治疗股骨干骨折的不同方法的比较

目的:评价不同方法治疗不同类型股骨干骨折的疗效。方法:将187例股骨干骨折患者根据不同情况分别采用骨牵引(32例),皮牵引(9例),加压钢板内固定(71例,包含骨牵引和皮牵引不满意者16例),外固定支架治疗(38例)及交锁髓内钉固定治疗(53例)。结果:所有患者均获得随访,随访时间6～30(平均14.2)个月;骨折均获得骨性愈合,平均愈合时间3.4个月。膝关节功能评价为优者93例,良48例,优良率88.9%。采用手术治疗的患者术后发生浅表感染13例(34.2%,13/38),深部感染1例(1.4%,1/71),内固定失败2例(2.8%,2/71),延迟愈合(6个月)4例(5.6%,4/71)。经相应处理均获得愈合。结论:牵引、加压钢板内固定、外固定支架和交锁髓内钉治疗股骨干骨折分别有其不同的适应证和优缺点;根据骨折情况选用不同方法进行治疗才能达到最佳治疗效果;相比而言,交锁髓内钉较钢板和外固定支架更适合于治疗股骨干骨折,而对于软组织损伤和污染较重的骨折,用外固定支架治疗更为安全。     

交锁髓内钉置入治疗股骨干骨折术后钢板断裂:同一机构5年20例资料分析

背景:近年来,交锁髓内钉逐渐应用于治疗股骨干骨折内固定失败患者.目的:探讨交锁髓内钉联合植骨术治疗股骨干骨折术后钢板断裂的方法及疗效.方法:回顾性分析20例股骨干骨折术后钢板断裂患者,普通钢板13例,加压钢板7例.行钢板螺钉取出后均在C型臂X线机透视下行交锁髓内钉固定联合植骨术治疗.均为静力固定,远近端各有两枚锁钉,术后评价其疗效及骨折愈合时间.结果与结论:所有患者随访10～36个月(平均16.2个月).按照Hohl功能评价方法评价临床结果优12例,良6例,中2例,差0例,优良率90%.骨折全部愈合,愈合时间5～12个月,平均7.4个月.表明交锁髓内钉联合植骨术疗效可靠,并发症少,骨折愈合满意,是治疗股骨干骨折术后钢板断裂理想的治疗方法之一.     

交锁髓内钉固定治疗股骨干骨折的体会

目的探讨交锁髓内钉固定治疗股骨干骨折的疗效。方法运用交锁髓内钉固定治疗股骨干骨折。结果采用交锁髓内钉固定治疗股骨干骨折43例。骨性愈合40例。2例迟缓愈合，1例不愈合，改钢板固定治疗后愈合。结论采用交锁髓内钉固定治疗股骨干骨折效果好，患者关节功能恢复好。     

带锁髓内钉治疗股骨干骨折临床效果评价

目的观察股骨干骨折不同内固定手术治疗效果差异,探讨带锁髓内钉治疗的临床价值。方法2007年1月至2010年11月股骨干骨折患者120例,按就诊时间顺序,将就诊的前60例患者分为髓内钉组,后60例患者列为钢板组。分别实施相应的内固定手术治疗。结果髓内钉组术中失血量、手术时间、住院时间、手术后并发症均少于钢板组（P〈0．05）,两组随访时间4个月至3年,平均（38．13±6．78）月,最终功能评价按髓内钉组总有效率96．67％高于钢板组的86．67％（P〈O．05）。结论交锁髓内钉具有创伤小、骨折愈合率高等优点,是治疗股骨干骨折的理想内固定之一。     

髓内加压交锁髓内钉系统与髓外动力髋螺钉内固定修复高龄Evans Ⅴ型转子间骨折的比较

背景：股骨转子间骨折内固定治疗的方法有很多,选择髓内还是髓外一直都存在争议,有研究认为就生物力学而言,髓内固定较髓外固定更加具有优势,那么高龄 Evans Ⅴ型转子间骨折是否也是髓内固定更好一些呢？ 目的：比较髓内与髓外内固定治疗高龄Evans Ⅴ型股骨转子间骨折的临床疗效。 方法：选择2010年12月至2013年12月在武警沈阳总队医院骨科进行治疗的高龄Evans Ⅴ型转子间骨折患者47例,分别采用联合加压交锁髓内钉系统及动力髋螺钉系统髓外内固定方式置入治疗。 结果与结论：动力髋螺钉组平均随访12个月,加压交锁髓内钉组平均随访10个月。随访期内2组均达骨性愈合。置入内固定治疗后动力髋螺钉组平均手术时间、术中出血量均少于交锁髓内钉组（P〈0.05）;但在骨折愈合时间上抗旋髓内钉组明显短于动力髋螺钉组,且Harris评分显示交锁髓内钉组患者髋关节功能好于动力髋螺钉组（P 〈0.05）。髓外组主钉松动退出1例,钢板断裂1例;髓内组1例内固定螺钉松动1例。提示2种内固定治疗转子间骨折均可达到良好的治疗效果,但对于短期内高龄Evans Ⅴ型转子间骨折,加压交锁髓内钉系统髓内钉固定可使患者在不进行关节置换的前提下早期负重活动,髋关节功能效果更好。     

