下肢缺血症的非手术治疗

目的观察分析步行锻炼对下肢缺血症的疗效。方法自2003年2月～2004年1月，收治下肢间歇性跛行患者33例（56条患肢），每周在步行机上行走锻炼2次，辅以相应的药物治疗，3个月为1个疗程。结果诊断为动脉硬化闭塞的3l例（53条患肢）中，27例（49条患肢）下肢的缺血表现显著改善或消失，无痛行走距离（PWD）和最大行走距离（MWD）分别提高338．49％和297．66％；2例（2条患肢）有好转，PWD和MWD提高60％和50％；2例（2条患肢）无效。诊断为血栓闭塞性脉管炎的1例（2条患肢）和高血凝综合征l例（1条患肢），PWD和MWD提高456．32％和489．45％，足趾溃疡均愈合。结论步行锻炼是治疗间歇性跛行（IC）有效的方法。     

膝下动脉腔内成形术治疗严重下肢缺血

目的观察膝下动脉腔内成形术治疗严重下肢缺血的疗效。方法对2004年10月至2006年5月采用腔内成形术治疗的41例患者共48条患肢的资料进行回顾性分析。26条患肢有静息痛(54.2%);9条患肢发生足部溃疡(18.7%),13条患肢合并有足趾或足部组织坏疽(27.1%)。19条患肢踝肱指数(ankle/brachial index,ABI)为0,22条患肢在0.1～0.5之间,7条患肢在0.51～0.6之间。结果技术成功率为93.8%。术后33条患肢疼痛缓解(73.3%),其中27条患肢无疼痛(64.3%)。10条患肢症状减轻(22.2%),其中3条复发。足部溃疡的9条患肢中,1条患肢足部小溃疡愈合。13条足趾或足部组织坏疽的患肢,2条行膝下截肢,2条行半足截除。24条患肢术后ABI增加0.5以上,12条增加0.31～0.5,7条增加0.1～0.3。42条患肢被随访,随访率为93.3%;时间平均为8.5个月(1～18个月)。本组共截肢5条患肢,总救肢率为88.1%。结论膝下小动脉腔内成形术在无法接受动脉旁路移植的严重下肢缺血的患者可以作为首选治疗方法。     

SilverHawk斑块切除系统治疗膝下动脉硬化闭塞

目的探讨SilverHawk斑块切除系统治疗膝下动脉硬化闭塞的临床效果。方法采用SilverHawk斑块切除系统治疗34例(39条患肢)膝下动脉硬化闭塞患者,观察治疗效果及随访结果。结果患者围手术期无死亡。39条患肢中,31条(28例患者)顺行开通成功,8条(6例)逆行开通成功,治疗成功率100%(39/39),技术成功率92.31%(36/39)。术后1周患者跛行距离、趾肱指数(TBI)及踝肱指数(ABI)均高于术前(P均0.05)。术后随访2～46个月,平均(23.63±9.71)个月,溃疡愈合率90.00%(9/10);4条坏疽患肢中,1条膝下截肢。术后6、12、24个月患肢一期通畅率分别为87.18%(34/39)、82.05%(32/39)及71.79%(28/39),二期通畅率分别为94.87%(37/39)、92.31%(36/39)和84.62%(33/39)。结论采用SilverHawk斑块切除系统治疗膝下动脉硬化闭塞效果良好。     

射频消融治疗大隐静脉曲张的近期有效性及安全性

目的观察射频消融(RFA)治疗大隐静脉曲张的近期有效性及安全性。方法回顾性分析接受超声引导下RFA治疗的17例大隐静脉曲张患者(26条患肢)术前1周、术后即刻及术后1、3、6个月临床资料。结果 26条患肢中,术后即刻及术后1、3、6个月大隐静脉闭塞率均为100%(26/26)。术后3、6个月患肢活动能力较术前1周好转(P均0.05),术后6个月疼痛程度较术前1周缓解(P0.05)。术后1、3、6个月患肢临床-病因-解剖-病理生理(CEAP)临床分级及修订版静脉临床严重程度评分(rVCSS)与术前1周比较分级均降低(P均0.01)。术后6个月内7条患肢发生皮下条索僵硬静脉,1条隐股点不适,3条皮下出血。结论 RFA治疗大隐静脉曲张近期疗效好,且并发症少。     

