骨髓移植诱导免疫耐受家兔全耳同种移植

目的为了减轻免疫诱导过程中对受体的侵袭,进一步探讨以家兔为动物模型,通过异体骨髓移植诱导同种皮肤移植免疫耐受.方法通过骨髓腔内直接注射异体骨髓细胞,进行骨髓移植.结果皮片的平均存活时间是(88.0±6.0)天(P<0.001).为了探讨其普遍性,我们用此诱导方法,还进行了同种全耳移植.平均存活时间是(146.0±15.1)天,并有1只移植耳存活时间已超过1年,未见任何排斥反应.结论本研究证明了以家兔为动物模型,在不使用免疫抑制剂的情况下,通过骨髓腔内直接注射异体骨髓细胞,进行骨髓移植的方法,不仅在皮肤移植上可以诱导长期稳定的特异性免疫耐受,而且在实质性器官耳的同种移植上取得了良好的效果.     

骨髓移植诱导特异性免疫耐受同种皮肤移植的动物实验研究

目的证实通过动物实验模型的骨髓移植可以诱导同种皮肤移植的免疫耐受.方法将114只日本白色家兔和Dutch家兔分为对照组和实验组,日本白色家兔作为供体,Dutch家兔作为受体.对照组,在不使用免疫抑制剂的情况下,将12只日本白色家兔与12只Dutch家兔行相同面积的背部全厚皮肤互换移植,观察其成活时间.实验组,将45只日本白色家兔和45只Dutch家兔行全厚皮肤移植的同时行骨髓移植,然后将作为受体的Dutch家兔分为A,B,C,D四组,分别行非致死量的γ射线全身照射的骨髓细胞移植及同种皮肤移植,观察移植皮肤的成活时间.结果对照组,供体与受体移植皮肤的平均成活时间分别为(12.0±1.7)天和(10.3±1.3)天.实验组,A,B,C,D四组移植皮肤的平均成活时间分别为(61.0± 7.2)、(80.7± 10.4)、(78.8± 12.7)、(88.0± 6.0)天.结论通过骨髓移植导特异性免疫耐受同种皮肤移植的动物实验,旨在为临床应用提供了理论基础及可靠依据,为同种组织重建提供一个新方法.     

骨髓移植诱导特异性免疫耐受同种皮肤移植的动物实验研究

目的　证实通过动物实验模型的骨髓移植可以诱导同种皮肤移植的免疫耐受。方法　将 114只日本白色家兔和Dutch家兔分为对照组和实验组 ,日本白色家兔作为供体 ,Dutch家兔作为受体。对照组 ,在不使用免疫抑制剂的情况下 ,将 12只日本白色家兔与 12只Dutch家兔行相同面积的背部全厚皮肤互换移植 ,观察其成活时间。实验组 ,将 4 5只日本白色家兔和 4 5只Dutch家兔行全厚皮肤移植的同时行骨髓移植 ,然后将作为受体的Dutch家兔分为A ,B ,C ,D四组 ,分别行非致死量的γ射线全身照射的骨髓细胞移植及同种皮肤移植 ,观察移植皮肤的成活时间。结果　对照组 ,供体与受体移植皮肤的平均成活时间分别为 (12 .0± 1.7)天和 (10 .3± 1.3)天。实验组 ,A ,B ,C ,D四组移植皮肤的平均成活时间分别为 (6 1.0± 7.2 )、(80 .7± 10 .4 )、(78.8± 12 .7)、(88.0± 6 .0 )天。结论　通过骨髓移植导特异性免疫耐受同种皮肤移植的动物实验 ,旨在为临床应用提供了理论基础及可靠依据 ,为同种组织重建提供一个新方法     

同种异体反应性淋巴细胞克隆疫苗回输诱导受体特异性免疫耐受的研究

目的：探讨同种异体移植抗原抗原特异性免疫耐受诱导的新途径，以达到心肺移植长期存活的目的。方法：以同种异体反应性淋巴细胞克隆在体外培养条件下大量增殖后，作为自身独特性疫苗，体内注射免疫家兔，以混合淋巴细胞反应来观察免疫前和免疫后对供体淋巴细胞刺激指数（SI）的变化。结果：同种异体反应性自身独特型淋巴细胞疫苗具有显著诱导特异性免疫应答移植现象，SI值显著降低（P＜0．05），而对卡介苗诱导的特异性免疫应答并未因独特型淋巴细胞疫苗的应用而下降，结论：同种异体反应性自身独特型淋巴细胞疫苗有可能成为诱导抗原特异性免疫耐受的一种手段。     

