昆明山海棠提取物TH5对雄性大鼠的抗生育活性

为了开发避孕新药，作者对昆明山海棠提取物ＴＨ５的抗生育活性进行了研究。５批Ｗｉｓｔａｒ成年雄性大鼠灌服ＴＨ５（１１６ｍｇ／ｋｇ）３０天后的雄性抗生育有效率平均为９７％（８６／８９）。停服ＴＨ５２０天后的大鼠附睾尾部三项精子参数统计值明显低于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５或Ｐ＜０．０１）；停服ＴＨ５５０天后，９０％的受试大鼠恢复生育，其附睾尾部的三项精子参数值与对照组相比无显著差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。ＴＨ５对大鼠体重、睾丸重量与大小等无影响。认为ＴＨ５具有发展为男用避孕药的良好前景。     

切除颌下腺对大鼠睾酮和精子顶体酶活力的影响

本实验对大鼠切除颌下腺３０和４８天时，睾丸和附睾重量、血清睾酮水平及精子顶体酶活力进行了观察。结果显示：（１）切除颌下腺的实验组，睾丸和附睾重量明显低于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５，Ｐ＜０．０１），睾丸脏器系数也明显降低（Ｐ＜０．０１），但附睾脏器系数无明显降低（Ｐ＞０．０５）；（２）血清睾酮水平３０天时实验组略低于对照组，４８天时为２．４１ｎｍｏｌ／Ｌ，明显低于对照组的４．４９ｎｍｏｌ／Ｌ（Ｐ＜０．０１）；（３）实验组的精子顶体酶活力分别为７．１９和６．００ｍＵ／ｍｌ明显低于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１）分别降低了５５．１％和６１．１％。结果表明表皮生长因子（ＥＧＦ）参与了调节睾酮的分泌，并能影响精子顶体酶活力以及睾丸和附睾的重量。     

国产右旋心得安对大鼠的抗生育作用及其对血糖和血脂代谢的影响

对有效交配前后，Ｓ－ｎ大鼠，阴道内给予４０ｍｇ／ｍｌ浓度的国产右旋心得安溶液０．２ｍｌ，每日一次，连续１～３天，于７～１０天后剖检大鼠子宫，观察着床情况，同时在非交配状态下，如上用药连续８周，并每２周采血一次，测定血糖和血脂水平。结果：用药组着床点均较正常对照组明显减少（Ｐ＜０．０５～０．０１），尤以交配前用药组为最显著（Ｐ＜０．０１），在交配前后用药组之间差异，无显著意义（Ｐ＞０．０５）。连续用药８周血糖和血脂浓度均无明显影响。提示国产右旋－心得安溶液阴道内给药具有良好的杀精子抗生育作用和抗着床效果，值得进一步研究。     

5α-还原酶活性在人与大鼠附睾不同部位的分布

为进一步了解５α－还原酶对附睾功能和精子成熟过程的作用，将大鼠及人附睾按头、体、尾分段分别制备匀浆，用已建立的５α－还原酶（５α－Ｒ）活性测定方法，测定胞浆、微粒体及核内５α－Ｒ．Ｉ、Ｉ型同功酶的活性分布。结果：（１）大鼠附睾５α－Ｒ活性分布与人附睾细胞核中５α－Ｒ活性分布一致，呈头高、尾低梯度递减（Ｐ＜０．０１），而微粒体及胞浆中不完全一致，体部较高、尾部最低（Ｐ＜０．０５）。（２）人与大鼠附睾５α－Ｒ活性在核及微粒体中高于胞浆，且微粒体与胞浆之间有相关性（ｒ＝０．８７５９）。（３）大鼠Ｉ、Ｉ型同功酶之间活性无明显差异（Ｐ＞０．０５），而人微粒体中５α－Ｒ．Ｉ型同功酶占优势。５α－Ｒ活性的这种分布特点与精子在附睾中逐步成熟过程相一致，提示５α－Ｒ可能是调节附睾精子成熟的重要核因子之一。     

