湛江海水养殖鱼和淡水养殖鱼肌肉中的矿物质元素分析

分析湛江地区海水养殖和淡水养殖鱼肌肉中矿物质元素的含量。采集本地区海水养殖和淡水养殖鱼肌肉样品,应用原子吸收光谱法测定Zn、Cu、Fe、Ca、Mg含量。实验结果显示,海水养殖鱼肌肉中Zn、Cu、Ca含量高;淡水养殖鱼中Fe、Mg含量高。研究提示,鱼肌肉矿物质元素含量丰富,能较好地满足人体对矿物质元素的需要。     

我国某海域海鱼中二噁英污染分析

目的对我国某海域20个海鱼样品进行了二噁英污染状况的定量分析检测,并对该地区人群从鱼获得的膳食暴露进行了初步评估。方法2003年6月至12月采集海水养殖鱼7类,20个样品。采用索式抽提装置、FMS专用净化装置对样品进行提取、纯化和富集,采用国际权威标准方法高分辨气相色谱/高分辨双聚焦磁式质谱联用(HRGC/HRMS)技术,以HRGC/HRMS多离子检测方式分析了样品中的17种氯化二苯并二噁英和氯化二苯并呋喃(PCDD和PCDF)化合物的含量,用放射性核素稀释技术定量。结果质控样品对方法的验证结果在国际认可的范围内,3次检测数据的相对标准偏差<15%。20个海鱼样品的总PCDD/PCDF平均含量以湿重计是1.48ng/kg,范围分布在0.21～8.10ng/kg湿重,以世界卫生组织毒性当量因子(WHOTEF)计,样品总毒性当量浓度(WHOTEQ)分布于0.030～1.291ng/kg湿重之间,平均总的毒性当量浓度是0.292ng/kg。以该TEQ值进行估算,该地区人群由鱼引起的二噁英污染暴露量估计为每日每公斤体重0.58pgWHOTEQ。结论不同样品间二噁英污染水平相差很大,人群由鱼引起的二噁英暴露量虽然低于世界卫生组织的标准,但若考虑人体多渠道摄入的食品,说明我国二噁英的污染现状不容忽视。     

某水域鱼样中PCDDs和PCDFs污染的调查

目的:采用较大样品量首次对我国某水域的鱼样品进行二恶英污染水平的现状调查研究,发现同系物指纹特征,并对二恶英膳食暴露进行了初步估算。为制定我国食品二恶英污染限量标准提供和积累重要的基础数据。方法:依据美国国家环保局标准方法EPAl6 13所界定的HRGC/HRMS技术对样品中的PCDDs/Fs进行定性和定量分析。结果:以湿重计算的总PCDD/Fs平均浓度是2 38pg/g ,以WHO TE 9计算所得的平均浓度是0 35pg/s。研究发现,不同种类的鱼样品间PCDD/Fs水平相差很大。OCDD ,2 ,3,7,8—TCDF是二恶英同系物中最主要的优势污染同系物。其毒性的主要贡献以1,2 ,3,7,8—PeCDD、2 ,3,4 ,7,8-PeCDF为主。在污染同系物分布上以二恶英类化合物为主。该地区人群摄入鱼的二恶英PCDD/Fs的平均膳食暴露量的估算是0 6 3pgWHO TEQ/kgBW·day。与欧盟制定的限量标准相比(1 0pgWHO -TEQ/g) ,个别鱼体中的二恶英平均污染水平超过该限量标准。结论:该水域中的鱼已受到了一定程度的PCDD/Fs污染。应该全面开展各类食品中二恶英污染现状的研究,以制定适合我国国情的食品二恶英限量标准,保护人们健康。     

深圳市鱼肉中二噁英污染状况分析

目的分析深圳市鱼肉中二噁英(PCDD/Fs)污染水平和其同系物指纹特征。方法收集和分析2004—2013年深圳市养殖鱼基地的海鱼和淡水鱼,并依据美国国家环保局标准方法 EPAl613同位素稀释的高分辨气相色谱-高分辨双聚焦磁式质谱联用仪(HRGC/HRMS)技术对样品中的PCDD/Fs进行定性和定量分析。结果鱼样品二噁英平均浓度为0.90 pg/(g·ww),以世界卫生组织毒性当量因子(WHO-TEF2005)计,平均毒性当量浓度(TEQ)是0.088pg WHO-TEQ/(g·ww)。不同种类的鱼肉间PCDD/Fs水平相差很大。该地区人群摄入鱼的PCDD/Fs的平均每月暴露量的估算是4.80 pg WHO-TEQ/(kg·BW·m)。结论各年份间鱼肉二噁英水平均未超过欧盟制定的限量标准。     

