改良乙状窦前经部分骨迷路入路的显微解剖

目的 目的 研究改良乙状窦前经部分骨迷路入路的显微解剖暴露,探讨其对岩斜区的显露及在手术处理该区域病变中的优势. 方法 2012年4月至10月,对15具尸头标本进行手术人路的改良研究,在传统乙状窦前入路的基础上切除部分半规管和岩尖,详细记录岩斜区重要结构的显露情况. 结果 该入路能够提供至岩斜区和海绵窦后部宽大的操作空间,在乙状窦前显露范围(水平方向)为(19.41±1.58) mm,在颞叶下方的显露范围(垂直方向)为(14.18±1.88) mm,斜坡中心凹陷的最大暴露角度为(60.54±6.93)°,手术操作深度(55.87 4.34) mm.椎-基底动脉、小脑前下动脉、小脑上动脉、同侧第Ⅲ～X对和对侧第Ⅵ对脑神经、三叉神经腔、海绵窦后部等均显露良好. 结论 改良乙状窦前经部分骨迷路入路能够获得岩斜区深面和海绵窦后部良好暴露,具有暴露范围大、观察角度多、保留面听神经功能、早期阻断肿瘤的血供等方面的优势.     

乙状窦前经迷路锁孔入路的显微解剖

目的将微创锁孔理念融入乙状窦前入路，在神经导航辅助下，设计乙状窦前经迷路锁孔入路，观察入路显微解剖，为临床应用提供依据。方法采用8具经福尔马林固定、颅内动静脉乳胶灌注的国人成人尸头，实验前建立术中导航资料。采用迷路后锁孔手术入路的7cm“C”形切口，分层向前翻开皮瓣和肌筋膜瓣，在神经导航辅助下做耳后约3．5cm×3．0cm骨窗，导航下轮廓化乙状窦、骨迷路、面神经管，依次模拟迷路后、经部分迷路及岩尖、经全迷路锁孔入路，观察各步骤显露的结构，测量重要结构长度和术野角度。结果（1）神经导航可辅助精确磨除入路相关骨质，减少盲目磨除造成的重要结构的误伤。（2）同迷路后锁孔入路比较，经部分迷路及岩尖锁孔入路和经全迷路锁孔入路的术野角度、显露的斜坡长度、面神经颅内段长度均有显著增加，但后两种入路的测量值无明显差异。（3）迷路后锁孔入路可保留听力和面神经功能，但对岩斜区的显露有限；部分迷路及岩尖磨除后可广泛显露岩斜区、桥脑小脑角、桥脑前区和海绵窦后部，多角度显露Ⅲ-Ⅺ对脑神经之间的重要结构，且面、听神经功能保有率极高；全迷路磨除后观察角度更多，但进一步增加的显露有限，且需牺牲听力。结论乙状窦前经迷路锁孔入路具有可行性，可良好显露岩斜区等。神经导航可辅助精确完成入路相关的骨质磨除。部分迷路及岩尖或全迷路磨除均可显著增加术野角度和斜坡等重要结构的显露长度，经部分迷路及岩尖锁孔入路可望保留面、听神经功能。     

乙状窦后锁孔入路对颅中后窝区的显微解剖

目的 研究乙状窦后锁孔入路对颅中后窝岩斜区结构的显微解剖,为临床应用该入路解决颅中后窝岩斜区病变提供解剖学依据. 方法 应用福尔马林固定的成人湿性头颅标本10例20侧,模拟乙状窦后锁孔入路对颅中后窝岩斜区进行显微解剖观察. 结果 乙状窦后锁孔入路从后外侧到达颅中后窝岩斜区,可以清楚暴露小脑半球外侧面、颞骨岩部、三叉神经、面听神经、部分后组脑神经、脑桥外侧面、椎动脉、小脑前下动脉.磨除部分岩骨可以扩大内听道及三叉神经的暴露,切开小脑幕缘可以暴露部分滑车神经及部分颅中后窝. 结论 乙状窦后经内听道上锁孔入路充分利用了有效的骨窗,手术创伤小、并发症少.该入路使少数原本需要采用复杂入路方能切除的颅中后窝肿瘤,可通过较简单的手术入路进行切除.对于主体位于颅后窝的岩斜区中小型肿瘤显微切除是一种有效、安全、便捷的微创手术方法.     

颞下经岩骨嵴入路的应用解剖学研究

目的提出颞下经岩骨嵴入路切除岩斜区脑膜瘤的方法,使手术更加简便、安全、微创,以替代各型联合入路,降低手术致残、致死率。方法10%甲醛固定的国人成人头颅湿标本10例、漂白的颅骨干标本10例,模拟手术操作并对手术涉及的重要结构测量、拍照;手术前后共10例20侧标本进行CT岩骨薄扫,并对重要结构进行测量、拍照。结果颞下经岩骨嵴入路涉及的重要解剖结构包括Labbe静脉、岩骨内部结构、脑干腹侧间隙等。重要参数包括岩骨嵴磨除范围。结论颞下经岩骨嵴入路通过对岩骨嵴的磨除,增加对岩骨背侧肿瘤基底的暴露,适合切除骑跨中后颅窝的岩斜脑膜瘤。该入路具有操作简单、创伤小、安全性高的特点。     