泡沫硬化剂治疗复发性下肢静脉曲张23例临床体会

目的探讨泡沫硬化剂治疗复发性下肢静脉曲张的临床疗效。方法选择我院2011年1月至2012年3月期间23例(26条患肢)复发性下肢静脉曲张的患者,其中男9例,平均年龄58.6岁;女14例,平均年龄53.3岁。静脉曲张复发病史1个月～6年,平均3.2年。对其行超声引导下患肢曲张静脉内注射1%聚桂醇泡沫硬化剂后弹力袜压迫,治疗后3 d、3个月超声检测曲张静脉闭合情况及有无深静脉血栓形成,3个月后不定期病房随访。结果 23例患者均在超声引导下成功行泡沫硬化剂治疗,20例(22条患肢)注射1次,3例(4条患肢)注射2次,每例患者每次平均应用5 ml泡沫硬化剂。末次注射结束后3 d观察曲张静脉均成功闭合。平均随访6个月,治疗后1周2例出现轻度血栓性浅静脉炎,2周内自行缓解,均无严重并发症发生。治疗后3个月3例(4条患肢)局部复发,复发率15.4%,再次局部泡沫硬化剂治疗后至今未复发。10例(12条患肢)注射部位皮肤出现轻度色素沉着,3个月后减轻,6个月至1年消退。所有患者临床症状得到不同程度的缓解。结论泡沫硬化剂治疗复发性下肢静脉曲张近期疗效确切且并发症少。     

观察下肢血栓闭塞性脉管炎患者应用自体大隐静脉倒置旁路转流术治疗效果

目的自体大隐静脉倒置旁路转流术治疗下肢血栓闭塞性脉管炎临床疗效观察与分析。方法 68例下肢血栓闭塞性脉管炎患者按照治疗方法不同分组为对照组与治疗组,各34例。对照组采用传统常规治疗;治疗组于对照组治疗基础上实施自体大隐静脉倒置旁路转流术治疗。比较两组患者临床疗效、治疗前、治疗后6个月患肢ABI及最大行走距离、安全性。结果治疗后,两组患者治疗后6个月患肢ABI及最大行走距离较治疗前明显改善,但治疗组患者最大行走距离明显优于对照组(P<0.05);但两组患肢ABI比较无显著差异(P>0.05)。治疗组治疗有效率为91.18%(31/34)明显高于对照组73.53%(25/34)(P<0.05);两组患者治疗前后血尿等常规检查均无异常。结论采用自体大隐静脉倒置旁路转流术治疗下肢血栓闭塞性脉管炎,其可显著改善患者临床各项症状,提高临床疗效,且无明显不良反应发生。因此这种治疗方式是一种安全、有效治疗方法,值得推广。     

不同方法治疗下肢静脉曲张临床分析

目的探讨不同方法治疗下肢静脉曲张的效果. 方法 1994年1月～2005年1月对236例(319条患肢)下肢静脉曲张,分别采用大隐静脉高位结扎抽剥法136例(184条患肢)、高位结扎抽剥联合皮下连续环形缝扎法63例(86条患肢)、腔内激光照射法7例(9条患肢)、关节镜下微创刨削法30例(40条患肢)进行治疗,其中关节镜刨削法通过小腿2个小切口分别放置关节镜与刨削系统,对曲张成团的浅静脉刨削抽吸清除. 结果术后出现皮下血肿、局部轻度硬肿等不良反应,经处理后3～5周内消失.207例(87.7%)275条患肢术后随访3～12个月,平均10.6月,其中激光组7例与关节镜组30例全部随访.术后患肢酸胀坠痛感消失,疼痛及跛行消失,137条肢体慢性溃疡有125条在术后3～6周愈合. 结论 4种方法有其各自的适应证,关节镜下微创刨削清除下肢浅静脉曲张安全、有效、创伤小、并发症少,是治疗下肢浅静脉曲张的一种新方法.     

