中医外治方法对兔骨骼肌连续离心训练后形态学与组织病理学影响的实验研究

60只家兔分成中药熏洗、推拿和对照组,分别在连续4天或7天离心疲劳训练后进行肌肉硬度、踝关节松弛角度、胫前肌半定量常规组织学、定量酶组织化学和透射电镜观察。结果显示连续离心训练未加重组织结构损害;熏洗和/或推拿对踝关节松弛角度的恢复、减轻组织改变程度、促进细胞色素氧化酶的恢复有明显作用。另外,熏洗还对肌肉硬度的减轻有显著作用。     

中医外治法对肘屈肌连续离心训练作功及力矩的影响

为观察中医药外治法对连续离心训练引起的延迟性肌肉酸痛 (DOMS)恢复的作用 ,采用计算机采控的离心训练设备对受试者进行连续 7天伸肘训练产生DOMS ,同时辅以推拿、牵拉、热水浴、盐水浴、中药浴等恢复手段 ,观察屈肘肌作功和力矩等力学指标。结果发现 ,连续 7天离心训练对DOMS产生后肌力的恢复没有明显影响 ,推拿、牵拉、中药浴等手段对DOMS后肌肉力矩和作功有明显的促进恢复的作用。     

中医消除运动性肌肉疲劳临床实验研究之三——肘屈肌连续递增负荷离心训练及中医恢复方法对肌肉工作能力的影响

目的 :观察连续 2周递增负荷离心训练和中药对DOMS肌肉功能的自然恢复过程的影响。方法 :测定 2周内 60 %～ 80 %递增负荷肘屈肌离心训练对照组、内服中药组和外敷中药组最大等长收缩力和训练平均作功。结论 :外敷中药对DOMS肌肉后离心收缩做功有明显恢复作用 ,内服中药对肌肉等长收缩力有明显恢复作用     

中医消除运动性肌肉疲劳临床实验研究之四--连续离心训练对肌电活动和肌肉最大等长收缩力的影响

目的 :观察连续离心训练对肱二头肌肌电活动和最大等长收缩力的影响。方法 :让 10名受试者以 60 %最大等长收缩力做肱二头肌离心运动 2 5次× 2组 ,组间休息 5分钟。每天训练一次 ,连续训练 6天。每次训练前测试最大等长收缩力 (F)、肱二头肌腱反射时 (T)、肌电振幅 (RMS)和平均功率频率 (MPF)。结果 :训练后第二天各项指标均有变化 ,肌肉最大等长收缩力、肌电图平均功率频率下降 ,肱二头肌腱反射时延长 ,但均无显著性。随后肌力和肌电频率逐渐升高 ,反射时逐渐缩短 ,到第 5 - 6天都基本恢复到训练前水平     

中医外治法对连续离心运动后延迟性肌肉疼痛影响的临床实验研究

５４名未经训练的青年男性受试者完成上臂屈肌连续７天离心训练，训练后随机分成推拿、牵拉、中药薰洗、盐水浴、热水浴和对照组进行治疗。分别于训练前、训练后即刻、训练后２４、４８、７２、９６、１２０和１４４小时进行肘关节屈曲角度、肘关节伸直角度、上臂屈肌疼痛程度、上臂周径、上臂屈肌硬度和血清ＣＫ与ＬＰＯ测定。实验结果提示，重复不超过首次训练负荷的连续离心训练不会加重肌肉损害程度和影响延迟性肌肉疼痛（ＤＯＭＳ）恢复过程。本实验所采用的中医外治方法有加快ＤＯＭＳ出现后消除的作用。     

中医消除运动性肌肉疲劳临床实验研究之二——人体骨骼肌两周离心运动对血液IL-1β、IL-2和β-EP的影响

30名志愿受试者分别以最大等长收缩力的 60 % (第 1周 )和 80 % (第 2周 )完成连续 2周上臂屈肌离心收缩训练 ,随机分成中药内服、外用和对照组进行治疗和处理 ,分别在第 1、3、7和1 4天进行红细胞、白细胞总数、中性白细胞、血红蛋白等血常规指标、IL-1 β和IL -2的免疫学指标以及β-EP的神经肽激素指标检查。结果显示 :血常规指标除白细胞总数训练后有轻度升高外 ,其余变化不明显 ;IL-1 β、IL -2和β-EP在训练后 3天有升高 ,7、1 4天则出现下降。内服、外用中药对上述指标无明显影响。     

