In vitro biocompatibility of three chitosan/polycation composite materials for nerve regeneration*****☆

BACKGROUND：It has been reported that chitosan nerve conduits could support axon elongation and improve relevant function during in vivo nerve regeneration. OBJECTIVE： To investigate in vitro biocompatibility of three novel, chitosan/polycation composite materials for nerve regeneration in cultured mouse Schwann cells and PC12 cells. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： The observational, control experiments for nerve tissue engineering were performed at the Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology of Tsinghua University from August 2007 to January 2008. MATERIALS： Mouse Schwann cells were isolated from the sciatic nerve of 5–7-day-old BALB/C mice. PC12 cells were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection （ATCC, USA）. Chitosan was purchased from Tsingdao Haisheng Co., China. Poly-L-lysine hydrochloride （PLL）, polyethyleneimine （PEI） poly-L-ornithine hydrobromide （POR）, and S-100 antibody was purchased from Sigma Chemical Co., USA. Cell Counting Kit-8 （CCK-8） was purchased from Dojindo Chemical Co., Japan. METHODS： Three chitosan/polycation composite materials for nerve regeneration （PLL-0.25, PEI-0.25, and POR-0.25） were produced by blending chitosan with 0.25% （w/w） poly-L-lysine, polyethyleneimine, and poly-L-ornithine. Pure chitosan was utilized as the control. After 3 days of culture, the morphology of mouse Schwann and PC12 cells cultured on all substrates was observed with an inverted phase contrast microscope. Mouse Schwann cells were stained by immunofluorescence labeling S-100 protein and nuclei, followed by identification with a confocal laser-scanning microscope. The amount of proliferating mouse Schwann and PC12 cells was determined by CCK-8 after 1, 3, and 5 days in culture. The level of PC12 cell differentiation on all substrates was assessed by measuring neurite length at 1, 3, and 5 days after seeding. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Morphology and amount of proliferation of mouse Schwann cells and PC12 cells cultured on chitosan and three polycation-modif     

Protective effect of paeonol on beta-amyloid 25-35- induced toxicity in PC12 cells**☆

BACKGROUND：Paeonol is a primary phenolic component of the Chinese medicinal herb Cortex moutan. Recent studies have shown that paeonol has anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antioxidative effects as well as a significant cardioprotective effect against myocardial ischemia. OBJECTIVE： To investigate the protective effect of paeonol on β-amyloid 25-35-induced toxicity in PC12 cells and analyze its mechanism of action. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： A controlled repeated-measures cell-based study was performed in the Department of Pharmacology of Guangdong Medical College between September 2006 and December 2007. MATERIALS： Paeonol was supplied by Xuancheng Baicao Plant Industry and Trade Company, China. PC12 cells were a kind gift from Dr. Haitao Zhang at Guangdong Medical College. β-amyloid 25-35 was purchased from Sigma Company, USA. Lactate dehydrogenase （LDH） and malondialdehyde （MDA） kits were purchased from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Research Institute, China. METHODS： PC12 cells were maintained in Dulbecco＇s modified eagle＇s medium （DMEM） supplemented with 100 mL/L heat-inactivated horse serum and 50 mL/L fetal bovine serum at 37 ℃ and cultured in an incubator with 5% CO2. The medium was renewed every other day. Batches of cells were assigned into three groups. （1） Paeonol group： cells were preincubated with different concentrations of paeonol （12, 25 or 50 μmol/L） for one hour and β-amyloid 25-35 was added to the medium; （2） control group： cells were cultured in DMEM supplemented with 100 mL/L heat-inactivated horse serum and 50 mL/L fetal bovine serum; and （3） β-amyloid 25-35 group： β-amyloid 25-35 was added to the medium. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： When PC12 cells in each group were cultured for 24 hours, the cell viability was determined using the MTT reduction assay, LDH release into the culture media was measured by 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine chromatometry and MDA content was measured using a thiobarbituric acid assay. RESULTS： When PC12 cells wer     

