汽车后送伤员附加装置隔振设计

采用钢丝绳隔振器设计了运输车后送伤员附加装置的隔振结构，并进行了隔振性能试验。5名受试者的试验结果表明，隔振装置的隔振性能良好，可衰减40％—70％的振动能量。本文为运输车后送伤员附加装置的隔振设计提供了一种新方法。     

一种通用型机载担架支架的研制

目的：研制一种通用的飞机担架支架装置。方法：以中轻度伤员的医学监护和简单救治的要求为前提，采用机械结构三维设计软件构建虚拟样机，用有限元分析软件与三维设计软件之间的无缝接口进行担架支架系统的结构有限元分析．通过迭代优化而获得担架支架装置钓最优结构设计。结果：该装置的结构强度符合相关规范的要求，能便捷可靠地安放担架及满足医疗设备挂装等附加功能。结论：该通用型机载担架支架装置适用于多种机型的空运后送，值得推广应用。     

空运后送伤员救护信息系统的设计

目的：设计一种基于Android平台的空运后送伤员救护信息系统,用于战时无网络环境下空运后送伤员救护信息的采集和管理。方法：该系统采用Java语言开发,数据库采用SQLite3,采用二维码、蓝牙等进行信息传递,并配套搭载Android平台的智能手持终端和便携式蓝牙打印机。整个系统由伤员医疗救护信息录入、救护信息扫描、救护信息管理、数据导入和系统设置5个模块组成。结果：该系统可以实现地面救护、空中转运和地面救护移交环节空运后送伤员的救护信息录入和管理,提高了伤员救护的时效性,降低了后送医疗救护的差错率。结论：该系统可迅速、准确地记录和管理空运后送伤员信息,为空运后送伤员后续治疗提供了有力的保障。     

核事故放射性污染伤员空运后送防护服的研制

目的 研制用于核事故放射性污染伤员空运后送防护服。方法 根据放射性污染伤员的后送救护和污染防护要求，选用防污材料，设计结构布局，在演练行动中论证该防护服的合理性和实用并加以改进。结果 该型防护服材料具有较好的防渗透、耐腐蚀等理化特性，整体采用连体式结构，对伤员体表覆盖率达到97%，设计6个医学操作窗口和体侧游离拉链，达到了有效防止伤员体表放射性污染扩散和方便医疗救护的效果。结论 完成了放射性污染伤员空运后送防护服的研制，可满足核事故救援行动中伤员转运需要。     

2009年卫勤演习空运后送护理及其装备的实践探讨

介绍了在卫勤演习中空运伤员登机前的医学护理装备、空运后送机上护理及其卫生装备,对空运医疗队防护、消毒和无菌技术提出了要求。通过对国外空运后送装备的分析,指出了国内空运后送装备存在的问题,以期为提高国内空运后送装备提供借鉴。     

地震批量伤员空运后送体系的构建

文章介绍了汶川地震的震中地区一映秀镇地震伤员的空运后送情况，分析了存在的问题。并以此为背景，对灾害救援中批量伤员空运后送体系的建立进行了探讨，认为建立强有力的组织指挥系统、完善空运后送的救治链是保证批量伤员实施有效空运后送的关键。文章还就建立我国专业空中救援机构提出了建议。     

直升机急救转运伤员流程设计

任突发事件中伤员需要紧急救治和后送．伤员后送分陆、海、空3个途径。空运后送具有快速、安全、机动灵活等优点。为适应突发事件应急医疗救援的需要,我院承担各种条件下的应急医疗保障和突发事件的紧急救治后送任务,需要加强医院空运后送保障力最的建设．提高应急空运救援能力。本义对直升机急救转运伤员的流程设计作初步探讨。     

“5.12”地震伤员空运后送的思考

目的总结汶川大地震灾区伤员急救和空运后送的组织管理经验,为各种突发灾害时组织伤员的急救和空运提供有益的参考。方法回顾性分析本院医疗队在汶川县映秀镇组织急救和空运113名伤员的管理经验。结果全部伤员经现场急救后,乘直升机安全飞抵目的地。结论科学救治分类、有力指挥协调是确保伤员急救和空运后送工作有序运行的关键。     

海军陆战队远程空运医疗后送探讨

空运后送在卫勤保障中的地位和作用日益突出,海军陆战队是国家执行重大军事任务时的重要力量,作者分析了美军海军陆战队伤员空运后送的现状、存在的问题及要求,并就其空运后送卫勤保障中常用药品、护理设备及医疗人员的配置情况做了总结,明确了提高空运医疗后送能力对于保证海军陆战队战斗力的重要作用。     

