两步吸痰法在颅脑损伤患者气管切开中的应用

目的探讨两步吸痰法在颅脑损伤气管切开后的应用方法及效果。方法将60例颅脑损伤气管切开患者随机分成对照组和观察组各30例。对照组采用常规吸痰法,即插管时关闭负压,当吸痰管插到气管深部（15cm）时再后退0.5～1.0cm后打开负压将痰液吸尽。观察组采用两步吸痰法,即第1步带负压插管将气管套管内的痰液吸尽,第2步更换吸痰管后按常规吸痰法吸尽气管深部的痰液。结果两组吸痰时患者HR、R、SpO2比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05,P〈0.01）;观察组痰培养中铜绿假单胞菌显著低于对照组（P〈0.05）。结论颅脑损伤患者气管切开后应用两步吸痰法能保持患者吸痰过程中的生命体征稳定,提高安全性,并能降低肺部感染率。     

两步吸痰法在颅脑损伤患者气管切开中的应用

目的探讨两步吸痰法在颅脑损伤气管切开后的应用方法及效果。方法将60例颅脑损伤气管切开患者随机分成对照组和观察组各30例。对照组采用常规吸痰法,即插管时关闭负压,当吸痰管插到气管深部(15cm)时再后退0.5～1.0cm后打开负压将痰液吸尽。观察组采用两步吸痰法,即第1步带负压插管将气管套管内的痰液吸尽,第2步更换吸痰管后按常规吸痰法吸尽气管深部的痰液。结果两组吸痰时患者HR、R、SpO2比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05,P0.01);观察组痰培养中铜绿假单胞菌显著低于对照组(P0.05)。结论颅脑损伤患者气管切开后应用两步吸痰法能保持患者吸痰过程中的生命体征稳定,提高安全性,并能降低肺部感染率。     

气管切开术后吸痰方法的改进

目的探讨改进气管切开的吸痰方法。方法将46例气管切开患者随机分为观察组(22例)和对照组(24例)。对照组按常规法吸痰,将吸痰管无负压下直接插入气管深处,再打开负压边吸边旋转退出。观察组采用先吸取气管套管内口的痰液,再将吸痰管反折(不产生负压)下插至气管内15~17cm处(支气管分叉处),上提吸痰管1cm松开反折部分,边吸边旋转退出。结果两组不同时间肺部感染、粘膜损伤发生率比较,差异有显著性意义(P<0.05,P<0.01);两组日吸痰次数,吸痰时及吸痰后2min、5min SpO2比较,差异有显著性意义(均P<0.01)。结论改进吸痰方法后的吸痰效果明显优于传统吸痰法。     

不同负压吸痰对先天性心脏病合并肺动脉高压患儿血氧饱和度的影响

目的探讨不同负压吸痰对先天性心脏病(CHD)合并肺动脉高压(PH)患儿血氧饱和度(SpO2)的影响。方法将CHD合并PH患儿按适时吸痰时间顺序随机分第1组、第2组、第3组、第4组,四组患儿吸痰负压分别为13.3～19.9kPa、20.0～26.5kPa、26.6～33.2kPa、33.3～40.0kPa。结果不同负压吸痰对CHD合并PH患儿的SpO2均有影响,第2组、第3组较第1组、第4组SpO2更稳定(P<0.05);第1组痰液吸尽所需时间更长(P<0.01),第1组痰液吸尽所需次数更多。结论CHD合并PH患儿吸痰负压宜选择20.0～33.2kPa,以保证SpO2相对稳定。     

低负压间断吸痰减轻患儿呼吸道黏膜损伤

目的探讨低负压间断吸痰对减少患儿呼吸道黏膜机械性损伤的效果。方法将100例需吸痰的患儿随机分为对照组和实验组各50例。对照组采用常规方法吸痰;实验组采用低负压间断吸痰法,即开始吸痰的负压根据患儿年龄及痰液黏稠度设置为13.3～20.0kPa,吸患儿呼吸道深部痰液时调低负压,吸痰过程中听患儿痰鸣音判断吸痰效果及更换导管时间断吸痰。结果实验组吸痰过程中血氧饱和度较对照组稳定,出血发生率显著降低,家长满意度显著提高(P0.05,P0.01)。结论低负压间断吸痰可维持较好的血氧饱和度,减少对呼吸道黏膜的机械性损伤。     