中医消除运动性肌肉疲劳动物实验研究——外用、内服中药对两周离心训练后兔骨骼肌形态学、组织学和细胞学影响

72只家兔分成对照组、内服中药组和外用中药组 ,分别进行连续 3、7、14天小腿前群肌肉离心训练 (第 2周增加负荷 ) ,测定肌肉硬度、踝关节松弛角度、胫前肌常规组织学、肌肉细胞凋亡、肌肉骨架蛋白desmin以及透射电镜肌节长度。结果显示 :离心运动后产生的适应可使骨骼肌承受更大的离心负荷 ,并在一定时间内不影响肌肉的恢复 ,也不对肌肉造成进一步的损伤。实验用的九九疲王口服液和按摩乳对上述形态学、组织学指标的恢复有明显作用 ,大强度连续离心训练后肌肉细胞凋亡、肌肉骨架蛋白desmin染色面积都有明显改变 ,其机制尚需进一步研究。     

连续2周离心运动对人体上臂屈肌等速肌力的影响

30名自愿受试者采用自制的离心训练器 ,分别以最大等长收缩力的 6 0 % (第 1周 )和80 % (第 2周 )完成连续 2周左上臂屈肌离心收缩训练 ,随机分成中药内服、外用和对照组进行治疗和处理 ,使用等速肌力测试系统进行实验臂上臂屈肌等速向心肌力测试。结果显示 ,本实验采用的离心训练装置以及 6 0 %最大等长收缩用力造成延迟性肌肉酸痛 (DOMS)时 ,对肌力下降的影响不大 ,连续运动后肌力恢复迅速 ,尤其是外用药组第 1周训练以后 ,多数指标呈升高变化     

中医消除运动性肌肉疲劳临床实验研究之一——外用、内服中药对人体骨骼肌两周离心运动肌肉酸痛和形态学影响

30名志愿受试者分别以最大等长收缩力的 6 0 % (第 1周 )和 80 % (第 2周 )完成连续 2周上臂屈肌离心收缩训练 ,随机分成中药内服、外用和对照组进行治疗和处理 ,对肌肉酸痛部位和等级、肘关节屈曲角度、肘关节伸直角度、上臂臂围、上臂屈肌硬度、血清CK以及肱二头肌回声的平均光密度和肌肉厚度超声检测进行观测。结果显示 ,强度增加后的第 2周 ,肌肉酸痛程度、肘关节伸直角度和血清CK值在实验结束时均已恢复正常 ;肘关节屈曲角度、上臂臂围和肌肉硬度等与延迟性肌肉酸痛 (DOMS)后期肌肉增粗有关的指标 ,在第 2周训练强度增加后呈恢复趋势 ,无继续加重现象 ;大强度离心训练后肌肉厚度增加 ,训练后第 3天出现肌肉回声增强的改变。实验表明 ,内服和外用中药对DOMS的消除均有一定的作用 ,尤其是外用药对本实验指标的改善更明显一些     

封闭加中药熏洗治疗腱鞘炎36例

腱鞘炎治疗方法虽多 ,且多以单纯封闭或对症治疗 ,但疗效往往不明显。 2 0 0 0～ 2 0 0 2年 ,我们采用局部封闭加中药熏洗治疗腱鞘炎 36例 ,疗效满意。1　临床资料1 1　一般情况　 36例均为门诊病人 ,男 12例 ,女2 4例 ;年龄 2 4～ 72岁 ,平均 4 6岁。病程 :10天～ 2年 ,平均 5 4天。屈指肌腱鞘炎 2 7例 ,桡骨茎突狭窄性腱鞘炎 9例。1 2　治疗方法　 (1)局部封闭 :采用醋酸曲安奈德A注射液 10mg加 2 %利多卡因 2ml局部封闭注射 ,每周 1次。 (2 )中药熏洗 :于局部封闭后第 2天开始中药熏洗。药物组成 :透骨草 30g ,伸筋草30 g ,苏木 2 0 g…     