嗅鞘细胞对神经干细胞增殖与分化的影响

BACKGROUND： Olfactory ensheathing cells can promote oriented differentiation and proliferation of neural stem cells by cell-secreted neural factors. OBJECTIVE： To observe the effect of olfactory ensheathing cells on the differentiation and proliferation of neural stem cells. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： Cytology was performed at the Department of Neurology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China, from September 2007 to October 2008. MATERIALS： Mouse anti-nestin polyclonal antibody （Chemicon, USA）, mouse anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein （GFAP） IgG1, mouse anti-2＇, 3＇-cyclic nucleotide 3＇-phosphodiesterase （CNPase） IgG1, mouse anti-Tubulin Class-Ill IgG1 （Neo Markers, USA）, Avidin-labeled Cy3 （KPL, USA）, and goat anti-mouse IgGl： fluorescein isothiocyanate （FITC） （Serotec, UK） were used in this study. METHODS：Tissues were isolated from the embryonic olfactory bulb and subependymal region of Wistar rats. Serum-free DMEM/F12 culture media was used for co-culture experiments. Neural stem cells were incubated in serum-free or 5% fetal bovine serum-containing DMEM/F12 as controls. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： After 7 days of co-culture, neural stem cells and olfactory ensheathing cells underwent immunofluorescent staining for nestin, tubulin, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and CNPase. RESULTS： Olfactory ensheathing cells promoted proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells into neuron-like cells, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. The proportion of neuron-like cells was 78.2%, but the proportion of neurons in 5% fetal bovine serum DMEM/F12 was 48.3%. In the serum-free DMEM/F12, neural stem cells contracted, unevenly adhered to the glassware wall, or underwent apoptosis at 7 days. CONCLUSION： Olfactory ensheathing cells promote differentiation of neural stem cells mainly into neuron-like cells, and accelerate proliferation of neural stem cells. The outcome is better compared with serum-free medium or medium containing 5% fetal bovine serum.     

Identification and analysis of a minority fraction in a 387 cell lineDo side-population cells represent bona fide stem cell-like cancer cells？

BACKGROUND： Overwhelming evidence suggests that tumor bulks are comprised of differentiated tumor cells and cancer stem cells （CSCs）. The stem cell-like side-population （SP） cells account for a minor fraction of the total tumor cells, yet are apparently the cells capable of tumor initiation, growth, maintenance, and recurrence. OBJECTIVE： To identify potential stem cell-like cancer cells in a U87 human brain glioma cell line on the basis of dye efflux, clone formation, and multi-drug resistance capacity. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： The cellular and molecular biology experiment was performed at the Laboratory of Shanghai Institute of Hematology and Laboratory of Shanghai Institute of Endocrinology in Ruijin Hospital; in vivo contrast observational animal trial was performed at Experimental Animal Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University from June 2007 to May 2008. MATERIALS： The U87 cell line was provided by the Shanghai Institute of Cancer Research, Chinese Academy of Science; DMEM/F12 （1 ： 1） and fetal bovine serum were purchased from Gibco Invitrogen, USA; human recombinant basic fibroblast growth factors were purchased from BD Bioscience, USA; Hoechst 33342, Verapamil, and methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium were purchased from Sigma, USA; phycoerythrin-labeled anti-human-CD133 was purchased from Milteny Biotec, Germany; SYBR PrimeScriptTM RT-PCR kit was purchased from TaKaRa Biotechnology, Dalian, China. METHODS： Monolayer cultured cells were harvested by 0.25% Trypsin-EDTA and suspended at a 1 ×10^6/mL dilution in PBS containing 2% FBS, and were stained with Hoechst 33342 dye, either alone or in combination with Verapamil. Following fluorescence-activated cell sorting, SP and non-SP subsets were cultivated with serum-containing （DMEM plus 10% fetal bovine serum） or serum-free culture medium [DMEM/F12 （1： 1） ＋ 1× B27 supplement ＋ 10 ng/mL basic fibroblast growth factors ＋ 1× L-glutamine] to determine growth characteristics in vitro. Finally, single free U87 cells and subsets （SP or non-SP cells） were subcutaneously injected into the backs of 5-week-old nude mice for in vivo tumorigenicity. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Cell morphology and clonogenicity were observed under inverted microscope; SP phenotype and fluorescent antibody labeling were analyzed by MoFIoTM flow cytometry; ABC transporter mRNA expression was evaluated by semi-quantitative real-time RT-PCR; efflux capacity for anti-neoplastic drugs from the U87 cell line and subsets was measured with the MTT assay, then detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay at a wavelength of 490 nm; in vivo tumorigenicity in immunodeficient nude mice was evaluated by diameter size. RESULTS： During in vitro passages, human U87 cells maintained a stable SP fraction profile and exhibited the ability to form neurosphere-like clones. SP cell proliferation decreased compared with non-treated U87 cells. CD133 expression was reduced in the SP and non-SP cells. Freshly sorted SP fractions expressed higher levels of ABC drug transporter genes, and exhibited increased potential for cytotoxic drug resistance. The in vivo malignancy of U87 cells was largely dependent on non-SP cells in nude mice, and tumors that formed from the non-SP fraction developed faster and larger compared with tumors from the SP fraction. CONCLUSION： The SP cell component was a key factor that influenced mRNA expression and cytotoxic drug resistance. In particular, cancer stem cells or tumor-initiating cells were not exclusively enriched in the SP subset of the U87 cell line, and non-SP cells were even more tumorigenic.     