新型汽车运送伤员附加装置的研制

在选取新材料、新工艺的基础上,进行了汽车运送伤员附加装置总体结构设计、担架固定装置设计、隔振设计、车厢栏板卡固装置设计、人机工效参数设计等。力学性能试验、使用可靠性测试、道路适应性试验、乘卧舒适性试验和部队试验试用结果表明,本装置使用安全、可靠、方便、乘卧舒适性较好。本装置为我军野战条件下的伤病员送运提供了一套适用的新装备。     

Acceptance of quantity recipes with zero added salt by a military population

The average civilian young man consumes approximately 5.5 g sodium daily in food plus an additional 20% as added salt. The average intake of military personnel may exceed this civilian level. The Surgeons General of the Military Services established 1,700 mg sodium per 1,000 kcal as the goal for sodium content in menus served in military dining facilities. We tested the acceptability of quantity recipes with zero added salt and control recipes with added salt in military dining facilities. Twenty-eight test recipes with zero added salt were prepared and offered on the regular serving line. Military personnel selecting the test items rated them for acceptability on a nine-point hedonic scale. Only 6 of the 28 recipes with zero added salt were rated significantly less acceptable than the control recipes. Chemical analysis of the test recipes showed an 11% to 87% reduction in sodium and a 28% to 80% reduction in chloride. Our results indicate that dietitians and/or foodservice managers can produce quantity food recipes that are reduced in sodium and acceptable to customers.     

The effect of retinyl palmitate added to iron-fortified maize porridge on erythrocyte incorporation of iron in African children with vitamin A deficiency

Retinyl palmitate added to Fe-fortified maize bread has been reported to enhance Fe absorption in adult Venezuelan subjects but not in Western Europeans. It is not known to what extent these results were influenced by differences in vitamin A status of the study subjects. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the influence of retinyl palmitate added to Fe-fortified maize porridge on erythrocyte incorporation of Fe in children with vitamin A deficiency, before and after vitamin A supplementation. Erythrocyte incorporation of Fe-stable isotopes was measured 14 d after intake of maize porridge (2.0 mg Fe added as ferrous sulfate) with and without added retinyl palmitate (3.5 micromol; 3300 IU). The study was repeated 3 weeks after vitamin A supplementation (intake of a single dose of 210 micromol retinyl palmitate; 'vitamin A capsule'). Vitamin A status was evaluated by the modified relative dose-response (MRDR) technique. Retinyl palmitate added to the test meal reduced the geometric mean erythrocyte incorporation of Fe at baseline from 4.0 to 2.6 % (P=0.008, n 13; paired t test). At 3 weeks after vitamin A supplementation, geometric mean erythrocyte incorporation was 1.9 and 2.3 % respectively from the test meal with and without added retinyl palmitate (P=0.283). Mean dehydroretinol:retinol molar ratios were 0.156 and 0.125 before and after intake of the single dose of 210 micromol retinyl palmitate; 'vitamin A capsule' (P=0.15). In conclusion, retinyl palmitate added to the labelled test meals significantly decreased erythrocyte incorporation of Fe in children with vitamin A deficiency at baseline but had no statistically significant effect 3 weeks after vitamin A supplementation. The difference in response to retinyl palmitate added to Fe-fortified maize porridge on erythrocyte incorporation of Fe before and after intake of the vitamin A capsule indicates, indirectly, changes in vitamin A status not measurable by the MRDR technique. The lack of conclusive data on the effect of retinyl palmitate on Fe absorption indicates the complexity of the interactions between vitamin A status, dietary vitamin A and Fe metabolism.     