Tregs对同种异体牙移植免疫排斥反应的抑制作用

目的 探讨Tregs对同种异体牙移植术后免疫排斥反应的抑制作用,提供一种免疫移植方法.方法 免疫抑制剂Tregs给予白鼠尾巴静脉注射1周,建立白鼠同种异体牙移植模型,术后观察移植牙存活、排异发生率及程度.结果同种异体牙均诱发免疫排斥反应,但Tregs注射后免疫排斥反应的时间缓慢,组织切片存活时间显著延长（P＜0.01）.结论 使用免疫抑制剂是预防同种异体牙移植免疫排斥反应的有效方案,可以使同种异体牙移植免疫排斥反应延迟,存活时间延长.     

同种异体反应性淋巴细胞克隆疫苗回输诱导受体特异性免疫耐受研究

目的 探讨同种异体移植抗原特异性耐受诱导的新途径。方法 以同种异体反应性淋巴细胞克隆在体外培养条件下大量增殖后作为自身独特性疫苗,体内注射免疫家兔,以混合淋巴细胞反应来观察免疫前和免疫后对供体淋巴细胞刺激指数（SI）的变化。结果 同种异体反应性自身独特淋巴细胞疫苗具有显著诱导特异性免疫应答抑制现象,SI值显著降低（P＜0．005）,而对卡介苗诱导的特异性免疫应答并未因独特型淋巴细胞疫苗的应用下降。结论 同种异体反应性自身独特型淋巴细胞疫苗可能成为诱导抗原特异性免疫耐受的一种手段,作为心肺移植受体的术前准备。     

兔同种异体异位膝关节移植模型的建立

目的建立兔同种异体异位膝关节移植实验动物模型.方法在观察兔的下肢解剖的基础上,设计兔同种异体异位膝关节移植术;观察吻合血管同种异体膝关节移植组的自然病程.结果兔吻合血管同种异体膝关节移植共9例,移植成功7例,移植物平均存活(13.57±0.79)d,移植物液化坏死,受体生命体征受排斥反应影响大.结论兔同种异体异位膝关节移植模型操作简便,表现稳定,适用于复合组织移植免疫的研究.     

外用环孢素A联合CTLA4Ig延长异体移植鼠耳存活的研究

目的　探讨局部外用环孢素 A(Cs A)联合细胞毒性淋巴细胞相关抗原 4融合蛋白 (CTL A4 Ig)对异体复合组织移植的免疫抑制及诱导免疫耐受的作用。方法　建立吻合血管的同种异体大鼠耳廓移植模型 ,术后在移植耳皮肤表面外涂 Cs A并联合 CTL A4 Ig腹腔注射治疗 ,观察移植物的排斥反应及存活时间 ,检测移植后受体血清白细胞介素 - 2 (IL- 2 )含量变化。结果　对照组平均存活时间为 (7.8± 1.7)天 ;单纯用 Cs A治疗组为 (15 .2± 1.9)天 ,单纯CTL A4 Ig治疗组为 (16 .6± 2 .1)天 ;Cs A +CTL A4 Ig联合治疗组为 (2 8.8± 3.5 )天 ,与其它各组相比均有统计学意义 (P<0 .0 1) ;且联合治疗组的受体血清 IL - 2含量最低 ,尤以第 5、7天为著 ,与其它各组相比有统计学意义 (P<0 .0 1)。结论　局部外用 Cs A联合 CTL A4 Ig能有效抑制异体复合组织移植排斥反应 ,显著延长移植物存活时间。     