Effects of folic acid on in vitro astrocytic differentiation of neural stem cells from neonatal rats

BACKGROUND： Folic acid is essential for normal functioning of the nervous system. Previous studies have focused on the effects of folic acid on astrocyte proliferation. OBJECTIVE： To explore the effects of folic acid on astrocyte differentiation of neural stem cells （NSCs） and the related mechanisms in vitro. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： A randomized, controlled, grouping experiment was performed in Tianjin Medical University between August 2007 and October 2008. MATERIALS： Folic acid and 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine （BrdU） were obtained from Sigma, MO, USA. Primary antibodies [rabbit anti-rat nestin, β-tubulin-Ⅲ, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and neurogeninl （Ngnl）; mouse anti-rat BrdU and β-actin monoclonal antibodies] were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, USA. METHODS： At 6 days of NSC proliferation from 24-hour-old neonatal rats, BrdU incorporation assay was performed. Seven days after primary culture, NSCs were induced to differentiate with medium containing 5% fetal bovine serum. Cultured NSCs were assigned to three groups： control, low-dose （liquid media with 8 mg/L folic acid）, and high-dose folic acid （liquid media with 44 mg/L folic acid）. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： At day 7 after primary culture, the cells were identified as NSCs by immunocytochemical methods. Double-label immunofluorescence technique for glial fibrillary acidic protein/BrdU detected differentiated cells 7 days after induction. Western blot was used to analyze expression of Ngnl protein in NSCs. RESULTS： In serum-free suspension medium, neurospheres comprised a large number of Nestin-, glial fibrillary acidic protein-, β-tubulin-Ⅲ-, and BrdU-positive cells. Compared with the control group, high-dose folic acid supplementation led to an marked increase in the percentage of glial fibrillary acidic protein/BrdU-positive cells （P 〈 0.05）, and significantly decreased Ngnl protein expression （P 〈 0.05）. CONCLUSION： Folic acid promotes astrocytic differentiation of NSCs, which might be related to downregulation of Ngnl protein expression.     