桥接组合式内固定治疗股骨骨折的效果及生物力学特征

背景：髓内钉、钢板和外固定支架在股骨干粉碎性骨折的治疗上各有优势和局限性。目的：探讨桥接组合式内固定系统治疗股骨干粉碎性骨折的效果以及生物力学特点。 方法：应用桥接组合式内固定系统治疗45例股骨干粉碎性骨折患者,在治疗后早期进行功能锻炼,评估患者的治疗时间、出血量、骨折愈合时间及肢体功能恢复情况等。分析桥接组合式内固定系统在股骨骨折治疗过程中的生物力学特点,并与髓内钉和接骨板进行比较。 结果与结论：所有患者随访12-24个月,平均随访18个月。桥接组合式内固定系统的手术时间1.0-2.5 h,平均1.5 h;出血量100-400 mL,平均出血量200 mL;骨折愈合时间4.0-6.0个月,平均4.5个月。手术后无伤口感染、骨折不愈合、内固定松动、断裂等严重并发症。肢体功能评价,优40例,良2例,中3例,优良率为93.3%。桥接组合式内固定系统符合骨折生物力学内固定的特性,是集锁定钢板、交锁髓内钉和外固定支架优势为一体的桥接组合式内固定系统,在股骨骨折的治疗上具备操作简单、适应证广、临床疗效满意的特点,是股骨干粉碎骨折治疗的一种新选择。     

股骨干骨折术后不愈合的手术治疗

目的探讨股骨干骨折术后不愈合的手术治疗方式及临床疗效。方法 2003年1月至2009年5月收治股骨干骨折术后不愈合患者37例,左侧18例,右侧19例;骨折不愈合病程8～17月,平均10.8个月;肥大型不愈合11例,萎缩型不愈合26例;均为切开复位内固定术后所致不愈合,原内固定为钢板31例,髓内钉6例。术中采用单纯植骨4例,更换带锁髓内钉固定5例,更换带锁髓内钉固定加植骨21例,更换锁定加压钢板固定2例,更换锁定加压钢板固定加植骨5例。结果 37例获随访18～34个月(平均27.8个月)。患者术后切口均甲级愈合,无并发症发生。骨折愈合时间5～12个月(平均7.6个月)。末次随访时采用Johner-Wruth标准评定:优19例,良15例,可2例,差1例,优良率为91.1%。结论针对不同原因、不同类型的股骨干骨折术后不愈合而采用恰当的手术治疗,能取得良好的疗效。     

比较交锁髓内钉与单臂外固定支架治疗胫腓骨骨折

目的比较交锁髓内钉与单臂外固定支架治疗胫腓骨骨折的临床疗效。方法将58例胫腓骨骨折患者分为具有可比性的两组,分别采用交锁髓内钉与单臂外固定支架进行固定治疗。结果骨折愈合时间比较方面,交锁髓内钉组平均骨折愈合时间较单臂外固定支架组愈合时间短,疗效评分平均分高但是两组差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。并发症比较方面,交锁髓内钉组无感染病例,单臂外固定支架组有4例钉道感染病例,两组差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论交锁髓内钉内固定和单臂外固定支架固定均是治疗胫腓骨骨折的有效方法,但在并发症方面,单臂外固定支架的感染率相对较高。     

3种手术方法治疗肱骨干骨折疗效比较

目的 比较单一加压钢板螺钉＋髓内针固定、交锁髓内钉固定及微创有限内固定＋外支架固定治疗肱骨干骨折的疗效。方法 66例肱骨干骨折患者依据治疗方法分为3组,钢板组（24例）行单一加压钢板螺钉＋髓内针固定治疗,髓内钉组（22例）行交锁髓内钉固定治疗,外固定架组（20例）行微创有限内固定＋外支架固定治疗,比较3组术后骨折愈合时间、肩关节功能评分、肘关节功能评分及手术并发症发生情况。结果 外固定架组骨折愈合时间（（8.55±3.09）个月）较钢板组（（5.67±4.60）个月）及髓内钉组（（5.09±2.49）个月）长（P〈0.05）,钢板组与髓内钉组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;钢板组、髓内钉组和外固定架组肩关节功能评分分别为31.08±5.12、29.91±3.74、28.95±4.12,3组间比较差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;钢板组肘关节功能评分（83.00±14.40）高于外固定架组（73.35±16.40）（P〈0.05）;外支架组术后无骨折不愈合发生,钢板组发生骨折延迟愈合2例、螺钉松动5例,髓内钉组骨折断端有假关节形成3例、骨折不愈合并感染2例,钢板组、髓内钉组和固定架组并发症发生率分别为29.17%、22.73%、0,3组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论 单一加压钢板螺钉＋髓内针固定可作为肱骨干骨折的首选手术方法,微创有限内固定＋外支架固定适用于严重粉碎性、开放性及伴有严重感染的骨折类型。     

应用交锁髓内钉治疗股骨干骨折68例临床体会

目的探讨交锁髓内钉治疗股骨干骨折的疗效。方法68例股骨干骨折患者均应用交锁髓内钉内固定治疗，术后随访X线，观察愈合情况。结果术后2-18个月随访X线，60例闭合复位者，59例全部一期愈合，功能良好。8例切开复位者，6例一期愈合，功能良好。结论交锁髓内钉治疗股骨干骨折，手术创伤小、失血少、固定稳定、应力遮挡程度轻、骨折愈合率高、感染和骨折再发生率低，临床效果满意。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.