同种异体耳移植的模型建立

目的 建立同种异体耳移植的动物模型.方法 以青紫蓝兔和日本大耳白兔为实验动物.以耳大动脉、耳大静脉及外侧耳缘静脉为蒂,获得单侧(右)全耳,应用显微外科微血管吻合技术进行异体移植.其中青紫蓝兔为受体,日本大耳白兔为供体.实验共选用15对(青紫蓝兔和日本大耳白兔各15只)动物,随机分为两组:A组,对照组(n=5对),行自体兔耳离断回植术;B组,实验组(n=10对)行同种异体耳移植术.动、静脉吻合均选用端端吻合技术.术后观察移植耳存活、急性排异发生情况及供体组织的病理分级.结果 ①通过1%甲紫溶液灌注显示应用此方式获得的游离耳模型,在以耳大动脉、耳大静脉及同侧耳缘静脉为蒂供血后,可以保证耳移植后的存活.②A组自体移植复合组织瓣存活30 d以上.③B组异体移植复合组织瓣全部发生排斥反应.结论 建立的同种异体兔耳移植模型可重复性强,是进行相关研究的良好模型.     

兔半侧颜面移植模型

目的 为异体颜面移植（换脸）的研究建立一种动物模型.方法 以青紫蓝兔及新西兰大白兔为实验动物,应用颈外动脉携带其分支颌外动脉和耳大动脉为蒂,获得半侧颜面游离复合组织瓣,进行同种异体移植,其中青紫蓝兔为受体、新西兰大白兔为供体.术后观测复合组织瓣的存活情况,检验实验动物模型的可行性.结果 通过美蓝显示应用本程序获得的游离复合组织瓣模型,依靠颈外动脉供血,可以保证其存活.结论 本实验程序可以作为研究异体颜面移植的一种良好模型.     

Transplantation of a whole ear allograft by immunological induction of donor-specific tolerance by bone marrow transplantation: An experimental study in rabbits

Previous studies in our laboratory have shown that giving bone marrow cells through the portal vein or intraosseous route is likely to be beneficial to tolerance of induction of allografts in rabbits. Using this model, we tested whether a less severe regimen for conditioning of the host can prevent rejection of allografts. Rabbits were given a single intraosseous injection of donor bone marrow cells and total body irradiation (7 Gy) and transplantation of skin and ear allografts. Mean skin allograft survival for this treatment was 88 days, which was similar to the results of our earlier study. A donor ear was accepted for more than a year with no signs of rejection. These results suggest that a single intraosseous injection of donor bone marrow cells is sufficient for induction of donor-specific tolerance in rabbits and that immunosuppressive agents may not be needed.     

同种异体原位心脏移植的手术护理配合

目的探讨同种异体原位心脏移植术的手术配合以提高手术成功率、缩短手术时间的相关因素。方法通过对10例患者实行同种异体原位心脏移植手术,分析总结心脏移植术中手术护理配合经验,逐步完善手术护理配合,以达到最快捷准确的手术配合效果,保证移植手术顺利完成。结果所有心脏移植手术术中完成顺利。术后1例患者因消化道出血死亡,其中1例患者术中吻合口渗血不止经填塞纱条止血,24小时后拔出引流物。9例患者术后住院时间14~30天,ICU监护时间为7~12天。结论充分的术前准备,术中有效的保暖措施,娴熟的护理配合,人员的调配,良好的心肌保护是心脏移植术顺利完成的有力保障。     

Current views on chronic rejection after lung transplantation

Chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD) was recently introduced as an overarching term mainly to classify patients with chronic rejection after lung transplantation, although other conditions may also qualify for CLAD. Initially, only the development of a persistent and obstructive pulmonary function defect, clinically identified as bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS), was considered as chronic rejection, if no other cause could be identified. It became clear in recent years that some patients do not qualify for this definition, although they developed a chronic and persistent decrease in FEV₁, without another identifiable cause. As the pulmonary function decline in these patients was rather restrictive, this was called restrictive allograft syndrome (RAS). In the present review, we will further elaborate on these two CLAD phenotypes, with specific attention to the diagnostic criteria, the role of pathology and imaging, the risk factors, outcome, and the possible treatment options.     