血管腔内介入联合外科手术治疗下肢多节段动脉硬化闭塞症

目的: 探讨下肢多节段动脉硬化闭塞症的治疗手段及临床疗效。方法:2004年3月—2006年1月，采用髂动脉球囊扩张和支架植入结合动脉旁路术、股深动脉成形术治疗下肢多节段动脉硬化闭塞症21例(24条患肢)。24条患肢行髂动脉球囊扩张和支架植入术，其中12条患肢加行股深动脉成形术，14条患肢加行股-腘动脉人工血管转流术。结果:手术均获得成功，未出现严重并发症。术后踝肱指数0.63 ±0.18与术前0.24±0.13相比有明显提高（P<0.05）。平均随访13个月(1~23个月)。与术前相比患者症状明显改善，仅4例残余有间歇性跛行（跛行距离300~500m），其中3例术后3个月行干细胞移植术后症状明显好转，跛行距离加大（>1 000m）。结论:髂动脉腔内介入结合动脉旁路术、股深动脉成形术是治疗多节段多平面下肢动脉硬化闭塞症的有效方法。手术创伤小，操作方便。手术方式灵活，尤适用于高危重症患者。     

手部慢性非特异性感染的手术治疗

目的 探讨手部慢性非特异感染手术治疗的方法和疗效.方法 对12例手部慢性非特异性感染患者行病灶清除术,术后配合系统的康复训练治疗.所有患者均经过6～26个月的随访(平均14个月),随访内容包括患肢(指)功能恢复情况,以及感染复发情况.结果 12例患者中,治愈9例,复发3例;患肢(指)功能恢复优良率达91.7%.结论 对于有手术适应证的手部慢性非特异性感染患者,经过积极手术治疗及术后早期功能锻炼,可取得良好的疗效.     

复杂股腘动脉硬化闭塞症的杂交手术治疗

目的:评价杂交手术治疗复杂股腘动脉硬化闭塞症的疗效。方法:回顾性分析2013年3月—2015年6月行杂交手术治疗的56例复杂股腘动脉硬化闭塞症患者(65条患肢)的临床资料。用踝肱指数(ABI)、Rutherford分级、通畅率等指标对手术效果进行综合评价,采用Kaplan-Meier法分析术后患肢通畅率。结果:56例患者(65条患肢)手术均取得成功,无截肢或死亡病例,围手术期并发症发生率14.29%(8/56)。术后平均ABI较术前升高(0.76vs.0.28),平均间歇性跛行距离从术前168m提高至530m,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);Rutherford分级不同程度提高。随访时间12~33个月,术后6个月及1、2年的一期通畅率分别为93.85%、81.54%、70.77%,二期通畅率分别为98.46%、95.38%、90.77%。结论:杂交手术治疗复杂股腘动脉硬化闭塞症安全有效。     

Improvement of the walking ability in intermittent claudication due to superficial femoral artery occlusion with supervised exercise and pneumatic foot and calf compression: a randomised controlled trial.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the effect of unsupervised exercise, supervised exercise and intermittent pneumatic foot and calf compression (IPC) on the claudication distance, lower limb arterial haemodynamics and quality of life of patients with intermittent claudication. METHODS: Thirty-four eligible patients with stable intermittent claudication were randomised to IPC (n = 13, 3h/d for 6 months), supervised exercise (n = 12, three hourly sessions/week for 6 months) or unsupervised exercise (n = 9). In each patient, initial claudication distance (ICD), absolute claudication distance (ACD), resting ankle brachial pressure index (ABPI), and resting hyperaemic calf arterial inflow were measured before, 6 weeks, 6 months and 1 year after randomisation. Quality of life was assessed with the short form (SF)-36, walking impairment (WIQ) and intermittent claudication questionnaires (ICQ). RESULTS: Compared with unsupervised exercise, both IPC and supervised exercise, increased ICD and ACD, up to 2.83 times. IPC increased arterial inflow (p < 0.05 at 6 weeks) and ABPI. Supervised exercise decreased arterial inflow and increased ABPI (p < 0.05 at 6 months). Unsupervised exercise had no effect on arterial inflow or ABPI. IPC improved significantly the ICQ score and the speed score of the WIQ, while supervised exercise improved the WIQ claudication severity score. At 1 year clinical effectiveness of supervised exercise and IPC was largely preserved. CONCLUSIONS: IPC, by augmenting leg perfusion, achieved improvement in walking distance comparable with supervised exercise. Long-term results in a larger number of patients will provide valuable information on the optimal treatment modality of intermittent claudication.     