Shift of peak torque angle after eccentric exercise

This study aims to investigate the changes in the mechanical properties of quadriceps muscle following a sub-maximal concentric-eccentric stepping exercise protocol. Twenty-four untrained healthy subjects aged 21.9 +/- 0.55 years were asked to perform a 10-minute stepping exercise where the dominant leg worked eccentrically and the non-dominant leg worked concentrically at a rate of 15 cycles/min. The quadriceps isokinetic peak torque and the corresponding peak torque angle at angular velocity of 60 degrees /sec, and muscle soreness were determined at baseline, immediately after, day 1 and day 2 after the exercise protocol. Repeated measures of ANOVA showed no change in the peak torque after the eccentric exercise and concentric exercise (p > 0.05). There was a significant shift in the peak torque angle to longer muscle lengths in the eccentrically-exercised leg immediately (65.6 +/- 2.21 degrees ) and on the following two days after exercise (day 1: 68.3 +/- 2.71 degrees ; day 2: 67.4 +/- 2.51 degrees ) when compared with baseline (61.4 +/- 1.55 degrees , p < 0.05). These features were not observed in the concentrically-exercised leg. Eccentric exercise produced a higher level of soreness than concentric exercise at day 1 and 2 after the protocol. Submaximal eccentric exercise could bring about changes in the muscle properties resulting in a shift in the angle-torque relationship to longer muscle length without significant force deficit.     

The effect of passive stretching on delayed onset muscle soreness, and other detrimental effects following eccentric exercise

The aim of this study was to measure if passive stretching would influence delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), dynamic muscle strength, plasma creatine kinase concentration (CK) and the ratio of phosphocreatine to inorganic phosphate (PCr/Pi) following eccentric exercise. Seven healthy untrained women, 28–46 years old, performed eccentric exercise with the right m. quadriceps in an isokinetic dynamometer (Biodex, angle velocity: 60°. s⁻¹) until exhaustion, in two different experiments, with an interval of 13-23 months. In both experiments the PCr/P_i ratio, dynamic muscle strength, CK and muscle pain were measured before the eccentric exercise (day 0) and the following 7 d. In the second experiment daily passive stretching (3 times of 30 s duration, with a pause of 30 s in between) of m. quadriceps was included in the protocol. The stretching was performed before and immediately after the eccentric exercise at day 0, and before measurements of the dependent variables daily for the following 7 d. The eccentric exercise alone led to significant decreases in PCr/P_i ratio ( P <0.001) and muscle strength ( P <0.001), and an increase in CK concentration ( P <0.01). All subjects reported pain in the right m. quadriceps with a peak 48 h after exercise. There was no difference in the reported variables between experiments one and two. It is concluded that passive stretching did not have any significant influence on increased plasma- CK, muscle pain, muscle strength and the PCr/P_i ratio, indicating that passive stretching after eccentric exercise cannot prevent secondary pathological alterations.     

Muscle function at the wrist after eccentric exercise

PURPOSE: The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the effects of eccentric exercise by the wrist extensor muscles on the function and motor control of synergist wrist extensor muscles and the antagonist wrist flexor muscles. METHODS: Ten subjects were tested repeatedly over a period of 11 d, once before and four times after a bout of strenuous eccentric exercise with the wrist extensor muscles. Tests performed as indicators of muscle injury were wrist extension MVC, ROM, and soreness. Tests performed as measures of function and motor control were maximum joint velocity, ability to sustain a constant torque, and the ability to track a changing torque. RESULTS: Indicators of muscle injury: subjects exhibited a decline in wrist extension MVC and ROM, which peaked on day 1, and reported that muscle soreness was greatest on day 2. All measures returned to baseline values by day 10. Measures of function and motor control: subjects exhibited a greater difficulty sustaining a submaximal contraction and tracking torque after eccentric exercise. Greater torque variances in these tests were most evident at high torque levels. Subjects exhibited the greatest difficulty 24 h after eccentric exercise and had recovered by day 10. There was no change in maximal wrist extension velocity. CONCLUSIONS: Strenuous eccentric exercise by wrist extensors had an effect on function and motor control of the wrist extensor muscles. The effect was most evident during contractions in which high torque was required. The response of all of the wrist extensors after the exercise bout was similar, suggesting that they operated in a synergistic manner. The antagonists wrist flexors showed increased coactivation after eccentric exercise.     