海水鱼体中的二(口恶)英类化合物分析

目的对海水鱼体内二(口恶)英检测方法的研究.方法参照美国EPA1613方法,采用索式抽提和自动纯化系统等仪器对鱼体中的二(口恶)英组分进行纯化和富集、用同位素稀释气相色谱与高分辨质谱联用-多离子检测方法检测.结果该方法的检测限为0.001 pg/g～0.176 pg/g,仪器检测限为6.5fg～157.9fg,同位素标准物的回收率分布于70.81%～87.33%之间,17种2,3,7,8-氯取代的二(口恶)英类化合物在鱼体中均可检测出,总TEQ值为1.117 pg/g.结论本实验室方法可以准确检测样品中二(口恶)英类化合物,所检鱼体中含有二(口恶)英化合物,有必要做更多样品,对其污染情况做出评价.     

高分辨质谱法测定海鱼中二噁(口英)和多氯联苯

目的采用同位素稀释的HRGC/HRMS法定量检测鱼体中17种2,3,7,8-氯取代的二噁(口英)(PCDD/Fs)和12种二噁(口英)多氯联苯(PCBs).方法参照美国EPA1613及EPA1668A方法,采用索式抽提和自动纯化系统(FMS)对鱼体中的PCDD/Fs及PCBs进行纯化和富集、用同位素稀释气相色谱与高分辨质谱联用-多离子检测方法检测.结果该方法可对样品中的PCDD/Fs及PCBs同系物进行有效分离,PCDD/Fs同位素标准物的回收率为83.83%～98.48%,PCBs同位素标准物的回收率为50.06%～90.56%.13种PCDD/Fs在鱼体中可检出,总毒性当量(TEQ)为0.86 pg/g,12种二噁(口英)PCBs在鱼体中均可检测出,总TEQ值为2.77pg/g.结论该方法可以同时对同一样品中的17种PCDD/Fs及12种二噁(口英)PCBs进行检测,检测效率高,结果准确可靠.     

湛江地区水产品中沙门菌的流行病学分布特征

〔目的〕研究近年来湛江地区沙门菌在不同水产品中的流行病学分布特征,为本地区的水产品生产、管理提供依据。〔方法〕2000￣2004年从湛江水域抽取样品4731份,16个物种,按进出口检验标准《出口食品沙门菌属(包括亚利桑那菌)检验方法》(SN0172-1992)检验,按法国生物梅里埃miniVIDAS做初步鉴定,按《食品卫生微生物学检验》(GB4789.4-94)标准作沙门菌血清分型。〔结果〕淡水养殖罗非鱼2081份样品中检出沙门菌23份;海水养殖虾类2423份检出沙门菌4份;饲料原料60份样品中检出沙门菌3份,海水贝类及鱼类167份样品中未检出沙门菌。淡水养殖的鱼检出沙门菌以B、C群沙门菌多见;海水养殖虾类检出沙门菌以D群沙门菌为主。〔结论〕淡水养殖水产品中沙门菌检出率远比海水养殖水产品高。必须执行国家卫生标准,以降低食品安全的风险。     

高分辨气相色谱高分辨质谱测定鱼体中的类二(口恶)英多氯联苯

〔目的〕采用高分辨气相色谱 高分辨双聚焦磁式质谱联用仪 (HRGC HRMS)定量检测了鱼体中 12种类二口恶英多氯联苯 (PCBs)化合物。〔方法〕参照美国EPA1668A方法 ,采用索式抽提和自动纯化系统 (FMS)等仪器对鱼体样品中的类二口恶英PCBs进行纯化和富集、用同位素稀释气相色谱与高分辨质谱联用 -多离子检测方法检测。〔结果〕该方法可对PCBs同系物进行有效分离 ,同位素标准物的回收率分布于 44 .8%～ 93 .1%之间 ,CSL考核样的检测结果均在令人满意的范围之内 ,7种类二口恶英PCBs在鱼体中可检测出 ,总TEQ值为 0 .3 5pg g。〔结论〕该方法可以准确检测样品中类二口恶英PCBs ,所检鱼体中含有一定量类二口恶英PCBs ,有必要做更多样品 ,对其污染情况做出评价。     