The effect of exercise intensity on the response to exercise rehabilitation in patients with intermittent claudication

PURPOSE: The purpose of this randomized trial was to compare the efficacy of a low-intensity exercise rehabilitation program vs a high-intensity program in changing physical function, peripheral circulation, and health-related quality of life in peripheral arterial disease (PAD) patients limited by intermittent claudication. METHODS: Thirty-one patients randomized to low-intensity exercise rehabilitation and 33 patients randomized to high-intensity exercise rehabilitation completed the study. The 6-month exercise rehabilitation programs consisted of intermittent treadmill walking to near maximal claudication pain 3 days per week at either 40% (low-intensity group) or 80% (high-intensity group) of maximal exercise capacity. Total work performed in the two training regimens was similar by having the patients in the low-intensity group exercise for a longer duration than patients in the high-intensity group. Measurements of physical function, peripheral circulation, and health-related quality of life were obtained on each patient before and after the rehabilitation programs. RESULTS: After the exercise rehabilitation programs, patients in the two groups had similar improvements in these measures. Initial claudication distance increased by 109% in the low-intensity group (P < .01) and by 109% in the high-intensity group (P < .01), and absolute claudication distance increased by 61% (P < 0.01) and 63% (P < .01) in the low-intensity and high-intensity groups, respectively. Furthermore, both exercise programs elicited improvements (P < .05) in peak oxygen uptake, ischemic window, and health-related quality of life. CONCLUSION: The efficacy of low-intensity exercise rehabilitation is similar to high-intensity rehabilitation in improving markers of functional independence in PAD patients limited by intermittent claudication, provided that a few additional minutes of walking is accomplished to elicit a similar volume of exercise.     

Exercise performance in patients with peripheral arterial disease who have different types of exertional leg pain

OBJECTIVE: This study compared the exercise performance of patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) who have different types of exertional leg pain. METHODS: Patients with PAD were classified into one of four groups according to the San Diego Claudication Questionnaire: intermittent claudication (n = 406), atypical exertional leg pain causing patients to stop (n = 125), atypical exertional leg pain in which patients were able to continue walking (n = 81), and leg pain on exertion and rest (n = 103). Patients were assessed on the primary outcome measures of ankle-brachial index (ABI), treadmill exercise measures, and ischemic window. RESULTS: All patients experienced leg pain consistent with intermittent claudication during a standardized treadmill test. The mean (+/- SD) initial claudication distance (ICD) was similar (P = .642) among patients with intermittent claudication (168 +/- 160 meters), atypical exertional leg pain causing patients to stop (157 +/- 130 meters), atypical exertional leg pain in which patients were able to continue walking (180 +/- 149 meters), and leg pain on exertion and rest (151 +/- 136 meters). The absolute claudication distance (ACD) was similar (P = .648) in the four respective groups (382 +/- 232, 378 +/- 237, 400 +/- 245, and 369 +/- 236 meters). Similarly, the ischemic window, expressed as the area under the curve (AUC) after treadmill exercise, was similar (P = .863) in these groups (189 +/- 137, 208 +/- 183, 193 +/- 143, and 199 +/- 119 AUC). CONCLUSION: PAD patients with different types of exertional leg pain, all limited by intermittent claudication during a standardized treadmill test, were remarkably similar in ICD, ACD, and ischemic window. Thus, the presence of ambulatory symptoms should be of primary clinical concern in evaluating PAD patients regardless of whether they are consistent with classic intermittent claudication.     

The ischemic window: a method for the objective quantitation of the training effect in exercise therapy for intermittent claudication.

Twenty-two patients with intermittent claudication were prospectively enrolled in a 12-week program of supervised, graded treadmill exercise therapy. Severity and distribution of arterial occlusive disease were ascertained by noninvasive determination of segmental lower extremity blood pressures and waveforms. No attempt was made to modify risk factors for atherosclerotic occlusive disease. The exercise-induced reduction of the ankle pressure and its recovery were recorded over time, and the area under this curve, the "ischemic window," represents the severity of the ischemic deficit. Absolute systolic ankle pressure, ankle-brachial index, maximum walking time, claudication pain time, and the ischemic window were measured before and after exercise training in all subjects. Maximum walking time and claudication pain time increased 659% and 846%, respectively, among the 19 patients completing the 12-week program (p = 0.001; p = 0.0002). These patients underwent a mean reduction of 58.7% in the ischemic window after a standardized workload (p less than 0.05), and this correlated with the degree of symptomatic improvement. Absolute ankle pressure and ankle-brachial index were unchanged after exercise training. This study confirms the utility of supervised exercise therapy in the treatment of intermittent claudication. The ischemic window is a useful method for quantifying the ischemic deficit produced by exercise and provides a reproducible means of documenting functional improvement in patients undergoing exercise training.     