Uric acid and transplantation

Hyperuricemia is a common complication in organ transplant recipients, with a higher incidence in kidney and heart recipients. Risk factors for post-transplant hyperuricemia include reduced glomerular filtration rate, diuretic use, cyclosporine therapy, increasing age at transplant, obesity, and metabolic syndrome, as well as the presence of pretransplant hyperuricemia. The impact of hyperuricemia in patient and graft survival is unclear because uric acid only recently has been considered a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and graft survival. The effect of uric acid on graft function remains controversial, with studies suggesting that uric acid is an independent risk factor for chronic allograft dysfunction, contrasting with other studies suggesting that hyperuricemia is only a marker of reduced glomerular filtration rate. Strategies to reduce uric acid levels include reduction or avoidance of cyclosporine treatment, adequacy of antihypertension treatment, avoidance of diuretics, nutritional management, and use of uric acid–lowering agents. In this article, we review the incidence and risk factors for the development of post-transplant hyperuricemia, the effect of different immunosuppressive regimens in uric acid handling, and recent results from studies comparing uric acid levels and renal function in organ transplant recipients that try to identify which comes first: hyperuricemia or chronic allograft dysfunction?     

Radiographic sizing for meniscal transplantation

Allograft or synthetic meniscal replacement has the potential to delay the arthritic sequelae of the meniscectomized knee. Meniscal implants must, however, be side and size specific. A cadaveric study was performed in which medial and lateral menisci were painted with a radiopague tantalum power-cyanoacrylic mixture. Radiographs of this preparation demonstrated reproducible relationships between each meniscus and established bony landmarks. When corrected for magnification, meniscal size could be derived from plain films. Meniscal width equaled the distance (coronal) from the peak of the tibial eminence to the periphery of the tibial metaphysis on anteroposterior films. Meniscal length was measured from lateral radiographs. Medial meniscal length was 80%, and lateral meniscal length was 70% of the measured sagittal length of the tibial plateau. Measurement error averaged 7.8% by these parameters.     

Allograft vasculopathy after allogeneic vascularized knee transplantation

Composite tissue allotransplantation represents a new discipline in reconstructive surgery. Over the past 10 years, we have performed six human vascularized allogeneic knee transplantations. All of these grafts have been lost within the first 56 months. A histomorphologic assessment of the latest case resulted in the detection of diffuse concentric fibrous intimal thickening and occlusion of graft vessels. Findings are comparable with cardiac allograft vasculopathy. The lack of adequate tools for monitoring graft rejection might have allowed multiple untreated episodes of acute rejection, triggering myointimal proliferation and occlusion of graft vessels. Graft vasculopathy represents an obstacle to long‐term vascularized bone and joint allograft survival, and adequate tools for monitoring need to be developed.     

胸腺修饰诱导大鼠心脏移植耐受与白细胞介素-2,10的关系

目的在手术当天进行胸腺修饰,诱导大鼠同种心脏移植免疫耐受,并对其可能机制作初步分析.方法通过胸腺注射和围手术期短程使用FK506来诱导心脏移植耐受,观察供心存活天数、混合淋巴细胞反应及受体鼠血清中白细胞介素(IL)-2、IL-10水平的变化.结果无处理组、对照组、经典诱导组和实验组供心存活时间分别为(6.8±1.9)、(17.4±5.1)、(73.8±8.6)、(55.0±24.7)d,实验组与经典诱导组比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).无处理组、经典诱导组和实验组的供受体脾细胞混合淋巴细胞培养刺激效应分别为198.72%、95.80%、67.94%,实验组和经典诱导组较无处理组增殖反应均明显降低(P＜0.05),而两者间增殖反应差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).IL-10水平在无处理组移植心脏被排斥时为(48.10±5.14)ng/L较移植前(52.60±10.14)ng/L差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);而在实验组早期呈低水平表达,为(36.10±2.30)ng/L,术后中期(281.80±65.44)ng/L晚期(80.90±12.39)ng/L较移植前水平高得多,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).受体IL-2水平在无处理组发生排斥时为(159.80±59.19)ng/L较移植前(54.80±8.42)ng/L明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论心脏移植手术当日胸腺内注射供体同种抗原,与术前21 d胸腺注射的经典诱导组同样能诱导宿主对移植物的低反应状态;IL-2的水平与排斥反应的发生有关,而IL-10可能是免疫耐受的特异性指标,IL-10更可能与免疫耐受的维持有关.