Phytic acid added to white-wheat bread inhibits fractional apparent magnesium absorption in humans

BACKGROUND: Phytic acid has been reported to impair the absorption of minerals and trace elements such as calcium, zinc, and iron in humans. However, limited information is available on the effect of phytic acid on magnesium absorption. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to evaluate the effect of phytic acid on fractional apparent magnesium absorption in humans. DESIGN: Two stable-isotope studies were performed with 8-9 healthy adults per study. Test meals were based on 200 g phytic acid-free wheat bread; test meals with and without added phytic acid were served on days 1 and 3 according to a crossover design. Phytic acid was added in amounts similar to those naturally present in whole-meal (1.49 mmol) and in brown bread (0.75 mmol). Each test meal was labeled with 0.7 mmol (25)Mg or 1.1 mmol (26)Mg. The total magnesium content was standardized to 3.6 mmol in all test meals. Apparent magnesium absorption was based on fecal monitoring. RESULTS: The addition of phytic acid lowered fractional apparent magnesium absorption from 32.5 +/- 6.9% (no added phytic acid) to 13.0 +/- 6.9% (1.49 mmol added phytic acid; P < 0.0005) and from 32.2 +/- 12.0% (no added phytic acid) to 24.0 +/- 12.9% (0.75 mmol added phytic acid; P < 0.01). The inhibiting effect of phytic acid was dose dependent (P < 0.005). CONCLUSION: The results show that fractional magnesium absorption from white-wheat bread is significantly impaired by the addition of phytic acid, in a dose-dependent manner, at amounts similar to those naturally present in whole-meal and brown bread.     

The effect on reliability of adding a separate written assessment component to an objective structured clinical examination

PURPOSE: To determine the effect on test reliability when a separate written assessment component is added to an objective structured clinical examination (OSCE). METHOD: Volunteers (n=38) from Maastricht Medical School were recruited to take a skills-related knowledge test in addition to their regular end-of-year OSCE. The OSCE scores of these volunteers did not differ from those of the other students of their class. Multivariate generalizability theory was used to investigate the combined reliability of the two test formats as well as their respective contributions to overall reliability. RESULTS: Combining the two formats has an added value. The loss of reliability due to the use of fewer stations in the OSCE can be fully compensated by lengthening the written test component. CONCLUSION: From the perspective of test reliability, it is possible to economize on the resources needed for performance-based assessment by adding a separate written test component.     

青霉素和庆大霉素残留对纯牛奶品质的影响

目的研究兽药用青霉素和庆大霉素残留对牛奶的理化性质的影响。方法试验分别以青霉素、庆大霉素2、4、8倍的最大残留限量(MRL)添加到纯牛奶中,于添加药物后第1、5、10、15d取样对牛奶进行感官检验、酸度测定、脂肪测定、蛋白质热安定度的测定、美兰还原试验。结果两种兽药在上述添加剂量时,对牛奶酸度、脂肪、蛋白质热安定度的变化影响较大。结论两种兽药残留能影响牛奶的品质。     

Fractional magnesium absorption is significantly lower in human subjects from a meal served with an oxalate-rich vegetable, spinach, as compared with a meal served with kale, a vegetable with a low oxalate content

The aim of the present study was to evaluate Mg absorption from a test meal served with an oxalate-rich vegetable, spinach, as compared with a test meal served with a vegetable with a low oxalate content, kale. Mg absorption was measured by a stable-isotope technique based on extrinsic labelling of the test meals and faecal monitoring of the excreted isotope labels. Nine healthy adults participated in the study. The test meals were based on 100 g phytate-free white bread, served with 300 g spinach (6.6 mmol oxalate; 0.7 mmol (25)Mg label added, 5.0 mmol total Mg) or 300 g kale (0.1 mmol oxalate; 1.2 mmol (26)Mg label added, 4.8 mmol total Mg). The test meals were served on days 1 and 3, at breakfast and lunch, using a cross-over design. The results from the present study demonstrated that apparent Mg absorption was significantly lower from the meal served with spinach (26.7 (sd 10.4) %) than the meal served with kale (36.5 (sd 11.8) %) (P=0.01). However, the lower fractional apparent Mg absorption from the test meal served with spinach can be assumed to be, at least partly, counterbalanced by the higher native Mg content of spinach as compared with kale. Although based on indirect evidence, i.e. not based on an evaluation of added (or removed) oxalic acid, the difference in Mg absorption observed in the present study is attributed to the difference in oxalic acid content between the two vegetables.     