Response to exercise rehabilitation in smoking and nonsmoking patients with intermittent claudication

BACKGROUND: The purpose was to compare the changes in claudication pain, ambulatory function, daily physical activity, peripheral circulation, and health-related quality of life following a program of exercise rehabilitation in smoking and nonsmoking patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) limited by intermittent claudication.Methods and results Thirty-nine smokers (63 +/- 4 pack-year smoking history; mean +/- SE) and 46 nonsmokers (former smokers who had a 51 +/- 7 pack-year smoking history who quit 14 +/- 2 years prior to investigation) completed the study. The 6-month exercise rehabilitation program consisted of intermittent treadmill walking to near maximal claudication pain 3 days per week, with progressive increases in walking duration and intensity during the program. Measurements were obtained on each patient before and after rehabilitation. Following exercise rehabilitation the smokers and nonsmokers had similar improvements in these measures, as initial claudication distance increased by 119% in the smokers (P <.001) and by 97% in the nonsmokers (P <.001), and absolute claudication distance increased by 82% (P <.001) and 59% (P <.001) in the smokers and nonsmokers, respectively. Furthermore, exercise rehabilitation improved (P <.05) ambulatory function, daily physical activity, peripheral circulation, and health-related quality of life in the smokers and nonsmokers. CONCLUSION: Exercise rehabilitation is an effective therapy to improve functional independence in both smoking and nonsmoking patients with PAD limited by intermittent claudication. Therefore, smokers with intermittent claudication are prime candidates for exercise rehabilitation because their relatively low baseline physical function does not impair their ability to regain lost functional independence to levels similar to nonsmoking patients with PAD.     

Supervised exercise therapy for intermittent claudication in a community-based setting is as effective as clinic-based

OBJECTIVE: This cohort study was conducted to determine the effect on walking distances of supervised exercise therapy provided in a community-based setting. METHODS: The study included all consecutive patients presenting at the vascular outpatient clinic with intermittent claudication, diagnosed by a resting ankle brachial index<0.9, who had no previous peripheral vascular intervention for peripheral arterial disease, no major amputation, and sufficient command of the Dutch language. The exclusion criterion was the inability to walk the baseline treadmill test for a minimum of 10 m. The intervention was a supervised exercise therapy in a community-based setting. A progressive treadmill test at baseline and at 1, 3, and 6 months of follow-up measured initial claudication distance and absolute claudication distance. Changes were calculated using the mean percentages of change. RESULTS: From January through October 2005, 93 consecutive patients with claudication were eligible. Overall, 37 patients discontinued the supervised exercise therapy program. Eleven stopped because of intercurrent diseases, whereas for 10, supervised exercise therapy did not lead to adequate improvement and they underwent a vascular intervention. Three patients quit the program, stating that they were satisfied with the regained walking distance and did not require further supervised exercise therapy. Ten patients were not motivated sufficiently to continue the program, and in three patients, a lack of adequate insurance coverage was the reason for dropping out. Data for 56 patients were used and showed a mean percentage increase in initial claudication distance of 187% after 3 months and 240% after 6 months. The mean percentage of the absolute claudication distance increased 142% after 3 months and 191% after 6 months. CONCLUSION: Supervised exercise therapy in a community-based setting is a promising approach to providing conservative treatment for patients with intermittent claudication.     