Is recovery from muscle damage retarded by a subsequent bout of eccentric exercise inducing larger decreases in force?

The aim of this study was to investigate whether a subsequent bout of eccentric exercise inducing larger decreases in force than the initial bout would exacerbate muscle damage and retard recovery. Changes in indirect markers of muscle damage were measured over 14 days when 24 maximal eccentric actions of the elbow flexors were performed on days 1 (ECC1) and 7 (ECC2], with electrical stimulation superimposed percutaneously to the elbow flexors during maximal eccentric actions in ECC2. Maximal isometric force (MIF), range of motion (ROM), upper arm circumference, muscle soreness, B-mode ultrasound, and several muscle proteins in the blood were assessed before, immediately after and for 5 days after both bouts. Magnetic resonance Imaging (MRI) was assessed 4 days after both bouts. MIF decreased to 45% of the pre-exercise value immediately after ECC 1 and recovered to 59% by day 7 post-exercise. MIF decreased to 22% of pre-ECC1 value immediately after ECC2, but recovered to 105% of pre-ECC2 value 5 days following ECC2. Recovery of MIF and ROM was slightly retarded for 1-2 days after ECC2. However circumference, muscle soreness, and biochemical parameters did not increase following ECC2. There were no signs of additional damage in ultrasound and MRI after ECC2. It was concluded that a second bout of maximal eccentric exercise with electrical stimulation slightly retarded recovery of muscle function with minimal muscle damage.     

急性离心运动后骨骼肌超微结构、钙依赖性蛋白酶和泛素的动态变化

目的:探讨1次离心运动后大鼠骨骼肌超微结构、Calpains和Ubiquitin的动态变化。方法:30只雄性SD大鼠随机分为对照组和1次离心运动后即刻组、24 h组和7天组。各运动组大鼠进行1次下坡跑运动,速度16 m/min,坡度?16°,运动100 min后休息10 min,再运动100 min,总时间200 min。分别在急性运动后即刻、24 h和第7天取材,测定血清LDH、CK活性和股四头肌超微结构及Calpain-1、Calpain-2和Ubiquitin含量。结果:①1次离心运动后即刻组大鼠股四头肌肌丝排列混杂、卷曲;运动后24 h出现轻度溶解、断裂,Z线不规则,局部Z线消失;运动后7天超微结构与对照组相比无显著变化。血清CK和LDH活性变化与股四头肌超微结构变化一致。②与对照组相比,运动后即刻组大鼠股四头肌Calpain-1、Calpain-2和Ubiquitin含量均有所降低,但均无显著性差异;运动后24 h组股四头肌Calpain-1、Calpain-2和Ubiquitin含量均显著高于对照组和运动后即刻组;运动后7天组与运动后24 h组相比均显著下降,而与对照组相比均无显著性差异。结论:①1次离心运动所致的骨骼肌损伤有一定的延迟性,骨骼肌损伤在运动后即刻从整体看并不严重,但在运动后24 h出现明显损伤,运动后7天基本恢复。②急性离心运动后骨骼肌Calpain和Ubiquitin含量变化与骨骼肌损伤的动态变化基本一致。     

Effects of hyperbaric oxygen on a human model of injury.

To determine whether intermittent exposures to hyperbaric oxygen enhance recovery from delayed-onset muscle soreness of the quadriceps, we conducted a randomized, controlled, double-blinded, prospective study using 66 untrained men between the ages of 18 and 35 years. After the induction of muscle soreness, these subjects were treated in a hyperbaric chamber over a 5-day period in two phases, with four groups (control, hyperbaric oxygen treatment, delayed treatment, and sham treatment) in the first phase; and three groups (3 days of treatment, 5 days of treatment, and sham treatment) in the second phase. The hyperbaric exposures involved 100% oxygen for 1 hour per day at 2.0 atm. The sham treatments involved 21% oxygen for 1 hour per day at 1.2 atm. We monitored recovery using a leg dynamometer to test eccentric torque of the nondominant quadriceps muscle before and immediately after exercise and at 48 and 96 hours after exercise. Pain was tested daily using visual analog pain scales. In phase 1 a significant difference in recovery of eccentric torque was noted in the treatment group compared with the other groups. In phase 2, the recovery of eccentric torque for the 5-day treatment group was significantly greater than for the sham group from immediately after exercise to 96 hours after exercise. The pain data did not differ significantly in any comparison in either phase. The results suggest that treatment with hyperbaric oxygen may enhance recovery of eccentric torque of the quadriceps muscle from delayed-onset muscle soreness.     