颞下经岩骨嵴人路的应用解剖学研究

目的提出颞下经岩骨嵴入路切除岩斜区脑膜瘤的方法，使手术更加简便、安全、微创，以替代各型联合人路，降低手术致残、致死率。方法10％甲醛固定的国人成人头颅湿标本10例、漂白的颅骨干标本10例，模拟手术操作并对手术涉及的重要结构测量、拍照；手术前后共10例20侧标本进行CT岩骨薄扫，并对重要结构进行测量、拍照。结果颞下经岩骨嵴入路涉及的重要解剖结构包括Labbe静脉、岩骨内部结构、脑干腹侧间隙等。重要参数包括岩骨嵴磨除范围。结论颞下经岩骨嵴人路通过对岩骨嵴的磨除，增加对岩骨背侧肿瘤基底的暴露，适合切除骑跨中后颅窝的岩斜脑膜瘤。该人路具有操作简单、创伤小、安全性高的特点。     

经岩骨乙状窦前入路显微外科治疗岩斜区肿瘤

目的 探讨岩斜区肿瘤经岩骨乙状窦前入路显微外科治疗的临床疗效。方法 回顾性研究经显微手术治疗的23例岩斜区肿瘤，对肿瘤病理类型、临床和影像学特征、手术入路、手术切除技巧及术后常见并发症的处理进行系统分析。结果 在手术显微镜下肿瘤全切除16例，近全切除4例，大部分切除3例，无手术死亡。结论 经岩骨乙状窦前入路可全切除岩斜区肿瘤。该手术入路对颞叶和小脑牵拉轻，可为岩斜区肿瘤手术切除提供良好的暴露。     

颞下锁孔入路的显微解剖学特点与临床应用研究

目的:研究颞下锁孔入路的显微解剖学,为临床颞下锁孔手术入路提供解剖依据与支持.方法:对6例国人成人尸头模拟颞下锁孔入路手术进行显微解剖,对各重要结构及间隙之间的距离进行测量,观察显露范围和解剖关系.结果:颧弓至小脑幕缘、脑干和前床突的最短距离分别为(42.3±4.7)mm、(42.8±2.5)mm和(59.8±6.1)mm.颞骨岩部扩大磨除前后的显露面积有显著差异(P＜0.05).颞下锁孔入路可以清楚的显露海绵窦外侧壁结构、鞍侧区、颈内动脉、后交通动脉、脉络膜前动脉和垂体柄,磨除颞骨岩尖部可显著增加岩斜区结构显露.结论:颞下锁孔入路对于海绵窦外侧壁,岩斜区及鞍侧区手术具有良好显露效果,入路直接,损伤小.     

枕下乙状窦后-内听道上入路切除岩斜区脑膜瘤

目的介绍应用枕下乙状窦后-内听道上入路显微手术切除岩斜区脑膜瘤的显微手术技术。方法回顾性分析采用枕下乙状窦后-内听道上入路显微手术治疗的8例岩斜区脑膜瘤的临床资料,并对手术方法进行分析。结果肿瘤全切除6例,次全切除2例。术后新增脑神经损害2例,无手术死亡病例。结论枕下乙状窦后-内听道上入路是切除主体位于后颅窝、同时累及中颅窝的岩斜区脑膜瘤的安全有效的改良入路,娴熟的显微神经外科技术,熟练掌握入路的显微解剖可获得满意的手术疗效,有利于提高肿瘤切除率和疗效。     

不同解剖入路显露颈静脉孔区的定量研究

目的定量研究枕下远外侧入路及耳后经颞入路对颈静脉孔区的显露程度,为临床个体化选择手术入路、保护重要结构功能提供可靠的解剖依据。方法选择经10％福尔马林固定的成人头颈湿标本各12具（24侧）,采用枕下远外侧入路及耳后经颞入路进行解剖学研究,用脑立体定向仪测定各步骤颈静脉孔区的显露面积,用游标卡尺测量斜坡和三叉神经的显露长度。结果在远外侧入路中,磨除颈静脉突、部分磨除枕髁后对颈静脉孔区显露程度显著增加;在耳后经颞入路中,迷路后入路、部分磨除迷路对颈静脉孔区的显露程度显著增加。结论磨除颈静脉突是枕下远外侧入路显露颈静脉孔的关键;迷路下入路和部分磨除迷路入路是自侧方显露颈静脉孔区的理想手术入路。     

双骨瓣成形在乙状窦前入路脑肿瘤切除术中的应用(附14例报告)

目的探讨经岩骨-乙状窦前入路切除岩斜区肿瘤双骨瓣成形的临床效果。方法对14例岩斜区肿瘤采用经岩骨-乙状窦前入路行肿瘤切除双骨瓣成形术,先取颞枕游离骨瓣(乙状窦后),再通过磨钻,游离出乳突表面骨瓣(乙状窦前)。保留骨性半规管、耳蜗的完整性,避免将乳突及岩骨根部大部分切除。结果肿瘤全切除8例,次全切除3例,部分切除3例。术后2例脑脊液耳漏,无皮下积液、颅内感染等并发症,无死亡。14例术后3、6个月随访,无并发症发生。结论经岩骨-乙状窦前入路手术中采用双骨瓣成形术后脑脊液漏、皮下积液、颅内感染等并发症少,手术创伤小,安全性高。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.