Pentoxifylline in the nonoperative management of intermittent claudication

To assess the clinical effectiveness of pentoxifylline (Trental) in the treatment of intermittent claudication and ischemic rest pain, 129 patients were retrospectively interviewed with respect to compliance and improvement of symptoms. Risk factors for the development of atherosclerosis were tabulated, as was the severity of symptomatic lower extremity peripheral vascular insufficiency. The duration of pentoxifylline treatment was 35.8±45.0 weeks (mean±1 S.D.). Forty-eight percent of the patients discontinued pentoxifylline on their own, most commonly because of side effects (13%) or perceived lack of improvement (23%). Of those patients taking pentoxifylline for eight weeks or more (n=110), 64% noted some improvement, with 31% reporting increased claudication distance and 52% reduced claudication pain. Pentoxifylline provided pain relief in 52% of patients with ischemic rest pain (n=27). Neither diabetes, hypertension, concomitant antiplatelet therapy, the severity of claudication, nor pretreatment ankle-brachial Doppler pressures were related to treatment outcome. Increased daily walking exercise during treatment was associated with successful outcome (p=0.04). Clinical response to pentoxifylline was inversely related to the number of cigarettes smoked daily in those with 1 block claudication (n=71, p=0.05). Pentoxifylline was not very effective in increasing reported claudication distance. This review suggests that pentoxifylline may be of value for patients with ischemic rest pain when arterial reconstruction is not possible. Whether pentoxifylline is useful adjunctive therapy for intermittent claudication requires further scrutiny.     

Discussion

This study reports the initial evaluation of treatment efficiency in 75 patients with intermittent claudication who were randomized to three treatment groups: 1) reconstructive surgery, 2) reconstructive surgery with subsequent physical training, and 3) physical training alone. Before treatment, there were no statistically significant differences between the groups in age, sex, smoking habits, symptom duration of claudication, ankle-arm blood pressure quotient (ankle-index), maximal plethysmographic calf blood flow, symptom-free and maximal walking distance, the history of other atherosclerotic manifestations or in the medical treatment. The walking performance was improved in all three groups at follow-up 13 +/- 0.5 months after randomization. Surgery was most effective, but the addition of training to surgery improved the symptom-free walking distance even further. In pooled observations of the three groups, age, symptom duration, and a history of myocardial ischemic disease correlated negatively with walking performance after treatment. In the operated group, the duration of claudication and a history of myocardial ischemic disease correlated negatively with the walking performance. This was not the case when patients were censored if limited by other symptoms than intermittent claudication after treatment. In the trained group, the duration of claudication correlated negatively to symptom-free and maximal walking distance. Ankle-index and maximal plethysmographic calf blood flow after treatment and the change of these variables with treatment correlated positively with both symptom-free and maximal walking distance when results were pooled for all patients. Although this mainly was a consequence of the improved blood flow after surgery, the change of maximal plethysmographic calf blood flow also correlated with symptom-free but not with maximal walking distance in the trained group. The results demonstrate that, compared with physical training alone, operation alone or in combination with subsequent training are superior treatment modalities in patients with intermittent claudication.     

Effect of carbohydrate supplementation on walking performance in peripheral arterial disease: a preliminary physiologic study

OBJECTIVE: In this preliminary study we tested the effect of short-term carbohydrate supplementation on carbohydrate oxidation and walking performance in peripheral arterial disease. METHODS: Eleven patients with peripheral arterial disease and intermittent claudication and 8 healthy control subjects completed several weeks of baseline exercise testing, then were given supplementation for 3 days with a carbohydrate solution and placebo. Maximal walking time was assessed with a graded treadmill test. Carbohydrate oxidation during a submaximal phase of this test was measured with indirect calorimetry. At the end of baseline testing a biopsy specimen was taken from the gastrocnemius muscle, and the active fraction of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex activity was determined. RESULTS: Carbohydrate supplementation resulted in a significant increase in body weight and carbohydrate oxidation during exercise in patients with intermittent claudication and control subjects. Maximal walking time decreased by 3% in control subjects, whereas it increased by 6% in patients with intermittent claudication (group x treatment interaction, P < .05). There was a wide range of performance responses to carbohydrate supplementation among patients with claudication (-3%-37%). This effect was greater in poorer performers, and was negatively correlated (P < .05) with muscle pyruvate dehydrogenase complex activity. CONCLUSION: Preliminary data suggest that carbohydrate oxidation during exercise might contribute to exercise intolerance in more dysfunctional patients with intermittent claudication and that carbohydrate supplementation might be an effective therapeutic intervention in these patients.