大鼠附睾精子运动调节的有关因子研究

精子在附睾成熟中其运动能力的获得和发展过程十分复杂，受众多因素的影响和调节，包括附睾内精子本身因素、附睾内环境及一些附睾内调节因子对精子的作用。我们用附睾微穿刺等技术获得附睾液，并分别应用生物化学、生物发光等方法分段研究了大鼠附睾精子成熟过程中精子ＡＴＰ、钙调蛋白和附睾液肉毒碱含量及其活性变化规律。结果发现大鼠附睾液内肉毒碱含量随附睾头、体、尾移行而逐渐增加，均值（－χ±Ｓ－χ）分别为４８．７±３．６４．２±３．６、９０．２±５．３ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ；附睾精子ＡＴＰ含量（×１０－１０ｍｏｌ／ｌ０６精子）也呈此种变化，分别为１．５±０．２、２．８±０．４、４．６±２．５；附睾精子钙调蛋白活性（×ｌ０－４ｎｍｏｌ／ｌ０８精子）分别为２．６±０．７、３３±０．７、１．４±０．２，其中以体部精子最高，尾部精子最低。并针对该结果及这些调节因子对精子附睾成熟中运动能力的调节作用及其机理作了一些探讨。     

昆明山海棠抗生育活性提取物TH_5对雄性大鼠性行为与血清性激素水平影响的观察

为了开发避孕新药,本文报告昆明山海棠抗生育活性提取物ＴＨ５ 对Ｗｉｓｔａｒ 成年雄性大鼠抗生育试验的性行为观察与血清性激素水平。灌服ＴＨ５（１１６ ｍｇ／ｋｇ·ｄ－ １ ×３０ ｄ） 的雄性大鼠与未交配过的成年雌性大鼠合笼后,其阴栓与阴道涂片精子检出率及服药雄鼠的血清Ｔ、ＬＨ、ＦＳＨ之ＲＩＡ 测定值,和对照大鼠组相比均无统计学差异（ Ｐ＞ ０．０５） ,表明ＴＨ５ 可能并不干扰受试雄鼠的性欲与血清性激素水平。     

TH胶松质骨栓塞在椎体手术中止血作用的实验研究及临床应用

作者采用ＴＨ胶（α－氰基丙烯酸正辛酯单体）椎体松质骨内注射，栓塞骨小梁网眼及微循环血管的方法减少椎体手术中的失血量。统一椎体切除范围及失血称量方法，１２只猪随机分为２组：（１）ＴＨ胶栓塞组。显露Ｌ＿２椎体，于后半钻孔２排，每排５孔，每钻一孔，先注入氟脲嘧啶０．５ｍｌ，注入ＴＨ胶后切除骨质；（２）对照组。按常规方法切除相同范围骨质。结果表明栓塞组的失血量（１２．５±３．４５ｇ）明显少于（ｐ＜０．０１）对照组的失血量（５５．３±１９．７７ｇ）。注入的ＴＨ胶填充于骨松质网眼中，血管被栓塞和压迫。加入氟脲嘧啶可明显缩短ＴＨ胶固化时间，防止了异位栓塞的发生。本法操作简单，术中可随时加用，无不良反应。临床初步应用获得了良好效果。     

全身性非特异性免疫反应对大鼠睾丸功能的影响──Ⅱ.激素水平的变化

本实验以ＳＤ雄性大鼠为实验对象，采用碳粒血管内注射的方法，给动物造成一种全身性的非特异性免疫反应状态，以观察在这种状态下睾丸和垂体的激素分泌情况。动物经每天１次，共１０天的碳粒鼠尾静脉注射后，血浆睾酮的水平（０．８９６±０．３５８ｎｇ／ｄｌ，ｎ＝５）明显低于对照组（２．６５６±０．９９３ｎｇ／ｄｌ，ｎ＝７，Ｐ＜０．００５）；血浆ＬＨ（３．６７６±１．３５０ｍＩＵ／ｍｌ，ｎ＝９，４．６２７±２．５３９ｍＩＵ／ｍｌ，ｎ＝１０）两组比较无显著差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）；ＦＳＨ实验组（３．３６２±０．９２６ｍＩＵ／ｍｌ，ｎ＝９）与对照组相比明显降低（４．８９４±１．２３６ｍＩＵ／ｍｌ，ｎ＝１０，Ｐ＜０．０１）。实验组动物睾丸间质内ＡＣＰ阳性反应细胞增多，而β－羟基甾体脱氢酶反应消失。作者认为全身性的免疫反应既可以通过垂体也可以直接的作用于睾丸内的相关细胞，从而影响睾丸的功能。     