Effects and risk assessment of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates in agricultural soil. 4. The influence of salt speciation, soil type, and sewage sludge on toxicity using the collembolan Folsomia fimetaria and the earthworm Aporrectodea caliginosa as test organisms

Sewage sludge applied to agricultural soils often contains linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) in the range of 1 to 10 g/kg dry weight, and their toxicity to relevant soil organisms should, therefore, be assessed to ensure safe use of sewage sludge as a fertilizer. Studies of LAS toxicity to soil organisms are few, and to our knowledge, factors that may influence the toxicity in the field have not been studied in detail. In this paper, we report on the influence of speciation of LAS in the test solution added to soil (soluble Na-LAS vs poorly soluble Ca-LAS or Mg-LAS), the influence of soil type, and the modifying effects of sludge amendment on the toxicity of LAS. These issues were investigated using reproduction of Collembola and growth of juvenile earthworms as test parameters. Speciation of the LAS added to test soil did not have any influence on toxicity for any of the test species. Likewise, in three different agricultural soils (sand, loam, and clay), we found almost equal toxicities. The LAS added to test soil in a sludge-water suspension was equally toxic as when it was added in an aqueous solution. However, anaerobic incubation for 7 and 14 d of the LAS-sludge suspension (with no decay of LAS) caused the toxicity to increase almost threefold in both collembolan and earthworm. The relationships between soil constituents, bioavailability, and toxicity are also discussed.     

Supplementing chicken broth with monosodium glutamate reduces hunger and desire to snack but does not affect energy intake in women

The effect of monosodium glutamate (MSG) supplementation in soup or broth on satiety is not well understood. In the present study, the relative effects of four chicken broths with or without added MSG on motivational ratings and energy intakes at the next meal were compared using a double-blinded, within-subject design. A total of thirty-five normal-weight women, aged 20-40 years, took part in four study sessions. The four broths were base chicken broth (63 kJ), broth with added MSG (1.19 g) and nucleotides (0.03 g), broth with added MSG (1.22 g), and broth with added fat (BAF; 681 kJ). The preloads were presented twice at 09.00 and 11.15 hours for a maximum cumulative dose of 2.44 g MSG. Motivational ratings were collected before and at 15 min intervals post-ingestion for a total of 210 min. A test lunch meal was served at 12.00 hours, and plate waste was measured. The addition of MSG to chicken broth did not increase energy intakes at lunch or affect motivational ratings over the entire testing session. Both hunger and desire to snack between the second preload exposure and the test meal were significantly reduced in the MSG condition relative to the base broth condition (both, P = 0.03). However, only the BAF significantly suppressed energy intakes at lunch compared with the base broth control condition. Supplementing chicken broth with MSG can increase subjective ratings for satiety but does not alter energy intake at the next meal relative to an equal energy broth without added MSG.     

A comparative study of test methods for assessment of the biodegradability of chemicals in seawater--screening tests and simulation tests.

A comparative study has been performed on test methods for assessing the biodegradability of chemicals in seawater environments. A simple shake flask die-away test with natural seawater and 14C-labeled chemicals added in microgram/liter concentrations is proposed as a "simulation" test. The analytical parameter used in this test is residual dissolved 14C activity. The performance of the simulation test has been compared with the performance of similar screening tests with dissolved organic carbon analysis and test compounds added in mg/liter concentrations to nutrient-enriched seawater. All chemicals investigated that passed the screening tests were also degradable in the simulation test and some results with simulation tests were positive; even screening tests were negative, while some compounds, including maleinhydrazide, known to be degradable in soil, remained undegraded in either type of test. Disappearance times after the ended lag time were smaller in screening tests than in simulation tests, but the rates of biodegradation cannot be meaningfully compared, as zero-order kinetics in combination with an exponentially growing population of degraders prevail in screening tests, while first-order kinetics and frequently a constant activity of degraders (cooxidation) prevail in simulation tests where the test material is a secondary substrate only. In screening tests, lag times are sometimes excessively long and highly variable. Whether the lag times could be decreased and their variability narrowed by supplementation with a cosubstrate (yeast extract) or by inoculation with seawater that had been preadapted to the test material was investigated. In most experiments such test modifications had no significant effect but in one experiment with 4-nitrophenol, inoculation with 1% preadapted seawater decreased the lag phase from greater than 35 to 9 days.     

试纸条快速检测法测定酒中氰化物的验证试验

目的通过加标实验，验证试纸条快速检测法对酒中氰化物定量测定的准确性。方法将不同浓度的氰化物标准溶液加入酒样中，用试纸条快速检测法测定加标后酒样中的氰化物浓度。结果该法测定水样中的氰化物含量时，结果较为准确；在测定酒样中氰化物含量时，能判定是否含有氰化物，但其测定结果不够准确。结论方法具有快速、简便的优点，适于水样中氰化物的定量测定及酒样中氰化物的定性测定。