Human hamstring muscles adapt to eccentric exercise by changing optimum length

PURPOSE: It is now established that unaccustomed eccentric exercise leads to muscle fiber damage and to delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) in the days after exercise. However, a second bout of eccentric exercise, a week after the first, produces much less damage and soreness. The purpose of this study was to provide evidence from muscle mechanical properties of a proposed mechanism for this training effect in human hamstring muscles. METHODS: The eccentric exercise involved 12 sets of 6 repetition "hamstring lowers," performed on specially designed equipment. Hamstring angle-torque curves were constructed for each of 10 subjects (8 male and 2 female) while they performed maximum voluntary knee extension and flexion movements on an isokinetic dynamometer. Testing sessions were performed over the week before eccentric exercise, immediately post exercise, and daily, up to 8 d post exercise. Subject soreness ratings and leg girth measurements were also made post exercise. Six subjects performed a second bout of eccentric exercise, 8 d after the first, and measurements were continued up to 10 d beyond that. RESULTS: There was a significant shift in the optimum angle for torque generation (Lo), to longer muscle lengths immediately post exercise (7.7 degrees +/- 2.1 degrees, P < 0.01), indicating an increase in series compliance within some muscle fibers. Subsequent measurements showed increases in leg girth and some muscle soreness, suggesting muscle damage. The shift in Lo persisted, even after other injury parameters had returned to normal, consistent with a training effect. Subjects also showed fewer signs of muscle damage after the second exercise bout. CONCLUSION: This is the first study to show a sustained shift in optimum angle of human muscle as a protective strategy against injury from eccentric exercise. Implications of this work for athletes, particularly those prone to hamstring strains are discussed.     

1周跑台训练对大鼠骨骼肌α-actin基因表达的影响

离心运动可造成骨骼肌损伤，但缺乏对连续离心运动的适应性研究。本研究观察1次（B组）和1周（C组）下坡跑训练对大鼠腓肠肌肌动蛋白基因表达的影响及血清CK、LDH的变化。结果显示1次和1周训练后大鼠腓肠肌肌动蛋白基因表达都出现明显升高，B组大鼠血清CK、LDH运动后7天仍显著高于对照组，C组已恢复正常。结果提示连续离心运动可加速一次离心运动后肌肉损伤的恢复，机体对运动逐渐产生适应。     

Blood flow after contraction and cuff occlusion is reduced in subjects with muscle soreness after eccentric exercise

Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) occurs within 1‐2 days after eccentric exercise, but the mechanism mediating hypersensitivity is unclear. This study hypothesized that eccentric exercise reduces the blood flow response following muscle contractions and cuff occlusion, which may result in accumulated algesic substances being a part of the sensitization in DOMS. Twelve healthy subjects (five women) performed dorsiflexion exercise (five sets of 10 repeated eccentric contractions) in one leg, while the contralateral leg was the control. The maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) of the tibialis anterior muscle was recorded. Blood flow was assessed by ultrasound Doppler on the anterior tibialis artery (ATA) and within the anterior tibialis muscle tissue before and immediately after 1‐second MVC, 5‐seconds MVC, and 5‐minutes thigh cuff occlusion. Pressure pain thresholds (PPTs) were recorded on the tibialis anterior muscle. All measures were done bilaterally at day 0 (pre‐exercise), day 2, and day 6 (post‐exercise). Subjects scored the muscle soreness on a Likert scale for 6 days. Eccentric exercise increased Likert scores at day 1 and day 2 compared with day 0 (P <.001). Compared with pre‐exercise (day 0), reduced PPT (~25%, P <.002), MVC (~22%, P <.002), ATA diameter (~8%, P <.002), ATA post‐contraction/occlusion blood flow (~16%, P <.04), and intramuscular peak blood flow (~23%, P <.03) were found in the DOMS leg on day 2 but not in the control leg. These results showed that eccentric contractions decreased vessel diameter, impaired the blood flow response, and promoted hyperalgesia. Thus, the results suggest that the blood flow reduction may be involved in the increased pain response after eccentric exercise.