精子运动轨迹图像分析影响因素的探讨

报告了正常生育男性春夏秋冬的精子运动平均速度的正常值范围分别为２４．６±２．１，３０．９±３．０，３１．２±２．７和２３．５±２．２μｍ／ｓ。探讨了季节（温度）、生育年龄、禁欲时间等因素对精子运动轨迹图像分析的影响。结果表明，冬春与夏秋季节对精子运动轨迹有明显的影响（Ｐ＜０．０１）；春季与冬季，夏季与秋季精子运动速度无显著差异；生育年龄和禁欲时间对精子运动轨迹无影响。实验表明，男性在生育力旺盛期间（２１～４８岁），睾丸的功能是相对稳定的，人类的生殖也无季节性变化。     

精子运动轨迹图像分析影响因素的探讨

本文报告了正常生育男性春夏秋冬的精子运动平均速度的正常值范围分别为２４．６±２．１，３０．９±３．０，３１．２±２．７，和２３．５±２．２μｍ／ｓ。探讨了季节（温度）、生育年龄、禁欲时间等因素对精子运动轨迹图像分析的影响。结果表明，冬春与夏秋季节对精子运动轨迹有明显的影响（Ｐ＜０．０１）；春季与冬季，夏季与秋季精子运动速度无显著差异；生育年龄和禁欲时间对精子运动轨迹无影响。实验表明男性在生育力旺盛期间（２１～４８岁），睾丸的功能是相对稳定的，人类的生殖也无季节性变化。     

Effects of altered epididymal sperm transit time on sperm quality

The epididymal sperm transit time seems to have an important role in the process of sperm maturation, and it seems that alterations to the transit can harm the process. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the influence of altered sperm transit time through the epididymis on sperm parameters and fertility of rats, as well as the role of testosterone in the alterations. Sprague–Dawley adult male rats were randomly assigned to four different groups and were treated for 12 days: (i) 10 μg/rat/day DES, to accelerate the transit; (ii) 6.25 mg/kg/day guanethidine sulphate, to delay the transit; (iii) same treatment as group 1, plus androgen supplementation; (iv) control animals received the vehicles. Guanethidine treatment delayed the sperm transit time through the epididymal cauda, provoking increased sperm reserves in this region. Animals exposed to DES showed an acceleration of sperm transit time in the epididymis, and consequently decreased sperm density in both epididymal regions, the caput-corpus and cauda, and diminished sperm motility. In both cases sperm production was not altered. Testosterone supplementation was able to restore the transit time to values close to normality, as they were higher than in the control rats. The same occurred in relation to sperm motility. Rats exposed to DES presented lower fertility after in utero artificial insemination using sperm collected from the proximal cauda epididymis. Therefore, it was concluded that the acceleration of rat sperm transit time appeared to harm normal sperm maturation, thus decreasing sperm quality and fertility capacity, in an androgen-dependent way.     

Sexual behaviour, sperm quantity and quality after short-term streptozotocin-induced hyperglycaemia in rats

Studies of diabetes mellitus in the streptozotocin rat model suggest that sexual dysfunctions may result from diabetes-induced alterations of the neuroendocrine-reproductive tract axis. Our investigation was performed to better define the effects of short-term hyperglycaemia on rat epididymal sperm quantity, quality and transit time, using both natural mating and artificial in utero insemination protocols. Male rats were made diabetic with streptozotocin (sc, 40 mg/kg), whereas controls received vehicle. Sexual behaviour was tested after 15 days and sperm fertilizing ability was checked 22 days after the injection through natural mating and artificial in utero insemination. Other parameters such as daily sperm production, testosterone levels, as well as sperm morphology and motility were also investigated. Fifty per cent of the diabetic animals showed no copulatory behaviour during tests and the number of animals reaching ejaculation was smaller in the diabetic group when compared with the control group (33% vs. 83%). Diabetes resulted in decreased body and reproductive organ weights, as well as diminished sperm counts in the testis and epididymis, that were associated with diminution of plasmatic testosterone levels. After natural mating, there was a decrease in the fertility in the diabetic adult male rats (25.5%) compared with control animals (81.5%). However, distal cauda epididymal sperm from diabetic rats displayed normal fertilization ability (91.5%) using in utero insemination. There were no effects of hyperglycaemia on sperm transit time in the epididymis and on spermatogenesis. Our results indicate that diabetes mellitus produces reproductive dysfunction, but does not compromise sperm fertilizing ability in the cauda epididymis in this experimental model.     

