杜仲籽油毒理学安全性评价

杜仲籽油中α-亚麻酸含量很高,具有多种保健功能,但至今却未能得到很好的利用,为了开发杜仲籽油,了解其安全性,我们进行了一系列的毒理学研究,现将结果报道如下:     

Insights on food safety evaluation: A synopsis

The Life Sciences Research Office's Select Committee on GRAS Substances has completed a report entitled, “Insights on Food Safety Evaluation.” The report, in conjunction with an earlier report of the Select Committee, reflects the opinions and experiences garnered from a decade of evaluating the health aspects of generally recognized as safe (GRAS) substances. This second report identifies and discusses the principal components of the evaluation process and offers a perception of the issues that are critical for effectively evaluating the safety of foods and other ingested substances. Specific suggestions stemming directly from the Select Committee's experience in the GRAS review are made for improvements in the safety evaluation of food ingredients. Suggestions include phaseout of the GRAS list, modification of the Delaney Clause, utilization of appropriate human testing in protocols for evaluating candidate food additives, development of improved animal tests for behavioral effects of food ingredients, and improvement in procedures for detection of hypersensitivity to food ingredients. General priorities for study of the contribution of food and food ingredients to major causes of mortality and morbidity are also discussed.     

柴葛通脉口服液对气滞血瘀型高脂血症患者血脂的影响

目的 :观察柴葛通脉口服液对气滞血瘀型高脂血症患者血脂的影响。方法 :入选 16 0例患者随机分 2组 ,治疗组 10 0例 ,服柴葛通脉口服液 ,每次2 0ml,每日 2次。对照组 6 0例 ,服月见草油胶丸 ,每次 5丸 ,每日 3次。疗程 4wk ,观察用药前后血脂变化。结果 :治疗组血清TC均值下降 2 2 .2 % ,TG下降 37.4 3% ,HDL C上升 0 .36mmol·L- 1;对照组TC下降 11.6 5 % ,TG下降 2 6 .2 6 % ,HDL C上升0 .12mmol·L- 1;两组血脂水平较用药前均有明显改善 (P <0 .0 1) ,治疗组优于对照组 (P <0 .0 1)。其降脂疗效治疗组为 87.0 % ,对照组为 81.7% ,差异无统计学意义 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论 :柴葛通脉口服液具有良好的降脂调脂作用     

Issues and challenges in the safety evaluation of food flavors

Within the context of safety assessment of "social chemicals" such as drugs, agrochemicals, major food additives and environmental chemicals, food flavors have conventionally been perceived to be of relatively low priority. The growing aspiration to achieve a "globally recognized list of flavors" and the necessity to achieve some degree of consensus as to the procedures to be used for their safety evaluation have changed this perception. The purpose of this workshop is to focus on the newer concepts and strategies applicable to the safety evaluation process and to evaluate these as part of a process to seek harmonization of approach and to ensure that up-to-date science-based procedures are incorporated in evaluation programs in the interest of both protecting the health of the public and helping the industry to continue to provide flavors that are safe.     

止喘灵口服液治疗支气管哮喘的药效学研究

目的：根据止喘灵口服液宣肺定喘之功效，探讨其止喘的药理作用和机制。方法：采用喷雾致喘法制备哮喘模型，观察不同剂量止喘灵口服液的引喘潜伏期；体外实验观察止喘灵口服液对豚鼠离体气管和回肠平滑肌的收缩以及气管容积和肺支气管灌流量的影响。结果：止喘灵口服液能显延长乙酰胆碱组胺混合刺激所致豚鼠哮喘的引喘潜伏期，对抗乙酰胆碱或组胺对豚鼠离体支气管或回肠平滑肌有收缩作用，并可增加气管容积和离体肺支气管灌流量。结论：止喘灵口服液对胆碱能神经递质乙酰胆碱或肥大细胞炎性介质组胺所致的气道高反应性和通气障碍都有明显的对抗作用，缓解支气管平滑肌痉挛，改善肺通气功能，从而达到止咳平喘的效果。     

Proceedings. The experimental evaluation of food safety.

Pilinskaya showed that the fungicide ziram induced chromosome aberrations in the lymphocytes of exposed industrial workers and also in lymphocyte cultures treated in vitro. Ziram is chemically similar to the drug Antabuse (disulfiram) which is used in the treatment of alcoholics. To establish whether disulfiram can also cause chromosome aberrations, we have examined the chromosomes of lymphocytes from treated and untreated alcoholics and normal controls, and also the chromosomes of lymphocytes treated in vitro. Our results show that disulfiram is 800 times less toxic than ziram and suggest that it is at least 10 000 times less active as an inducer of chromosome aberrations. We found no significant increase in aberrations in vitro or in vivo with disulfiram and conclude that if it is an inducer of aberrations in lymphocytes then they must be induced with a very low frequency indeed.     

Comparative pharmacokinetics and the evaluation of human food safety for veterinary drugs

The evaluation of human food safety for veterinary drugs used in food animals is required as part of the veterinary drug approval process in most countries.Two elements necessary to demonstrate human food safety are toxicology data concerning the acute and chronic toxicity of the parent drug and its metabolites,and data describing the pharmacokinetics of residues of the drug and metabolites in the species of animals in which the drug will be used.Interspecies differences in metabolism can be qualitative and quantitative.In most food animals,qualitative differences in metabolism of veterinary drugs is not seen.Differences are almost always in the amounts of individual metabolites and their distribution.Because residues are composed of the parent drug and metabolites,interspecies comparisons must involve consideration of comparative xenobiotic metabolism.Aspects of comparative food animal drug metabolism which can afect the composition of residues will be reviewed.Additionally,the residue studies which are required to establish human food safety,and interspecies differences and similarities in the pharmacokinetics of drugs which impact residues of drugs in animal derived foods will be studied.To illustrate the factors which can complicate and assist these comparisons,two drugs will be examined in detail;ivemectin and fenbendazole.The results of recent residue studies exploring comparative pharmacokinetics and metabolism in avian species will be presented.Lastly,the activities of two US programs,FARAD and The NRSP-7 Minor Use Animal Drug Program,which routinely address interspecies comparisons will be presented along with potential strategies which may be employed in the study of species diffecences.