Lipopolysaccharide-activated microglial-induced neuroglial cell differentiation in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells☆

BACKGROUND： Microglia are very sensitive to environmental changes, often becoming activated by pathological conditions. Activated microglia can exert a dual role in injury and repair in various diseases of the central nervous system, including cerebral ischemia, Parkinson＇s disease, and Alzheimer＇s disease. OBJECTIVE： An immortal microglial cell line, BV2, was treated with varying concentrations of lipopolysaccharide （LPS） to induce a pathological situation. Supernatant was harvested and incubated with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and, concomitantly, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell differentiation was observed. DESIGN： A controlled observation, in vitro experiment. SETTING： Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University. MATERIALS： Five male 2-3-week-old Sprague Dawley rats were purchased from Animal Laboratory Center of China Medical University and included in this study. The protocol was performed in accordance with ethical guidelines for the use and care of animals. The microglial cell line BV2 was produced by Cell Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Sciences. LPS was produced by Sigma Company, USA. METHODS： This study was performed in the Central Laboratory of China Medical University from September 2006 to March 2007. Rat femoral and tibial bone marrow was collected for separation and primary culture of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell cultures were divided into 5 groups： control group, non-activated group, as well as low-, medium-, and high-dose LPS groups. In the control group, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were cultured with Dulbecco＇s modified Eagle＇s medium （DMEM） supplemented with fetal bovine serum （volume fraction 0. 1）. In the non-activated group, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were incubated with non-activated BV2 supernatant. In the low-, medium-, and high-dose LPS groups, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were incubated with LPS （0.01,0.1 and 1 μg/L, respectively）-act     

Differentiation of embryonic versus adult rat neural stem cells into dopaminergic neurons in vitro*☆

BACKGROUND：It has been reported that the conversion of neural stem cells into dopaminergic neurons in vitro can be increased through specific cytokine combinations. Such neural stem cell-derived dopaminergic neurons could be used for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. However, little is known about the differences in dopaminergic differentiation between neural stem cells derived from adult and embryonic rats. OBJECTIVE： To study the ability of rat adult and embryonic-derived neural stem cells to differentiate into dopaminergic neurons in vitro. DESIGN： Randomized grouping design. SETTING： Department of Neurosurgery in the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University. MATERIALS： This experiment was performed at the Surgical Laboratory in the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University （Guangzhou, Guangdong, China） from June to December 2007. Eight, adult, male, Sprague Dawley rats and eight, pregnant, Sprague Dawley rats （embryonic day 14 or 15） were provided by the Experimental Animal Center of Sun Yat-sen University. METHODS： Neural stem cells derived from adult and embryonic rats were respectively cultivated in serum-free culture medium containing epidermal growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor. After passaging, neural stem cells were differentiated in medium containing interleukin-1α, interleukin-11, human leukemia inhibition factor, and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor. Six days later, cells were analyzed by immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Alterations in cellular morphology after differentiation of neural stem cells derived from adult and embryonic rats; and percentage of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons in the differentiated cells. RESULTS： Neural stem cells derived from adult and embryonic rats were cultivated in differentiation medium. Six days later, differentiated cells were immunoreactive for tyrosine hydroxylase. The percentage of tyrosine hydroxylase positive neurons was （5.6 ± 2.8）% and （17.8     

Recombinant-activated factor VII and neuronal apoptosis in a rat model of intracerebral hemorrhage

BACKGROUND： Activated clotting factor VII has been demonstrated to exhibit obvious anti-apoptosis effects. OBJECTIVE： To observe the effect of activated clotting factor VII on neuronal apoptosis at different time points following rat intracerebral hemorrhage （ICH）. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： A randomized, controlled, animal experiment was performed at the Neurobiological Laboratory of Second Military Medical University from October 2005 to April 2006. MATERIALS： Recombinant-activated clotting factor Vlla （rFVtla） was purchased from Danish Novo Nordisk, Denmark. In situ cell death detection kit-POD kit was purchased from Roche, Switzerland. Caspase-3 activity determination kit from Biovision, USA. METHODS： A total of 72 healthy, male, Sprague Dawley rats, aged 5-8 months, were randomly assigned to three groups （n = 24）： sham-operated, ICH model, and rFVIla. In the ICH model and rFVIla groups, 80.0μL autologous non-clotting blood from rat tails was injected into the right caudate putamen to establish the ICH. The empty microinjector was inserted into the caudate putamen in the sham-operated group. The ICH model and rFVIla groups were subdivided into four subsets separately： 6, 24, 72 hours and 7 days following ICH. The rats in the rFVIla group were injected with 160 μg/kg rFVIla via the dorsal vein of the penis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Apoptotic cells were detected in the right caudate putamen by TUNEL; caspase-3 activity by spectrophotometry; and rat neurological function was evaluated by neurological functional impairment scales. RESULTS： Rat neurological function was deteriorated at 24, 72 hours, and 7 days following ICH. The TUNEL-positive cells and caspase-3 activity in the right caudate putamen was significantly increased in the ICH rats （P 〈 0.05）; rFVlla treatment reduced the number of TUNEL-positive cells and caspase-3 activity in the right caudate putamen （P 〈 0.05）, and neurological function was significantly improved （P 〈 0.05）. CONCLUSION： rFVIla was applied within 72 hours after tCH, which reduced the amount of neuronal apoptosis and promoted neurological function restoration by possibly inhibiting caspase-3 activity.     