HRGC/HRMS定量检测市售牛奶中二噁(口英)和呋喃

目的采用高分辨气相色谱/高分辨双聚焦磁式质谱联用仪(HRGC/HRMS)定量检测了牛奶中17个4～8个氯原子取代的二(口恶)(口英)和呋喃.方法样品中的二(口恶)(口英)经过液-液萃取、碳柱富集、色谱柱纯化、分离,以HRGC/HRMS-MID方法检测,用美国EPA1613方法进行严格的质量控制和同位素稀释的方法定量,该方法定量可精确到pg/g即ppt水平.结果该方法的检测限TCDF和TCDD分别为0.022 2pg/μl和0.031 7pg/μl,在17个PCDDs/PCDFs中,其检测限为最低.同位素标准物的回收率分布于58.46%～79.99%之间.1,2,3,7,8-PeCDF、1,2,3,4,7,8,9-HpCDF、2,3,7,8-TCDD均未检出,样品中17个同系物异构体以OCDF和OCDD的含量为最高,分别为0.065pg/g和0.202pg/g,样品的总TEQ值为0.033pg TEQ/g.结论采用高分辨气相色谱/高分辨双聚焦磁式质谱联用仪和同位素稀释的方法对基质中的目标化合物二(口恶)(口英)进行检测,该法定性、定量准确,高灵敏度.     

养殖鱼体邻苯二甲酸酯含量与分布特征

目的调查珠江三角洲及香港地区的养殖池塘3种淡水养殖鱼类(草鱼、鲫鱼和罗非鱼)体内6种邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)的含量与分布特征。方法于2005年11月在珠江三角洲和香港地区采集草鱼、鲫鱼、罗非鱼,鱼肉样品经冻干处理,索氏抽提,氧化铝-硅胶柱净化,气相色谱-氢火焰离子化检测器(GC-FID)检测。结果珠江三角洲地区鲫鱼、草鱼、罗非鱼体内邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯(DEHP)含量分别高达16.10、19.81和11.03 mg/kg(体重,干重);邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯(DBP)和邻苯二甲酸丁辛酯(BOP)在3种鱼类体内的含量在3～10 mg/kg之间。邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)的含量最低(0.54 mg/kg)。香港地区鲫鱼、草鱼、罗非鱼体内DEHP含量高达35.97、37.98、26.12 mg/kg,而DMP和DEP含量较低。结论养殖鱼类受PAEs的污染情况随地域的不同有较大差异,来自香港地区的养殖鱼类样品中6种PAEs含量高于珠江三角洲地区样品。     

人体胎盘组织二噁英和多溴联苯醚化合物负荷水平初步研究

目的 建立人体胎盘组织样品氯化二苯并二噁英(PCDD)和呋喃(PCDFs)、多氯联苯(PCBs)、多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)化合物同时准确定量检测分析方法,揭示上述持久性有机污染物人体负荷水平,并初步进行危险性评估.方法 采用国际权威标准方法--核素(同位素)稀释的高分辨气相色谱/高分辨双聚焦磁式质谱联用(HRGC/HRMS)技术,以多离子检测方法对人体胎盘组织样品中17个PCDD/Fs和12个共平面PCBs以及7个PBDEs化合物分别进行定性和定量分析,用WHO-TEF值计算所有样品的毒性当量浓度∑TEQ(PCDD+PCDFs+PCBs)和PBDEs浓度,进一步对人体二嗯英和PBDEs化合物负荷水平进行危险性评估.结果 6个胎盘组织样品中PCDD/Fs和PCBs化合物毒性当量总浓度∑TEQ(PCDD+PCDFs+PCBs)中位数是18.15 WHO-TEQ pg/g脂肪.范围分布在5.14～67.01 WHO-TEQ pg/g脂肪之间.2,3,4,7,8-PeCDFs、1,2,3,7,8-PeCDDs、PCB126是毒性当量的主要贡献者,合计占65%.以7个化合物计算PBDEs总浓度,6个样品的中位数值为2.73 ng/g脂肪,均数为7.17 ng/g脂肪,范围是0.95～25.99 ng/g脂肪.BDE47是最主要的污染同系物,占到35%.浓度最高的一个受试样品其毒性当量总浓度∑TEQ(PCDD+PCDFs+PCBs)已经达到世界上已知高暴露区人体二噁英污染负荷水平.结论 我们在本研究中建立了人体组织样品中持久性有机化合物二噁英和PBDEs化合物同时准确定量检测方法,高二噁英负荷水平的样品提供者可能对胎儿存在健康危害的高暴露风险,对于健康的远期影响还需要深入进行医学追踪研究.     

Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and Dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) in Water Samples from the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River,China

Few studies have been conducted to investigate the polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in freshwater since the volume of water needed for dioxin analysis is large. In this study, 19 water samples from the middle reaches of the Yangtze River were analysed for the levels of PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs (dl-PCBs). The results showed that the concentration ranges of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs were 0.6–8.5 and 2.0–15.8 pg/L, respectively, which were relatively low compared with those reported in the literature. The WHO-TEQ concentration range of dioxins was 0.002–0.040 pg/L. The PCA results indicated that the main sources of PCDD/Fs may be the applications of pentachlorophenol or sodium pentachlorophenate and domestic wood and coal burning. For dl-PCBs, domestic wood burning and coal burning were the main sources.     

Accumulation profiles of persistent organochlorines in waterbirds from an estuary in Korea

Persistent organochlorine pollutants (POPs), such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and organochlorine (OC) pesticides such as DDTs (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane), HCHs (hexachlorocyclohexane isomers), CHLs (chlordane compounds) and HCB (hexachlorobenzene), were measured in subcutaneous fat of resident and migratory birds collected from the Nakdong River estuary (NRE) in Korea. Black-tailed gull, a resident bird from the NRE, contained greater concentrations of PCDD/Fs and PCBs than the migratory birds collected in the estuary. For example, mean concentrations of PCDD/Fs in black-tailed gull (395.5 pg/g fat weight) were higher than those in migratory birds, such as greenshank (198.3 pg/g fat weight), common gull (90.9 pg/g fat weight) black-headed gull (84.2 pg/g fat weight), and common tern (47.1 pg/g fat weight). However, concentrations of DDTs and/or HCHs were great in some migratory species, such as little tern (mean DDT 6,200 ng/g fat weight) and black-necked grebe (HCHs 475 ng/g fat weight). This suggested that contamination of PCDD/Fs and PCBs in resident gulls are due to intake of locally contaminated fish near the NRE. Elevated OC pesticide levels in migratory birds indicated that these birds have been exposed to DDTs and HCHs during their migration in Southeast Asian countries where chlorinated pesticides are still used. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachloro dibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents (TEQs) were calculated using the toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) reported by World Health Organization in 1998. Four of the 2,3,7,8-substituted congeners of PCDD/Fs contributed over 90% of the TEQs. Received: 27 October 2000/Accepted: 15 April 2001     

浙江省部分地区河塘底泥及鲫鱼中二噁英和多氯联苯的污染特征研究

目的了解浙江省典型污染地区河塘底泥和鲫鱼中二噁英和多氯联苯的污染状况。方法样品加入同位素标记内标物,经有机溶剂提取浓缩后,再经凝胶色谱、多层硅胶柱和氧化铝柱净化,以高分辨气相色谱高分辨质谱仪测定二噁英和多氯联苯残留。结果5个地区河塘底泥和鲫鱼中二噁英和多氯联苯的浓度范围分别为379.6～9811.6pg/g干重、10000～762433pg/g干重和0.084～12.168pg/g湿重、149.03～57304pg/g湿重;总毒性当量范围为11.2～2162pg/g干重和0.234～39.251pg/g湿重。结论二噁英和多氯联苯在5个地区的底泥和鲫鱼中均有不同程度的检出,但以路桥地区为最严重,废旧电器拆解产业是当地环境中多氯联苯的主要排放源,该地区二噁英类物质的污染状况已不容忽视。     

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and biphenyls in fishermen in Finland

We measured plasma concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in fishermen from the Finnish Baltic Sea area and fishermen fishing in inland lakes. The concentrations clearly correlated with the frequency of fish meals and consumption of Baltic fatty fish. The body burden of PCDD/Fs reached the median level of 170 pg/g toxic equivalents (I-TEq) in fat for Baltic Sea fishermen, with the maximum being 420 pg/g. Results for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (range = 4.9-110 pg/g fat) showed that lifetime exposure in a population consuming much Baltic fatty fish can reach the levels of exposures seen in Seveso, Italy, in 1976. After we summed the PCB-TEqs, the total median exposure of Baltic Sea fishermen increased to 290 pg/g TEq in fat, and the highest concentration was 880 pg/g. There was a noted individual variation in fishermen's PCDD/F congener patterns, and it was possible to associate this variation with congener patterns of PCDD/Fs in the fish species that the fisherman reported they had consumed. Linear regression models for ln WHO(PCDD/F)-TEq, ln WHO(PCB)-TEq, and ln total WHO-TEq, from the World Health Organization, explained 48%, 60%, and 53% of the variability, respectively. Age was the only significant predictor of ln WHO(PCDD/F)-TEq, whereas age, amount of fish eaten, and place of residence were significant predictors of ln WHO(PCB)-TEq, and ln total WHO-TEq.     

