心肌病患者中 ,以Ⅲ型最为多见 ,占 4 5%。少见类型中心尖肥厚型 2例 ,心尖最厚达 33mm ;后下壁及下间隔肥厚型各 1例 ;对称型肥厚者 2例 ;高血压合并肥厚型心肌病者 2例。肥厚型心肌病的肥厚心肌分布比较复杂 ,少见类型肥厚型心肌病的诊断更应注意多切面、多角度进行探查 ,避免漏诊及误诊。     

完全性肺静脉异位引流诊断中超声心动图的应用

目的探讨超声心动图在完全型肺静脉异位引流（TAPVC）诊断中的应用价值。方法22例TAPVC患儿,均经手术证实诊断,术前均行超声心动图检查,比较超声心动图检查结果与手术诊断TAPVC的符合率。结果手术确诊TAPVC为心上型12例、心内型5例、心下型2例、混合型4例。超声心动图检查诊断TAPVC为中心上型12例、心内型5例、心下型2例、混合型3例。超声心动图检查对TAPVC的正确诊断率为100％,回流途径准确诊断率90．9％（1例超声心动图诊断为心内型TAPVC,共同肺静脉通过冠状静脉窦引流入右房,手术结果为心上合并心内型TAPVC。1例超声提示心上型TAPVC,垂直静脉经无名静脉入上腔静脉,术中见双侧垂直静脉汇入上腔静脉）。结论超声心动图可以正确地诊断和评估TAPVC。     

Two-dimensional echocardiography and B-mode ultrasonography for the diagnosis of loculated pericardial effusion.

Two cases of loculated pericardial effusion resulting in cardiac tamponade are presented. The loculated nature and extent of the effusion was best defined by two-dimensional echocardiography or B- mode ultrasonography. Cross-sectional images should probably be obtained in all cases of suspected loculated pericardial effusion and in patients in whom the interpretation of the M-mode echocardiogram is equivocal as to the presence or absence of pericardial effusion.     

Cord-like aortic valve vegetation in bacterial endocarditis. Demonstration by cardiac ultrasonography. Report of a case.

The ultrasonic features in a case of bacterial endocarditis in which a highly mobile, cord-like vegetation, attached to the noncoronary cusp of the aortic valve, are reported. The echocardiogram demonstrated abnormal echo patterns in the left ventricular outflow tract in diastrole which were continuous with similar echoes in the aortic root. While these findings did not differ from the previously reported manifestations in cases of flailing aortic valve leaflets, the cardiac ultrasonogram distinguished this vegetative growth. Cardiac ultrasonography revealed a cord-like characteristic, showed the movement of the entire growth into the left ventricular outflow tract in diastole and into the aorta in systole, and allowed estimation of the size of the vegetation. We conclude that cardiac ultrasonography can help in differentiating aortic valve leaflet flail and vegetations in endocarditis.     

The accuracy of fetal echocardiography in the diagnosis of congenital heart disease

The accuracy of the echocardiographic diagnosis of fetal heart disease in an experienced centre was evaluated by analysing the results achieved during 1987 at the Perinatal Cardiology Unit, Guy's Hospital. In this one year, 978 high-risk patients were referred for fetal echocardiography. Of these, 74 cases were found to have cardiac malformation, 69 of which were predicted from the prenatal study. Of the 69, the autopsy specimen was available for correlative purposes in 41 cases. A postnatal echocardiogram was performed by us in a further 15 cases. The result of autopsy or of a postnatal echocardiogram was obtained from another hospital in 7 cases. Postmortem was refused in 5 cases, while one further case remains alive but has not had a postnatal echocardiogram. Close correlation was achieved between the predicted echocardiographic diagnosis and the anatomical results. Some minor errors in the complete interpretation of a defect were found, particularly in those fetuses in whom image quality was poor, due to early (less than 20 weeks) or late (greater than 34 weeks) gestation or to maternal obesity. Difficulty in echocardiographic interpretation was also experienced in unusual defects. There was one false positive prediction of coarctation of the aorta. One major (total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage) and 5 minor abnormalities (two atrial and three ventricular septal defects) detected after birth were overlooked on the fetal study. Although the echocardiogram in prenatal life is not as accurate as it can be postnatally, with suitable experience a high degree of precision can now be achieved.     

A primary benign cardiac tumor misdiagnosed as cardiac metastasis in the right atrium

We present a patient with breast cancer with multiple metastases who had an unusual cardiac mass in the right atrium. The cardiac mass was initially diagnosed as malignant metastasis by transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) but subsequently diagnosed as benign by contrast-enhanced ultrasonography, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT). TTE is the preferred imaging method for examination of cardiac masses. However, this case demonstrates that contrast-enhanced ultrasonography, MRI, and PET/CT are useful to differentiate between diagnoses of benign and malignant tumor. The combination of multiple diagnostic imaging modalities is necessary to confirm the diagnosis of cardiac tumors.     