低负压间断吸痰减轻患儿呼吸道黏膜损伤

目的探讨低负压间断吸痰对减少惠儿呼吸道黏膜机械性损伤的效果。方法将100例需吸痰的患儿随机分为对照组和实验组各50例。对照组采用常规方法吸痰;实验组采用低负压间断吸痰法,即开始吸痰的负压根据患儿年龄及痰液黏稠度设置为13．3～20．0kPa,吸患儿呼吸道深部痰液时调低负压,吸痰过程中听患儿痰鸣音判断吸痰效果及更换导管时间断吸痰。结果实验组吸痰过程中血氧饱和度较对照组稳定,出血发生率显著降低,家长满意度显著提高（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）。结论低负压间断吸痰可维持较好的血氧饱和度,减少对呼吸道黏膜的机械性损伤。     

膨肺对负压吸痰致肺不张的防治作用

目的探讨膨肺对重型颅脑损伤患者建立人工气道后行负压吸痰所致肺不张的防治作用。方法将100例患者随机分为观察组51例和对照组49例。对照组按气管插管及气管切开常规护理,连续1周后对发生肺不张患者行膨肺治疗1周;观察组在常规护理的基础上于每次吸痰后给予膨肺治疗。结果膨肺1周时观察组肺不张发生率(1.96%,1/51)显著低于对照组(20.41%,10/49),两组比较,P<0.01;膨肺2周时肺不张发生率观察组为0,对照组为4.08%(2/49)。结论膨肺能有效地防治人工气道负压吸痰所致的肺不张。     

自制吸痰枕用于深部吸痰研究

目的 探讨吸痰枕用于深部吸痰的效果.方法 选择40例清理呼吸道无效、抗拒吸痰的肺部感染患者,随机分为两组各20例.对照组采用常规方法吸痰,观察组用吸痰枕辅助深部吸痰.结果 两组吸痰管进入下气道前刺激喉部的次数、吸痰操作时间、吸痰量、吸痰间隔时间、感染控制时间比较,差异有统计学意义(均P＜0.01);两组入院第2天和治疗护理第7天体温、C反应蛋白、血沉、白细胞计数比较,差异有统计学意义(均P＜0.01).观察组无气道黏膜损伤及气管切开,对照组气道黏膜损伤3例,气管切开6例.结论 应用自制吸痰枕辅助吸痰,可短时间内实现安全的深部痰液,减少日吸痰次数,且不会导致气道黏膜损伤和发生二次感染.     

吸痰负压对ARDS患者血流动力学及氧合的影响

目的比较两种吸痰负压对ARDS患者血流动力学及氧合的影响,为选择合适的吸痰负压提供参考。方法对20例ARDS患者行A/C模式机械通气治疗,每例患者均使用小负压（13.3～20.0kPa）和大负压（20.0～26.7kPa）吸痰1次,吸痰负压顺序随机选择。观察患者在不同吸痰负压下,吸痰前、吸痰后即刻、吸痰后15s、吸痰后1min的脉搏血氧饱和度（SpO2）、心率（HR）、平均动脉压（MAP）的变化,记录SpO2下降的最大值、下降至最低值的时间、恢复至基线的时间。结果两种吸痰负压均导致SpO2一定程度下降,HR、MAP升高,但差异无统计学意义（均P〉0.05）;吸痰后SpO2下降的最大值、下降至最低值的时间,两种吸痰负压比较,差异无统计学意义（均P〉0.05）,大负压吸痰后SpO2恢复至基线的时间显著延长（P〈0.05）。结论两种负压吸痰均能引起ARDS患者SpO2相对下降,HR、MAP相对升高。建议采用小负压吸痰以缩短SpO2恢复至基线的时间。     