Induced neuronal differentiation of neural stem cells by a combination of cytokines One-step versus two-step methods

BACKGROUND： A combination of basic fibroblast growth factor （bFGF）, platelet-derived growth factor （PDGF）, human heregulin-beta-1, beta-mercaptoethanol retinoic acid and forskolin has been reported to induce the differentiation of rat bone marrow stromal cells into myelinating Schwann-like cells. OBJECTIVE： To investigate the inducing effects of a combination of bFGF, PDGF, human heregulin-beta-1, beta-mercaptoethanol retinoic acid and forskolin on neural stem cell differentiation by one- and two-step methods. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： A cytobiology experiment was performed at the Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School of Nantong University, and Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, China, between August 2005 and January 2007. MATERIALS： A total of 30 healthy Sprague Dawley rat embryos at gestational days 14-16 were selected, bFGF, PDGF, human heregulin-beta-t, beta-mercaptoethanol, retinoic acid, and forskolin were purchased from Sigma, USA. METHODS： Passage 3 rat neural stem cells were cultured by a one-step method in serum-free medium plus 10 ng/m/bFGF, 5 ng/mL PDGF, 200 ng/mL heregulin-beta-1,35 ng/mL all-trans retinoic acid, and 5 pmol/L forskolin or by a two-step method in serum-free medium plus 35 ng/m/ all-trans retinoic acid for 72 hours, followed by serum-free medium plus 10 ng/mL bFGF, 5 ng/mL PDGF, 200 ng/mL heregulin-beta-t and 5 μmol/L forskolin. The control condition consisted of 10% fetal bovine serum alone or 20 ng/mL bFGF alone. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Differentiated cells were identified by immunocytochemical staining for microtubule associate protein-2 （MAP2） and St 00 protein. Geometric parameters and sodium ion currents of the differentiated cells were measured by image analysis and whole-cell patch-clamp techniques, respectively. RESULTS： Compared with the two-step culture method, neuronal-like cells exhibited longer processes and a similar appearance to mature neurons using the one-step method. The percentage of MAP2 positive cells induced by the one-step method was significantly greater than the serum-alone group （P 〈 0.05）. Furthermore, the MAP2 positive cells induced by the one-step method had greater surface areas, cell body perimeters, and longer process than cells induced by serum-alone and bFGF-alone （P 〈 0.05）. There were no significant differences in these parameters between the one-step and two-step methods （P 〉 0.05）. In addition, 80% of the induced neuronal-like cells from the one-step method and 20% from the two-step method displayed inwardly-evoked currents. CONCLUSION： The combination of bFGF, PDGF, human heregulin-beta-t, beta-mercaptoethanol retinoic acid and forskolin successfully induced neuronal differentiation from neural stem cells, with the one-step induction being more effective than the two-step method.     