Evaluation of effects of 1,3-dinitrobenzene on sperm motility of hamster using computer assisted semen analysis （CASA）

Aim: To evaluate the effects of 1,3-dinitrobenznene (mDNB) on sperm motility of hamster and to correlate the resuits with the fertility. Methods: Adult male hamsters were gavaged with one of the 3 dose regimes of mDNB (1.5 mg daily for 4 weeks, 1.5 mg one day a week for 4 weeks and 1.0 mg 3 days a week for 4 weeks). Computer assisted semen analysis (CASA) was used to analyse the sperm motility parameters, curvilinear velocity (VCL) and straight line velocity (VSL) of sperm in distal corpus epididymides and distal cauda epididymides. In vitro fertilisation was carried out only for l. 5 mg mDNB daily group to determine the sperm fertilising capacity. Results: There was a significant reduction in sperm velocity parameters at weeks 3 and 4 after treatment, which was correlated with a decline in sperm fertility. Conclusion: Sperm velocity parameters may be used to determine the effect of a toxic insult on the sperm function.     

荧光酶法测定大鼠附睾精子ATP含量

参照ＬＫＢ公司新的ＡＴＰ测定法，测定了大鼠附睾精子ＡＴＰ含量，并比较了大鼠附睾头、尾部精子ＡＴＰ含量的差别及活动精子百分率的关系。结果表明，附睾尾部活动精子百分率和ＡＴＰ含量均明显高于附睾头部的精子     

Sperm structural and motility changes during aging in the Brown Norway rat

The Brown Norway rat provides a useful model to study aging of the male reproductive tract because of the selective age-dependent pathological changes that are found in the testis, epididymis, and prostate. In the testis, there is a clear age-dependent decrease in both steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis. In the epididymis, some striking segment-specific changes occur at the histological and biochemical levels prior to the major loss of spermatogenesis. We hypothesized that formation of spermatozoa in the testis and maturation of spermatozoa in the epididymis (ie, acquisition of motility and loss of the cytoplasmic droplet) may be altered during aging. Changes in the morphology of spermatozoa were assessed by light and electron microscopy. Using computer-assisted sperm analysis, the motility parameters of spermatozoa obtained from the caput and cauda epididymidis of young and old Brown Norway rats were compared. In old animals, we also compared the motility of spermatozoa from epididymides adjacent to regressed testes with those from epididymides adjacent to nonregressed testes. There was a marked increase with age in the number of spermatozoa with abnormal flagellar midpieces; the nature of these defects did not change with age. In caput epididymidis, the percentage of motile sperm was similar in young and old rats. In contrast, the percentage of motile spermatozoa was significantly decreased in cauda epididymidis of old rats; spermatozoa from the regressed testis side had altered motility characteristics. Furthermore, in the cauda epididymidis on the regressed testis side of aged Brown Norway rats, the proportion of spermatozoa that retained their cytoplasmic droplet was markedly elevated. Some of these effects are likely due to changes taking place in spermatozoa during the process of spermatogenesis in the testis (eg, formation of the flagellum), whereas others could occur during sperm maturation in the epididymis (eg, acquisition of motility). The multiple effects of aging on sperm morphology, the acquisition of motility, and the shedding of the cytoplasmic droplet clearly indicate that the quality of spermatozoa is affected by aging.     

Effect of piperine on the epididymis of adult male rats

Aim： To study the effect of piperine on the epididymal antioxidant system of adult male rats. Methods： Adult male rats were orally administered piperine at doses of 1 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg body weight each day for 30 consecutive days. Twenty-four hours after the last treatment, the rats were weighed and killed with ether and the epididymis was dissected from the bodies. Sperm collected from the cauda region of the epididymis was used for the assessment of its count, motility and viability. Caput, corpus and cauda regions of the epididymis were separated and homogenized separately to obtain 10 % homogenates. The supernatants were used for the assays of sialic acid, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, lipid peroxidation and hydrogen peroxide generation. Results： Body weight of the piperine-treated rats remained unchanged. The weights of the caput, corpus and cauda regions of the epididymis significantly decreased at dose of 100 mg/kg. Epididymal sperm count and motility decreased at 10 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg, and sperm viability decreased significantly at 100 mg/kg. Sialic acid levels in the epididymis decreased significantly at 100 mg/kg while significant decrease in the cauda region alone was observed at 10 mg/kg. A significant decline in the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase, along with an increase in hydrogen peroxide generation and lipid peroxidation were observed at 10 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg. Conclusion： Piperine caused a decrease in the activity of antioxidant enzymes and sialic acid levels in the epididymis and thereby increased reactive oxygen species levels that could damage the epididymal environment and sperm function.     