吸痰负压对ARDS患者血流动力学及氧合的影响

目的比较两种吸痰负压对ARDS患者血流动力学及氧合的影响,为选择合适的吸痰负压提供参考。方法对20例ARDS患者行A/C模式机械通气治疗,每例患者均使用小负压(13.3～20.0kPa)和大负压(20.0～26.7kPa)吸痰1次,吸痰负压顺序随机选择。观察患者在不同吸痰负压下,吸痰前、吸痰后即刻、吸痰后15s、吸痰后1min的脉搏血氧饱和度(SpO2)、心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)的变化,记录SpO2下降的最大值、下降至最低值的时间、恢复至基线的时间。结果两种吸痰负压均导致SpO2一定程度下降,HR、MAP升高,但差异无统计学意义(均P0.05);吸痰后SpO2下降的最大值、下降至最低值的时间,两种吸痰负压比较,差异无统计学意义(均P0.05),大负压吸痰后SpO2恢复至基线的时间显著延长(P0.05)。结论两种负压吸痰均能引起ARDS患者SpO2相对下降,HR、MAP相对升高。建议采用小负压吸痰以缩短SpO2恢复至基线的时间。     

COPD患者采用间断负压经鼻气道深部吸痰研究

目的 探讨COPD患者实施间断负压气道深部吸痰的效果.方法 将100例诊断为COPD并具备吸痰指征的患者,单号为对照组(50例),按常规气道内吸引法吸痰;双号为观察组(50例),采用间断开放负压吸痰,即呼气时开放负压吸痰,吸气时堵住吸痰管侧边孔关闭负压.结果 与对照组比较,观察组患者插管次数、吸痰次数减少,2次吸痰间隔延长,痰量增加,血氧饱和度较稳定且呼吸道黏膜损伤及低氧血症发生率显著降低(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).结论 COPD患者采用间断负压经鼻下气道深部吸痰能降低反复插管对患者的刺激,减少吸痰并发症的发生率.     

胸壁挤压吸痰法用于感染性多发性神经根炎患儿效果观察

目的探讨胸壁挤压法在感染性多发性神经根炎气管切开并机械通气患儿排痰中的应用及效果。方法将49例感染性多发性神经根炎需气管切开并机械通气的患儿，按住院先后单号分为干预组（25例），双号分为对照组（24例），两组接受相同的常规治疗，均雾化吸入氟霉松和肝素钠，均于体位引流后吸痰，吸痰前后大流量吸氧3～5min。干预组在此基础上吸痰前予以胸壁挤压。结果干预组患儿排痰后的血氧饱和度上升幅度、肺部听诊结果，并发症及刺激性咳嗽发生率与对照组比较，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05，P〈0．01）。结论胸壁挤压吸痰法用于感染性多发性神经根炎机械通气患儿，可提高吸痰效果。     

Bronchoscopic suctioning may cause lung collapse: a lung model and clinical evaluation

Objective: To assess lung volume changes during and after bronchoscopic suctioning during volume or pressure-controlled ventilation (VCV or PCV).
Design: Bench test and patient study.
Participants: Ventilator-treated acute lung injury (ALI) patients.
Setting: University research laboratory and general adult intensive care unit of a university hospital.
Interventions: Bronchoscopic suctioning with a 12 or 16 Fr bronchoscope during VCV or PCV.
Measurements and results: Suction flow at vacuum levels of −20 to −80 kPa was measured with a Timeter^™ instrument. In a water-filled lung model, airway pressure, functional residual capacity (FRC) and tidal volume were measured during bronchoscopic suctioning. In 13 ICU patients, a 16 Fr bronchoscope was inserted into the left or the right main bronchus during VCV or PCV and suctioning was performed. Ventilation was monitored with electric impedance tomography (EIT) and FRC with a modified N₂ washout/in technique. Airway pressure was measured via a pressure line in the endotracheal tube. Suction flow through the 16 Fr bronchoscope was 5 l/min at a vacuum level of −20 kPa and 17 l/min at −80 kPa. Derecruitment was pronounced during suctioning and FRC decreased with −479±472 ml, P <0.001.
Conclusions: Suction flow through the bronchoscope at the vacuum levels commonly used is well above minute ventilation in most ALI patients. The ventilator was unable to deliver enough volume in either VCV or PCV to maintain FRC and tracheal pressure decreased below atmospheric pressure.     