上海地区土壤二噁英污染状况调查

[目的]研究上海地区土壤二噁英类物质背景值以及垃圾焚烧炉的影响。[方法]采用美国环保总局（EPA）1613方法，分析上海市区和焚烧炉附近不同区域的28个土壤样品。[结果]采集的16个上海市区背景土壤样品以及12个焚烧炉附近土壤样品中均检出二噁英类物质。其中背景土壤样品中17种2，3，7，8．氯取代二苯对二噁英和二苯并呋喃的浓度范围为114．24-4037．62pg／g，平均值为451．00pg／s，对应的毒性当量范围为0．71-8．82pg（I-TEQ）/g，平均值为2．56pg（I-TEQ）/g。12个焚烧炉附近土壤样品中二噁英类物质浓度总体高于背景土壤样品，17种2，3，7，8-氯取代二苯对二噁英和二苯并呋喃的浓度范围为119．09～3881．44pg／s，平均值为768．13pg/g，对应的毒性当量范围为1．17～61．16pg（I-TEQ）/g，平均值为10．16pg（I-TEQ）/g。[结论]对上海地区的初步研究显示土壤中二噁英类物质的污染属于中等水平，焚烧炉附近土壤中含量明显高于背景土壤。     

Daily intake of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/PCDFs) in foodstuffs consumed in Tarragona, Spain: a review of recent studies (2001-2003) on human PCDD/PCDF exposure through the diet

Concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF) were measured in foodstuffs randomly acquired in various locations of Tarragona County (Catalonia, Spain) in September 2002. A total of 36 composite samples, belonging to various food groups (vegetables, fruits, meat and meat products, fish and seafood, cereals, pulses, milk, dairy products, eggs, and oils and fats) were analyzed by high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry. The dietary intake of PCDD/Fs was subsequently determined. For calculations, recent data on consumption of the selected food items were used. Total dietary intake of PCDD/Fs for the general population of Tarragona County was estimated to be 59.6 pg I-TEQ/day (63.8 pg WHO-TEQ/day). Fish and seafood (33.7%), oils and fats (15.3%), cereals (14.4%), and dairy products (13.7%) were the most important contributors to this intake. This PCDD/F intake is notably lower than the intake estimated in 1998 for the same geographical area, 210.1 pg I-TEQ/day. The current PCDD/F dietary intake is below the tolerable intake range of 1-4 pg TEQ/kg body weight/day established by the WHO in 1998. Finally, the current intake is compared with the dietary intakes of PCDD/Fs recently (2001-2003) reported for a number of regions and countries.     

PCDD/Fs and Dioxin-Like PCBs in Sediments from Yellow Estuary and Yangtze Estuary, China

Twenty one surface sediments were analyzed for PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs by HRGC-HRMS in Yellow Estuary and Yangtze Estuary in China. The concentration ranges of 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDD/Fs, dioxin-like PCBs and WHO-TEQ were 2.33–253, 0.04–139 and 0.11–1.01 pg/g dw respectively in sediment from two estuaries. For PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs, OCDD, CB77, CB105 and CB118 were found to be dominant. The pollution levels in two estuaries were lower compared with that in other locations reported by previous studies.     

Dioxin-Like Polychlorinated Biphenyls,Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins,and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans in Seafood Samples from Malaysia: Estimated Human Intake and Associated Risks

A total of 127 and 177 seafood samples from Malaysia were analyzed for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs), respectively. The World Health Organization-toxic-equivalency quotients (WHO-TEQ) of PCDD/Fs varied from 0.13 to 1.03 pg TEQ g^?1, whereas dl-PCBs ranged from 0.33 to 1.32 pg TEQ g^?1. Based on food-consumption data from the global environment monitoring system—food contamination monitoring and assessment programme, calculated dietary exposures to PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs from seafood for the general population in Malaysia were 0.042 and 0.098 pg TEQ kg^?1 body weight day^?1, respectively. These estimations were quite different from the values calculated using the Malaysian food-consumption statistics (average of 0.313 and 0.676 pg TEQ kg^?1 body weight day^?1 for PCDD/Fs and PCBs, respectively). However, both of the dietary exposure estimations were lower than the tolerable daily intake recommended by WHO. Thus, it is suggested that seafood from Malaysia does not pose a notable risk to the health of the average consumer.