Assessment of nuclear DNA integrity of epididymal spermatozoa following experimental chronic spinal cord injury in the rat

Infertility is considered as one of the major problems associated with spinal cord injury (SCI). However, the exact underlying mechanism is still unknown. Therefore, the main objective of this experimental study was to evaluate the effect of chronic SCI on sperm parameters as well as chromatin integrity and DNA of spermatozoa aspirated from cauda epididymis of rats. Forty-five adult Wistar rats were divided into three groups - SCI, sham, and control. Following laminectomy, SCI was induced onto exposed dura matter (T10). The sham group underwent laminectomy of T10 only, while the control rats were not exposed to any type of injury or medication. The cauda epididymal sperms were aspirated after 8 weeks for analysis of sperm parameters and sperm chromatin integrity with aniline blue (AB), chromomycin A3 (CMA3), sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), and acridine orange (AO) tests. The sperm progressive motility and normal morphology of SCI rats were significantly changed when compared with other groups (p < 0.05). In addition, AB as well as CMA3 tests were insignificantly increased in the SCI group when compared with the sham and control groups. However, SDS and AO tests were significantly changed in SCI samples when compared with the sham and control groups (p < 0.001). The results showed that chronic SCI in rat disturbs sperm parameters as well as nuclear maturity and DNA integrity of sperms. Therefore, sperm chromatin structure is compromised in SCI animals as revealed by chromatin structural probes. These alterations may reduce the fertility potential of the male gamete following SCI.     

Effects of 6-Chloro-6-deoxyglucose on Electrolyte and Water Transport in the Epididymis and Fertility of Male Rats

The effects of 6-chloro-6-deoxyglucose (6 CDG) on the transport of electrolytes and water in the cauda epididymidis and fertility of male rats were studied. Injection of 6 CDG into male rats at a dose rate of 120 μM/kg/day for 7–14 days induced sterility and inhibited sodium and water reabsorption in the perfused cauda epididymidis by about 60%. The rates of potassium and protein secretion were unaffected. When these rats were allowed to recover for 10 weeks, both fertility and the Na and water reabsorption of the cauda were restored. It is proposed that the chlorinated sugar may affect cpididymal sperm metabolism through an effect on the transport function of the epididymis.     

Posttesticular antifertility action of triptolide in the male rat: evidence for severe impairment of cauda epididymal sperm ultrastructure

A variety of active diterpene epoxides, including the triptolide (isolated from Tripterygium wilfordii) have been reported to cause infertility in male rats. Previously, we showed that oral administration of triptolide at a dosage of 100 microg/kg per body weight for 70 days completely inhibited fertility in male rats, with little or no demonstrable detrimental effect on spermatogenesis and Leydig cell function as determined by testicular light microscopic appearance and serum and intratesticular testosterone levels. Despite the apparent absence of effects on the testes, cauda epididymal sperm were abnormal, with complete cessation of sperm motility and some reduction in sperm numbers. This study was undertaken to provide additional insight into the subcellular sites and possible mechanisms of action of this compound using ultrastructural analysis of the testes and epididymidis. The most striking effect of triptolide treatment was observed in sperm in the epididymis. In rats rendered infertile with 100 microg/kg per body weight of triptolide daily for 70 days, virtually all cauda epididymal sperm exhibited complete absence of plasma membrane over the entire middle and principal piece, premature decondensation of the nuclei, and disorganization of the mitochondrial sheath with many vacuolated mitochondria. No ultrastructural differences in the epididymal epithelium were observed between control and triptolide-treated rats. The testes appeared to be mildly affected after triptolide treatment but exhibited only subtle ultrastructural defects in the germ cells. The findings of severe impairment of cauda epididymal sperm ultrastructure, along with minimal discernible abnormalities in the fine structural cytology of the testes, further suggest that the site of action of this compound is posttesticular and may be confined to the cauda epididymal sperm. However, we cannot rule out an effect of triptolide that occurs during germ cell maturation but is delayed in its manifestation or triggered at the rete testis and epididymal level.