Warning! Suctioning. A lung model evaluation of closed suctioning systems

BACKGROUND: Closed system suctioning, CSS, has been advocated to avoid alveolar collapse. However, ventilator manufacturers indicate that extreme negative pressure levels can be obtained during closed system suctioning, impeding the performance of the ventilator. METHODS: Suctioning with a 12 or 14 Fr catheter with a vacuum level of -50 kPa was either performed with an open technology or a CSS, where the catheter is introduced through a tight-fitting connection through the endotracheal tube, EYT. The lung model was ventilated with a Servo 900C or 300 ventilator with an I:E ratio of 1:2, 1:1 and 2:1 and extrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) at 0 or 10 cm H20. Respiratory volumes and alveolar pressure were measured at the lung model alveolus. RESULTS: The initial suctioning flow was >40 l/min with a 14 Fr catheter. When inserting the catheter through a no. 7 ETT, PEEP rose from 11 to 23 cm H2O during volume control ventilation with an I:E ratio 1:1. During suctioning the alveolar pressure fell to 10 cm H2O below the set PEEP level. CSS during pressure control ventilation had fewer effects. Low tidal volumes, inverse I:E ratio and secretions in the tube resulted in pressures down to -92 cm H2O. CONCLUSION: CSS should not be used in volume control ventilation due to risk of high intrinsic PEEP levels at insertion of the catheter and extreme negative pressures during suctioning. Pressure control ventilation produces less intrinsic PEEP effect. The continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) mode offers the least intrinsic PEEP during insertion of the catheter and least sub-atmospheric pressure during suctioning.     

气管切开后两种雾化吸入方式的效果观察

目的探讨气管切开后一种较为理想的雾化吸入方式,提高湿化效果。方法将40例气管切开患者分为对照组和观察组各20例。对照组采用气道间断滴药加常规氧气雾化吸入法,观察组采用气道间断滴药加改良氧气雾化吸入法,比较两组湿化效果。结果观察组气道出血、痰痂形成、肺部感染发生率低于对照组,但两组比较,差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05);两组每日吸痰次数比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。两组痰液成分测定值比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论改良气管切开氧气雾化法能将雾化药液充分吸入气道,可降低痰液的粘稠度,提高气道湿化效果。     

Pressure changes during tracheal suctioning – a laboratory study

Suctioning is essential in managing tracheal tubes, but also has drawbacks. Using a bench model, we demonstrated the extent and time course of pressure changes during suctioning, examined their relationship with tracheal tube and catheter diameters and assessed the effects of artificial ‘sputum’ and of compensatory gas flow in the system. We suctioned at ?20 kPa (?150 mmHg) and ?80 kPa (?600 mmHg) using three different sized catheters and a 5.9‐mm diameter bronchoscope through tracheal tubes ranging from 6.5 mm to 9.0 mm in diameter. Pressure changes ranged from ?0.1 kPa (?0.8 mmHg) to ?20.4 kPa (?153.0 mmHg). We demonstrated more negative pressures with decreasing tracheal tube diameter (p = 0.024) and increasing catheter diameter (p = 0.038). Addition of artificial ‘sputum’ led to more negative, but unpredictable, pressures than those seen with clean tubes (p = 0.012). Bronchoscopic suctioning produced pressure changes even greater than the largest suction catheter (p = 0.0039). Using a closed system with continuous positive airway pressure and 155 l.min^?1 compensatory gas flow attenuated the pressure changes generated both with a 4.0‐mm catheter (p = 0.0005) and on bronchoscopic suctioning (p = 0.0078). The time taken to reach 50% of minimum pressure was always less than 1 s. The use of high compensatory flows during suctioning merits clinical evaluation.     