Wnt3a影响神经干细胞分化的体外研究

目的探讨Wnt3a对胚胎大鼠海马神经干细胞（NSCs）体外分化的影响。方法采用机械分离、无血清传代培养法从胎鼠海马中获得NSCs,使用免疫荧光法对其干细胞特性及其受体Fzd3蛋白表达进行鉴定,观察Wnt3a对NSCs体外分化的影响。结果海马NSCs表达特异性标志物巢蛋白及胞膜蛋白Fzd3;体外诱导分化,Wnt3a处理组神经元及星形胶质细胞分化的比例分别为11．25％±0．62％和56．26％±4．82％,而对照组则为8．54％±0．48％和168．42％±5．54％;组间分化差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论体外环境下Wnt3a能够促进NSCs向神经元分化,并抑制其向星形胶质细胞分化。     

不同促细胞分裂因子对人神经干细胞定向分化的影响

目的观察不同促细胞分裂因子对人神经干细胞(NSCs)增殖及定向分化的影响。方法对人NSCs用无血清DMEM培养基行原代培养的同时,分别加入表皮生长因子(EGF)、碱性成纤维生长因子(bFGF)、神经生长因子(NGF)、维甲酸(RA)等因子,观察其对NSCs定向分化的作用。结果EGF培养的NSCs,克隆球形成慢且较松散,经血清诱导分化后,主要为星形胶质细胞,仅有少数神经元。而bFGF培养的NSCs则生长良好。在加血清诱导分化后,不同浓度bFGF培养的NSCs分化的细胞不同。bFGF与EGF共同培养的NSCs,其生长及神经球形成良好。在加血清诱导分化后,分化的神经细胞比例更接近脑内神经细胞的组分。NGF对神经球的形成无明显影响,但可促使其向神经元分化。RA使神经克隆球形成,可使NSCs直接分化为神经元细胞的比例明显增加。结论不同促细胞分裂因子对人NSCs的增殖及定向分化均有一定影响。     

嗅鞘细胞诱导神经干细胞分化后神经元电生理特性的研究

目的探索大鼠嗅鞘细胞对神经干细胞(NSC)分化的影响,以及分化后神经元电生理特性。方法取新生鼠大脑皮质,原代培养大鼠NSC。NSC分为实验组和对照组,实验组将无血清培养的NSC中加入嗅鞘细胞条件培养液,对照组单纯无血清培养NSC。光镜下观察细胞分化情况,免疫组化法分别检测巢蛋白(nestin)、神经生长因子受体(NGFRp75)、神经丝蛋白(NF200)和胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)的表达,膜片钳检测神经元电生理特性。结果实验组嗅鞘细胞主要诱导NSC分化为神经元,少量分化为胶质细胞。对照组NSC逐渐萎缩,最终死亡。分化后的神经元记录到快速激活、快速失活能被河豚毒素特异阻断的钠电流,以及慢激活、慢失活能被四乙铵特异阻断的延迟整流性钾电流。结论嗅鞘细胞能诱导NSC分化成神经元,分化后的神经元具有活跃的电生理特性。     

小鼠神经干细胞的生物学特性观察

目的探讨小鼠神经干细胞体外原代培养的生长特性.方法用无血清与单细胞克隆技术对小鼠胚胎脑组织进行分离、培养,用光镜、免疫组织化学进行鉴定,并对其不同生长时期的生物学特性进行透射电镜观察.结果鼠胚胎分离细胞具有连续分化及克隆能力,克隆球和早期的原始细胞神经上皮干细胞蛋白(nestin)抗原呈阳性.成熟分化后胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)及神经丝-200(NF-200)抗原呈阳性.不同期电镜结果:培养2周的神经干细胞较原始,核大,细胞质少,细胞器不发达.将其继续培养到4周,部分细胞内可见到发达的细胞器,并在分化细胞中观察到神经微管、微丝、胶样丝和细胞间连接样结构.结论胚胎脑组织在体外培养并克隆成神经球,具有很强的增殖能力,是多分化潜能干细胞.     