应用二维超声心动图和X线引导心内希氏束导管检查的对比观察

目的：探讨二维超声心动图引导心内希氏束导管检查的可行性，并与Ｘ线引导进行了对比观察。方法：经右侧股静脉插入希氏束电极导管，然后用日本产ＡｌｏｋａＢ型超声心动图监视导管位置。先取下腔静脉长轴后取剑下或胸骨旁四腔心位观察。结果：二维超声心动图引导１８例，Ｘ线引导１７例，除１例失败外，其余均获成功。结论：二维超声心动图引导心内希氏束导管检查不仅是可行的，而且与Ｘ线相比具有很多优点，有推广使用价值。     

扩张型心肌病12导联动态心电图分析

目的观察扩张型心肌病的24h12导联动态心电图改变。方法60例经心脏超声检查诊断为扩张型心肌病的病例入选，并行24h12导联动态心电图监测。结果所有病例动态心电图均有异常改变，其中以室性早搏为最常见（97％），其次是ST-T改变（60％）和室性心动过速（50％）。心功能越差，复合心律失常越多见。结论扩张型心肌病的心律失常发生率高且多样，有复合心律失常的患者有必要进行心脏超声心动图检查。     

心尖肥厚型心肌病13例诊断及误诊分析

目的讨论通过心电图、超声心动图及左室造影等检查诊断心尖肥厚型心肌病(AHCM)的可行性以及分析误诊原因。方法对13例AHCM病例的心电图、超声心动图、及左室造影结果进行分析。结果AHCM合并有心电图异常者13例(100%)其中有12例心电图有特征性改变;心超提示心尖区增厚者11例;左室造影提示舒张期黑桃A样改变的5例;有7例初诊误诊为冠心病。结论AHCM较易被误诊为冠心病,心电图、超声心动图、左室造影、MRI检查对于AHCM的早期诊断与鉴别诊断有重要意义。     

Visualization of patent ductus arteriosus using real-time three-dimensional echocardiogram: Comparative study with 2D echocardiogram and angiography

PurposeTo determine the feasibility and accuracy of real time 3D echocardiography (RT3DE) in determining the dimensions and anatomical type of the patent ductus arteriosus (PDA).MethodsThe study included 42 pediatric patients with a mean age of 3.6 years (ranging from 2 months to 14 years) who were referred for elective percutaneous PDA closure. All patients underwent full 2D echocardiogram as well as RT3DE with off line analysis using Q lab software within 6 h from their angiograms. The PDA was studied as regard the anatomical type, length of the duct as well as the ampulla and the pulmonary end of the PDA. Data obtained by RT3DE was compared against 2D echocardiogram and the gold standard angiography.ResultsOffline analysis of the PDA was feasible in 97.6% of the cases while determination of the anatomical type using gated color flow 3D acquisitions was achieved in 78.5% of the cases. The pulmonary end of the duct was rather elliptical using 3D echocardiogram. There was significant difference between the pulmonary end measured by 3D echocardiogram and angiography (P < 0.001). There was no significant difference between either the length or the ampulla of the PDA measured by 3D echocardiogram and that measured by angiography (P value = 0.325 and 0.611, respectively). There was a good agreement between both 2D or 3D echocardiogram and angiography in determining the anatomical type of the PDA (K = 0.744 and 0.773, respectively). However 3D echocardiogram could more accurately determine type A and type E ductus compared to 2D echocardiogram.Conclusion3D echocardiogram was more accurate than 2D echocardiogram in determining the length and the ampulla of the PDA. The morphologic assessment of the PDA using gated 3D color flow was achieved in 78.5% of the patients. Nevertheless the use of 3D echocardiogram in assessment of small vascular structures like PDA in children with rapid heart rates is still of limited clinical value.     

Two cases of primary cardiac lymphoma presenting with pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade

The heart as the primary site of lesion in malignant lymphoma is extremely rare. We experienced 2 cases of malignant lymphoma whose initial presentation was massive pericardial effusion with cardiac tamponade. The first case was a 75-year-old man who had shortness of breath for 1 week. Chest X-ray showed cardiomegaly (CTR 65%), and his condition was diagnosed as congestive heart failure at first and thereafter echocardiogram revealed pericardial effusion. The second case was a 76-year-old man who complained of exertional dyspnea which worsened over 2 weeks. His condition was diagnosed as congestive heart failure at first and echocardiogram revealed pericardial effusion. Pericardial drainage tapped bloody fluid and cytological examination revealed malignant lymphoma. After treatment, the first case lived for eleven months with no recurrence of pericardial effusion. The second case has lived for 4 years. We present these 2 cases can be defined as primary cardiac lymphoma according to McALLISTER and FENOGLIO, i.e., a lymphoma that involves only the heart and pericardium. More cases of primary cardiac lymphoma will be found in the future because of the ease with which the echocardiogram can detect pericardial effusion.     

Clinical and echocardiographic aspects of mid-ventricular hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Three cases of patients with hypertropic cardiomyopathy, apical aneurysm, and mid-ventricular obstruction are presented. Two patients were diagnosed first by two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography, which showed mid-ventricular obliteration, characteristic hourglass image, and paradoxic jet flow. One patient with suboptimal echocardiogram was necessary to perform contrast echocardiogram. Clinical picture was characterized by angina and dyspnea. Thallium myocardial imaging revealed perfusion abnormalities in apical region, ischemia or necrosis. Cardiac catheterism showed mid-ventricular obliteration and significant intraventricular gradient and coronary arteries angiography without lesions.