加强呼吸道管理对吸入性损伤气管切开患者肺部感染的防治作用

目的 了解加强呼吸道管理措施对吸入性损伤气管切开患者肺部感染的防治效果.方法 将笔者单位2000年1月--2004年12月收治的14例烧伤伴吸入性损伤患者设为对照组,予以常规全身治疗及常规呼吸道管理;2005年1月-2009年10月收治的27例烧伤伴吸入性损伤患者设为加强组,予以常规全身治疗并加强呼吸道管理,具体措施包括呼吸道"床边隔离"与双管(给氧管、湿化管)固定、体位"定向"湿化与痰液稀释、气道灌洗与程序式排痰、药物联合雾化治疗、"间断负压法"吸痰等.对比观察2组患者的痰液(气管切开后第7天)细菌培养结果、胸部X线片检查(入院后即刻和气管切开后第7天)结果、肺部感染情况、SO_2和血气分析指标(气管切开后7 d内)以及各组患者治愈率. 结果 (1)对照组患者中11例痰液细菌培养呈阳性占78.6%、加强组12例呈阳性占44.4%,组间比较,差异有统计学意义(X~2=4.36,P<0.05).均以铜绿假单胞菌为主要检出菌.(2)胸部X线片提示,加强组7例患者发生肺炎占25.9%,明显少于对照组(8例,占57.1%,X~2=3.87,P<0.05).肺部感染确诊结果与此一致.(3)2组患者观察期间均未出现CO_2潴留现象,无窒息引起的PaCO_2、SO_2异常,PaCO_2值组间接近(t=0.89,P>0.05).(4)对照组治愈9例占64.3%,死亡5例,分别死于肺炎、创面脓毒症、MODS.加强组治愈25例占92.6%,死亡2例,死亡原因均为MODS.加强组治愈率明显高于对照组(X~2=5.22,P<0.05). 结论 加强呼吸道管理措施对气道起到较好的滤过及隔离、湿化作用,便于痰液稀释、引流与排出,减少了盲目吸痰的概率与操作性损伤.有利于防治气管切开后继发的肺部感染.     

重型颅脑损伤病人吸痰负压的研究

目的确定重型颅脑损伤病人最适合的吸痰负压.方法对20例重型颅脑损伤病人采用不同负压(100、150、200、250 mmHg)进行吸痰,同时监测HR、R、颅内压(ICP)、SpO2、脑组织氧分压(PbtO2)的变化及彻底吸痰时间.结果不同吸痰负压对重型颅脑损伤病人上述指标均有影响;采用150 mmHg负压吸痰,其观察指标值与基础状态接近,且彻底吸痰所需时间较短.结论对重型颅脑损伤病人宜采用150 mmHg负压吸痰.     

Open and closed-circuit endotracheal suctioning in acute lung injury: efficiency and effects on gas exchange

BACKGROUND: Closed-circuit endotracheal suctioning (CES) is advocated for preventing hypoxemia caused by the loss of lung volume resulting from open endotracheal suctioning (OES). However, the efficiency of CES and OES on tracheal secretion removal has never been compared in patients with acute lung injury. The authors designed a two-part study aimed at comparing gas exchange and efficiency between OES and CES performed at two levels of negative pressure. METHODS: Among 18 patients with acute lung injury, 9 underwent CES and OES at 3-h intervals in a random order using a negative pressure of -200 mmHg. Nine other patients underwent CES twice using two levels of negative pressure (-200 and -400 mmHg) applied in a random order. After each CES, a recruitment maneuver was performed using 20 consecutive hyperinflations. Tracheal aspirates were weighed after each suctioning procedure. Arterial blood gases were continuously recorded using an intravascular sensor. RESULTS: Open endotracheal suctioning induced a significant 18% decrease in arterial oxygen tension (Pa(O2)) (range, +13 to -71%) and an 8% increase in arterial carbon dioxide tension (Pa(CO2)) (range, -2 to +16%) that persisted 15 min after the end of the procedure. CES using -200 cm H2O did not change Pa(O2), but tracheal aspirate mass was lower compared with OES (0.6 +/- 1.0 vs. 3.2 +/- 5.1 g; P = 0.03). Increasing negative pressure to -400 cm H2O during CES did not change Pa(O2) but increased the tracheal aspirate mass (1.7 +/- 1.6 vs. 1.0 +/- 1.3 g; P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Closed-circuit endotracheal suctioning followed by a recruitment maneuver prevents hypoxemia resulting from OES but decreases secretion removal. Increasing suctioning pressure enhances suctioning efficiency without impairing gas exchange.