慢病毒介导CD-TK融合基因转染对神经干细胞体外增殖的影响

目的探讨慢病毒介导胞嘧啶脱氨酶（cytosine deaminase,CD）及胸腺嘧啶激酶（thymidine kinase,TK）融合基因转染对神经干细胞体外增殖的影响。方法原代培养新生Wistar大鼠室下区神经干细胞并鉴定,经传代纯化后,用CD-TK基因包装的慢病毒处理3～5 d。MTT实验检测神经干细胞增殖活性,免疫荧光技术检测转染后神经干细胞GFAP、NSE表达。结果 MTT结果显示CD-TK融合基因转染对神经干细胞增殖无影响（P〉0.05）。免疫荧光结果显示：神经干细胞Nestin标记阳性;CD-TK融合基因转染后,神经干细胞NSE及GFAP均表达阳性。结论 CD-TK融合基因转染对神经干细胞增殖无影响。     

骨髓基质细胞联合细胞因子对脐血单个核细胞表面抗原表达的影响**

背景：课题组已建立胎儿骨髓基质细胞联合细胞因子的造血细胞体外培养体系,该培养体系能否有效扩增各个发育阶段的造血细胞有待验证。 目的：观察骨髓基质细胞联合细胞因子培养体系对脐血单个核细胞表面抗原CD133、CD34表达的影响。 方法：将从脐血标本中分离出来的单个核细胞接种于无血清培养体系,实验分为3组：①F组：干细胞因子+Flt3配体+促血小板生成素+单个核细胞。②S组：基质细胞+单个核细胞。③SF组：基质细胞+干细胞因子+Flt3配体+促血小板生成素+单个核细胞。在第0,6,10,14天检测有核细胞总数、CD133+、CD34+、CD133+CD34+细胞数以及集落形成单位数。 结果与结论：SF组有核细胞总数在各个检测时间点均比其他两组高;除了第14天外,第6、10天两个时间点SF组中CD133+、CD34+、CD133+CD34+细胞及集落形成单位数均高于其他组;含骨髓基质细胞的S组和SF组中CD133+细胞/有核细胞、CD34+细胞/有核细胞、CD133+CD34+细胞/有核细胞的比例保持在较高的水平。结果说明骨髓基质细胞联合细胞因子能有效的扩增脐血单个核细胞及其中的CD133+、CD34+、CD133+CD34+细胞,基质细胞对维持造血干细胞的原始性具有重要的作用。     

人羊膜间充质干细胞支持造血的体外实验

背景：骨髓是目前间充质干细胞的主要来源，但由于取材不便、细胞数量受年龄限制等原因，其应用具有一定局限性。近年来，羊膜作为间充质干细胞的新来源受到越来越广泛的关注。 目的：探讨人羊膜来源间充质干细胞在体外对造血干细胞的扩增是否有支持作用，以及怎样提高羊膜间充质干细胞和造血干细胞共移植成功率。 方法：利用组织块培养法，从足月分娩的人羊膜中分离培养羊膜间充质干细胞。密度梯度离心法分离脐血单个核细胞，采用免疫磁珠分选技术分选其中CD34+细胞。分别用脐血单个核细胞和CD34+细胞与羊膜间充质干细胞共培养，连续4周，每周计悬浮细胞浓度，并以骨髓间充质干细胞组及无滋养层组作为对照。采用集落形成实验，把扩增的脐血单个核细胞和CD34+细胞分别接种至甲基纤维素半固体培养基中，14 d后根据典型形态特征计数造血集落数。 结果与结论：羊膜间充质干细胞可促进人脐血单个核细胞和CD34+细胞扩增，扩增后两者在甲基纤维素半固体培养基中能够形成造血祖细胞集落，其造血支持作用与骨髓间充质干细胞相似，两者对比无明显统计学差异。提示，羊膜间充质干细胞体外具有与骨髓间充质干细胞相似的造血支持作用，有可能为造血干细胞体外扩增及临床间充质干细胞与造血干细胞联合移植、提高造血干细胞移植成功率提供一种更加理想的间充质干细胞新来源。     

不同培养条件神经干细胞早期分化特征观察

目的 探讨不同培养条件对小鼠神经干细胞早期分化形态学的影响.方法 用无血清条件培养基、5%胎牛血清+条件培养基培养与单细胞克隆技术对小鼠胚胎脑组织进行分离、培养及诱导分化,在光学显微镜下观察培养细胞分化2 w内形态学变化,对培养细胞用免疫组织化学法鉴定.结果 无血清培养瓶内细胞分化早期呈极性排列,而5%胎牛血清+条件培养基培养组,克隆球间存在着广泛的网络结构,且单一神经干细胞核分裂旺盛,克隆球数目多且比较大.结论 小鼠神经干细胞间早期存在某种依赖关系,在适当的微环境中,神经球之间可能存在信息传递.     

脑皮层创伤灶注射法移植神经干细胞实验研究

目的 观察食蟹猴自体骨髓源神经干细胞移植到大脑皮层创伤灶内的存活、生长情况.方法 取骨髓分离、纯化骨髓基质细胞,培养诱导成神经干细胞,nestin染色表达阳性后再加入细胞标记物BrdU进行共培养7d待移植用.移植前将BrdU标记的神经干细胞收集、离心,制成干细胞悬液,要求活细胞＞80%.食蟹猴在采用Allen's打击法制作皮层创伤灶后,分即时移植(术后即在创伤灶注入,n=3)和延迟移植组(术后30 d在创伤灶注入,n=3),用微量注射针将干细胞悬液注入到猴脑皮质损伤灶.同时设置对照组(n=1),在动物的左侧皮层制作创伤灶并按上述方法注射含同样浓度BrdU的神经干细胞培养液0.5 mL,右侧皮层注入干细胞悬液.移植后1、3、6个月即时移植组、延迟移植组各灌杀1只食蟹猴,移植后6月灌杀对照组食蟹猴,做移植区组织切片染色检查.结果 即时移植组和延迟移植组都可观察到脑皮层创伤灶内有棕褐色的BrdU标记阳性细胞,而对照组组织切片中则未见BrdU阳性表达细胞.移植后BrdU阳性表达细胞早期呈簇状分布,随后散在分布,6个月后细胞形态多样.移植后6个月在移植区邻近的脑白质内也可观察到有BrdU阳性表达的细胞.结论 移植的骨髓源性神经干细胞在脑皮层创伤灶内有存活并可向邻近区域迁移.     

胚胎神经干细胞对巨噬细胞分泌炎性反应因子的影响

目的探讨小鼠胚胎皮质来源的神经干细胞(neural stem cells,NSCs)对小鼠骨髓来源巨噬细胞炎性因子和一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)表达的影响。方法体外分离、培养NSCs与巨噬细胞。实验分组为NSCs组、小鼠骨髓来源巨噬细胞组(简称为巨噬细胞组)、小鼠骨髓来源巨噬细胞+NSCs非接触型共培养组(简称为非接触型共培养组)和小鼠骨髓来源巨噬细胞+NSCs接触型共培养组(简称为接触型共培养组)。培养24h后添加10ng/mL干扰素γ(interferon-γ,IFN-γ)再孵育24h后收集各组上清液,利用ELISA检测上清液炎性反应因子肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)和IL-10的表达,采用Griess法测量NO的表达水平。结果成功体外分离、培养原代NSCs和巨噬细胞。与巨噬细胞组相比,非接触型共培养组和接触型共培养组巨噬细胞分泌NO、TNF-α、IL-1β明显下降,而IL-10明显增加(均P0.01)。与非接触型共培养组比较,接触型共培养组TNF-α降低〔(65.68±7.15)pg/mL比(90.99±5.57)pg/mL〕,IL-10升高〔(531.38±60.11)pg/mL比(324.32±45.41)pg/mL〕(均P0.01),而IL-1β和NO表达无统计学差异(P0.05)。结论 NSCs能够明显降低活化巨噬细胞NO和促炎性因子TNF-α、IL-1β的释放,增加抗炎性因子IL-10的分泌,减轻炎性反应程度,其机制可能主要通过NSCs分泌可溶性因子起作用。